Human Growth and Development. Terms Child Development: The study of a child from conception to age...
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Transcript of Human Growth and Development. Terms Child Development: The study of a child from conception to age...
Human Growth and Development
Terms
• Child Development: The study of a child from conception to age 18– The Five Stages of Development are:
• Infancy: birth to 12 months• Toddler: 12 months to 3 years• Preschool: 3 years to 6 years• School age: 6 years to 12 years• Adolescents: 13 years to 18 years
• Growth: A child’s physical increase in size or amount is easily observed
• Development: The ability of a child to do things that are complex and difficult
Laws of Growth and Development
• Growth proceeds from head to foot (Cephalo=head, Caudal=tail): lift head, pick up objects, walk to objects
• Growth proceeds from near to far (proximal-distal) from body trunk outward: scoot body, wave arms, pick up objects
• Growth proceeds from simple to the complex: sleeping, being fed, holding the bottle, feeding self
• Growth is continuous and orderly: both legs grow at the same time and rate
Areas of Growth and Development
• Physical
• Social
• Emotional
• Moral
• Intellectual (cognitive)
Characteristics of Human Growth and Development
• Similar in all humans: babies all over the world follow the same pattern of development. Ex. Babbling, language imitation, …
• Sequential: Earlier development is necessary before new development: lifting head, rolling over, standing, walking
• Individualized:Every child develops at their own pace• Interrelated: all areas of development work together
and and reinforce each other• Continuous: We continue to grow and learn
throughout life
The 5 Areas of Growth and Development
• Physical – Growth of body tissues– Bones, muscles, organs, and body systems
generally become bigger and more able to perform complex actions
– Fine motor skills, based on the growth of small muscles, and gross motor skills, based on the growth of large muscles, becomes more sophisticated
– Human contact, nutrition, hygiene, exercise and rest contribute to healthy growth and development
• Social– Progresses from being completely self-centered
and dependant to becoming an independent adult– Learn to behave in socially acceptable ways– Mature social skills develop: make and keep
friends, intimate relationships, getting along with others, leadership, individual and team work
– These skills are built on self-confidence, co-operation, and a sense of trust, which states with a secure and loving relationship with caregivers
• Emotional Development– Developing positive feelings about oneself, family,
friends, other individuals, and the world– There are three different temperaments
• Sensitive: react intensely to their environment and cry easily
• Placid: children are easygoing and more content• Aggressive: respond to and interact with their
environment more vigorously and are more wakeful
– Caregivers need to respond with warmth and be supportive regardless of their temperament
• Moral– The development of right and wrong– Developing the conscience - thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors– Concepts of justice, rights and responsibilities, and
fairness– Caregivers influence this development through
their example, explanations of, and attitude toward ethical and unethical behavior
– Children learn to tell the truth if they are certain their parents are always truthful
• Intellectual – Cognitive science - the study of how we learn– Learning depends on brain growth as well as
stimulation of the brain and central nervous system by the 5 senses
– Learning to communicate, think, be creative, focus their attention, solve problems, and make judgements
– The earliest years are crucial– Children need supportive, warm, nurturing, and
sensitive interactions
Questions
• What is human growth and development?
• Describe and give examples of the five ways in which human beings grow and develop
• Explain why knowledge of human growth and develop is valuable for all adults?
The Role of Nurture in Human Development
• Healthy and positive human development depends on nurturing relationships
• 3 Key elements of a nurturing relationship• The nature of these change based on age/needs
– Comfort: acknowledge a child’s discomfort and offer an appropriate response: rocking and soothing for infants, calming words for an older child
– Play: Exercises a growing mind and body and provides ways to express emotions, develop social abilities, and moral thinking - also builds the relationship with caregivers
– Teach: the know-how to accomplish tasks - how to go up and down stairs safely, or teach an adolescent how to calmly re-start a stalled car
• Ex. Of all 3 at work– A trip to the zoo may teach the names of
the animals, play a game by imitating the sounds of the geese, and offer comfort when a goat frightens the child…
– Chart of Functional Milestones
Questions
• In your opinion, is one area of growth and development more important than others? Explain
• Which area of development is easiest to identify in children? Explain
• Describe a parent-child activity for any age level in which a parent uses all the comfort, play and teach elements appropriately for the child’s age level.