Human Genome Project.ethical

8/8/2019 Human Genome Project.ethical

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Human Genome ProjectGenomeGenes


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Human Genome Project an international scientific research project

with a primary goal of determining the

sequence of chemical base pairs whichmake up DNA and to identify and map theapproximately 20,00025,000 genes ofthe human genome from both a physicaland functional standpoint

headed by James D. Watson at theU.S. National Institutes of Health


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Genome is all the DNA in an organism, including its

genes.

Genes carry information for making all the proteins

required by all organisms. These proteins determine, among other

things, how the organism looks, how well itsbody metabolizes food or fights infection,and sometimes even how it behaves.


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I. Fairness in the use of genetic informationII. Privacy and confidentialityIII. Psychological impact and stigmatizationIV. Reproductive issuesV. Clinical issuesVI. UncertaintiesVII. Conceptual and philosophical implicationsVIII. Health and environmental issuesIX. Commercialization of products


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by insurers, employers, courts, schools,adoption agencies, and the military, among

othersx Who should have access to personal genetic

information, and how will it be used?


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of genetic information

x Who owns and controls genetic information?


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due to an individual's genetic differences

x How does personal genetic information affect anindividual and society's perceptions of that individual?x How does genomic information affect members of

minority communities?


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including adequate informed consent for complex and potentially controversialprocedures, use of genetic information inreproductive decision making, and reproductive

rights.

x How reliable and useful is fetal genetic testing?x Do healthcare personnel properly counsel parents

about the risks and limitations of genetic technology?x What are the larger societal issues raised by new

reproductive technologies?


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including the education of doctors and other healthservice providers, patients, and the general public ingenetic capabilities, scientific limitations, and socialrisks; and implementation of standards and quality-

control measures in testing procedures

x How will genetic tests be evaluated and regulated for accuracy, reliability, and utility? (Currently, there is littleregulation at the federal level.)

x How do we prepare healthcare professionals for thenew genetics?

x How do we prepare the public to make informedchoices?


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associated with gene tests for susceptibilitiesand complex conditions (e.g., heart disease)

linked to multiple genes and gene-environment interactions

x Should parents have the right to have their minor children tested for adult-onset diseases?

x Are genetic tests reliable and interpretable by themedical community?


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regarding human responsibility, free will vs.genetic determinism, and concepts ofhealth and disease

x Do people's genes make them behave in a particular way?


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concerning genetically modified foods (GM)and microbes

x Are GM foods and other products safe to humans andthe environment?

x How will these technologies affect developing nations'dependence on the West?


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including property rights (patents,copyrights, and trade secrets) and

accessibility of data and materials

x Who owns genes and other pieces of DNA?x Will patenting DNA sequences limit their accessibility

and development into useful products?


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These are some of the questions thatshould be answered both by the public

and private to know their own side.

Not all of us agrees to HGP.

Are we just playing GOD?


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Human Genome Project.ethical

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