HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1):...
Transcript of HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1):...
![Page 1: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONS
1. Introduction: the story so far….
2. Global warming: the last 150 years
3. Is it really warming?
4. Fingerprints: the stratosphere, the hockey sticks
![Page 2: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970.
Source: Hanel, 1971.
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0
50
100
150
220 K
240 K
260 K
280 K
300 K
320 K
Wave number (cm-1)
Rad
ian
ce
(mW
.m-2
.sr-1
cm)
H2O CO2 Atmospheric
window
O3 CH4 H2O
![Page 3: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration recorded at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Source: NOAA; see also Archer, 2012, p. 93.
![Page 4: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Changes in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide
Source: IPCC, 2001. See also Archer, 2012, p. 123.
![Page 5: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Car
bo
n d
ioxi
de
con
cen
trat
ion
(p
pm
)
Years before present
Couldn’t this all be part of a natural cycle? Atmospheric CO2 recorded in the Vostok ice core, Antarctica, and measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii.
Source: data from WDC Paleoclimatology and NOAA Mauna Loa CO2 records.
![Page 6: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Greenhouse gases provide a RADIATIVE FORCING on the climate system.
Source: IPCC AR5
CO2: about 1.68 W.m-2
Cloud changes: about -0.55 W.m-2
Albedo changes: about -0.15 W.m-2
Total anthropogenic: about 2.29 W.m-2 1750-2011
![Page 7: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The world is getting warmer.
Source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
Global temperature anomalies relative to 1951-1980 average.
![Page 8: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Source: data from NASA GISS; combined land-ocean temperature index.
Global temperature trend 1880-2012
![Page 9: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Source: Mann and Kump, 2009, p. 36; see also Archer, 2012, pp. 135-138.
![Page 10: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Source: Mann and Kump, 2009, p. 37.
![Page 11: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Source: Mann and Kump, 2009, p. 53.
Trends in daily extreme warmth, 1951-2003. Extremely warm = upper 90th percentile. Scale is days per decade.
![Page 12: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Is it really getting warmer?
How or why might this record be wrong?
![Page 13: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Source: Menne et al., 2010, JGR- Atmospheres.
From point to grid: weather stations in the USHCN
![Page 14: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
From point to grid: global distribution of weather stations. Source: Houghton, 2009, p. 98.
![Page 15: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Gridded data in Global Historical Climatology Network.
Source: National Climatic Data Center http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/ghcn-gridded-temp.html
![Page 16: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Source: Watts, 2009, Is the US surface temperature record reliable?, Heartland Institute.
Aren’t the weather stations badly placed?
![Page 17: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Satellite images of the urban heat island of Atlanta, Georgia (top-true colour; bottom- land surface temperature).
Source: McCarthy et al., 2010, Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2010GL042845
![Page 18: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
U.S. paved area approaches that of Ohio.
Source: Elvidge et al., 2004, Eos: Transactions AGU, vol. 85 no. 24.
![Page 19: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Reconstructions of global average temperature, 1880-2013.
Source: Drawn from data retrieved from GIStemp, National Climatic Data Center, and Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature websites.
Time (year)
Tem
per
atu
re
rela
tive
to
19
51
-19
80
ave
rage
(C
elsi
us)
![Page 20: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Source: Houghton, 2009, p. 72.
Sea-surface temperature measurements from ships
![Page 21: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Source: IPCC Working Group I Fourth Assessment Report, 2007.
Sea-surface temperature measurements from ships
![Page 22: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Arctic is warming at twice the global rate.
Source: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, 2004.
![Page 23: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
NASA’s Aqua satellite carries the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (A-MSU).
Source: NASA Earth Observatory, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov.
![Page 24: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Science progresses: corrections to MSU data as we learn how to use it.
Corrections to University of Alabama-Huntsville (UAH) data from MSU. Source: SkepticalScience.com
![Page 25: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Multiple data sets all show warming. Te
mp
erat
ure
fro
m s
atel
lites
(U
AH
an
d R
SS)
Tem
per
atu
re f
rom
su
rfac
e st
atio
ns
(NA
SA G
ISS
and
NC
DC
)
Source: data downloaded from websites of each research organization. Graph shows temperature change in Celsius for middle troposphere (satellite) and surface (surface stations), relative to different standards.
![Page 26: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
OK, you don’t like the temperature data.
What else could we look at?
![Page 27: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Source: The Cryosphere Today/NSIDC
![Page 28: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Source: The Cryosphere Today/NSIDC
![Page 29: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Changing sea ice extent 1953-2012
Derived from satellite images and written records.
Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center, State of the Cryosphere report, 2014.
![Page 30: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mallard Fillmore, cartoon, 9/24 and 9/25/2013.
As printed in the Ogden Standard-Examiner.
![Page 31: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Changing sea ice extent 2002-2013
Source: Drawn using data from National Snow and Ice Data Center, State of the Cryosphere report, 2014.
Sea
ice
exte
nt
(mill
ion
sq
uar
e km
)
3.63
5.35
![Page 32: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Changing sea ice extent 1953-2012
Derived from satellite images and written records.
Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center, State of the Cryosphere report, 2014.
![Page 33: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Changing sea ice extent 1978-2012
Derived from satellite images.
Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center, State of the Cryosphere report, 2014.
![Page 34: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
New melt extent on Greenland, 2005. Source: Koni Steffen.
![Page 35: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Source: Measurements from NASA’s GRACE satellites.
Changes in mass, Greenland and Antarctica. Change in mass, 2003-2010, cm water. Source: NASA
![Page 36: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Holgate Glacier, Alaska, 1909.
Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center glacier rephotography collection.
![Page 37: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Holgate Glacier, Alaska, 2004.
Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center glacier rephotography collection.
![Page 38: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
McCall Glacier, Alaska, 1958.
Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center glacier rephotography collection.
![Page 39: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
McCall Glacier, Alaska, 2003.
Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center glacier rephotography collection.
![Page 40: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Global glacier retreat. Source: Oerlemans, 2001, Nature; see also Archer, 2012, p. 139.
![Page 41: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Global glacier retreat. Source: World Glacier Monitoring Service, 2008, Global Glacier Changes: Facts and Figures.
![Page 42: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Global glacier retreat. Source: World Glacier Monitoring Service, 2008, Global Glacier Changes: Facts and Figures.
![Page 43: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Glaciers worldwide are losing mass. Change in mass, 2003-2010, cm water. Source: NASA
Source: Measurements from NASA’s GRACE satellites.
![Page 44: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Ice loss on Kilimanjaro. Source: Mann and Kump, 2009, p. 59.
![Page 45: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Changes in the biosphere: fewer frost days in winter mean more exotic invasive species- Switzerland, 1900-2000.
Source: Walther, 2000, cited in Walther et al, 2002, Ecological responses to recent climate change, Nature vol. 416.
![Page 46: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Source: Mann and Kump, 2009, pp. 48-49.
![Page 47: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Source: Mann and Kump, 2009, pp. 50-51.
![Page 48: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Source: Mann and Kump, 2009, p. 57 (originally from Emanuel, 2006, Nature).
![Page 49: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Temperature profile through the atmosphere: warming troposphere, cooling stratosphere.
Source: Mann and Kump, 2009, p. 39.
![Page 51: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The original ‘hockey stick’: northern hemisphere temperature reconstruction since 1400.
Source: Mann, Bradley and Hughes, 1998, Global scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries, Nature vol. 392.
![Page 52: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Northern hemisphere temperature change over the last 1000 years.
Source: IPCC, 2001.
![Page 53: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Source: Houghton, 2009, p. 80.
Northern hemisphere temperature change over the last 1300 years, derived from 10 different reconstructions.
Medieval Warm Period, ~900-1300
Little Ice Age, ~1450-1850
![Page 54: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Reconstructions of global temperature patterns during Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and Little Ice Age (LIA).
Source: Mann et al., 2009, Global signatures and dynamical origins of the LIA and MCA, Science vol. 326.
![Page 55: HUMAN FINGERPRINTS (1): OBSERVATIONSfaculty.weber.edu/.../GEOG_1400/Powerpoints/GEOG_1400_lecture-0… · Emission spectrum from Earth measured by NIMBUS-7 satellite, 1970. Source:](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042710/5f6829c8b514392c0a463fa8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Source: Mann and Kump, 2009, p. 47; see also Archer, 2012, p. 145.