BIOLOGY 403: PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY (Regulatory / Limiting Factors)
Human Factors, Countermeasures & Design Principles
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Transcript of Human Factors, Countermeasures & Design Principles
Human Factors, Countermeasures & Design Principles
Emma Johansson, Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Outline
• Human Factors & Human Machine Interaction
• Human Error
• Countermeasures & Design Principles
– Understand driver inattention
– Safe Human Machine Interaction (HMI)
– Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
– Safety coaching services
Definitions
• Human Factors
– ’dicipline of optimizing Human
Performance in the workplace’.
– Interaction between people and
environment, procedures,
machines, and people.
• HMI
– Human Machine Interaction/
Interface.
Human Error
• If nothing physically is broke in an
accident, typically human error is
what is searched for.
Human Error
• Human error could be
seen as a symptom, not
a cause, of a system
which needs to be re-
designed
Leveson, 2011; Dekker, 2007
Human Abilities
• Important to acknowledge that human
behaviour is variable. Humans can be be
both bad and extremely good at:
– decision making and path planning in
complex traffic situations
– make prediction/anticipation of upcoming
events and behaviour of other road users
– Able to adapt and respond to novel and
unexpected scenarios
Human Abilities
• When designing vehicles and
related products and services:
– important to take into account
technical and human
limitations and abilities
• A key factor is how well
people and machines
together can avoid crashes
Countermeasures
• Understand driver inattention
• Create
– Safe Human Machine Interaction (HMI)
allowing for ’eyes-on-road’ and as little
manual interaction as possible
– Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
(ADAS) and automation
– Safety coaching services
Understand driver inattention
Understand driver inattention
• Significantly risky:
– Visual-manual demanding tasks,
e.g. texting on a cell phone
• Significant protective effect
– Non-visual demanding tasks, e.g.
talk on a hands-free phone
(Victor et al, 2014)
Understanding driver inattention- possible explanation to protective effect
• Engaging in secondary tasks can be a coping
strategy to stay alert, prevent from becoming
drowsy, prevent to do more risky tasks or let mind
“wander off”.
• According to drivers
– Boredom (monotonous drive, long hrs, well-designed
trucks with support systems, automatic gearbox etc)
– Social life (staying in contact with family and friends)
– Not stress (obs – long haul drivers in the group
interviewed in this particular study)
(Iseland, 2018)
Design safe Human-Machine Interaction (HMI)
Design safe Human-Machine Interaction
• HMI solutions that minimise visual
interaction (voice, Head-Up
Displays, haptic controls etc.)
• Standardised solution for nomadic
device integration
• Automatic ”drive mode” adaptation
of apps
• Interaction management –
intelligent prioritisation and
scheduling of information from
external apps
Design safe Human-Machine Interaction’European Statement of Principles’
Overall Design,
Installation,
Information presentation,
Interaction with displays and
controls,
System behaviour,
Information about the system.
Design Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
Driver assistance systems- examples of what Volvo offers its customers today
• Stay attentive: Distance Alert, Forward Collision
Warning, Driver Alert System (inattention)
• Maintain safe speed & distance: Adaptive Cruise
Control, Forward Collision Warning, Emergency Braking*
• Mitigate and reduce severity of rear-end
accidents: Emergency Braking*
• Drive within the lane: Lane Departure Warning* and
active support/intervention
• Avoid overtaking in critical situations: Lane
Change Support
* Mandatory in EU in Heavy Goods Vehicles since 2015
Adapted from Ohn-
Bar & Trivedi, 2016
Research Questions &
Design Guidelines
For passenger cars Advanced Emergency Braking Systems (AEBS) lead to a 38% reduction in
real-world rear-end crashes at low speeds. According to estimates by the European Commission,
AEBS could save more than 1,000 lives every year within the EU. (Fildes et al, 2015)
For trucks Forward Collision Warning (FCW) was associated with a statistically significant 22%
reduction in the rate of police-reportable crashes per vehicle miles traveled, and a significant 44%
reduction in the rear-end crash rate of large trucks. AEBS also was associated with significant
reductions 12% overall and 41% for rear-end crashes. (Teoh, 2020)
Systems needs to be designed with the driver in mind. If drivers dislike their systems they might
disable them and/or if they respond in a way not foreseen 0 benefit. (See for example JD Powers, 2019)
Driver assistance systems
Safety coaching services
Reports & connected
services for Fuel and
Safety management
Future offers: higher level of automation
References
• Leveson, N. G. (2011). Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety. MIT
Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-262-01662-9.
• Dekker, S. (2007). Just Culture: Balancing Safety and Accountability, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
• Dekker, S. (2006). The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error. Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot,
U.K.
• Olson, R.L., Hanowski, R.J., Hickman, J.S., Bocanegra, J. (2009) Driver Distraction in
Commercial Vehicle Operations. DTMC75-07-D-00006.
• Victor, T., Dozza, M., Bärgman, J. Boda, C., Engström, J., Markkula, G. (2014). Analysis of
Naturalistic Driving Study Data: Safer Glances, Driver Inattention, and Crash Risk.
• Engström, J., Monk, C. A., Hanowski, R. J., Horrey, W. J., Lee, J. D., McGehee, D. V., Regan, M.,
Stevens, A., Traube, E., Tuukkanen, M., Victor, T., Yang, C. Y. D. (2013). A conceptual framework
and taxonomy for understanding and categorizing driver inattention. Brussels, Belgium: European
Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=2671
References
• Iseland, T., Johansson, E., Skoog, S. & Dåderman, A. M. (2018). An exploratory study of long-haul
truck drivers' secondary tasks and reasons for performing them. Accident Analysis and Prevention,
117, 154-163, Article ID S0001-4575(18)30149-0.
• Volvo Trucks launches integrated system for services and infotainment - Volvo Trucks press release
(2017) http://www.volvotrucks.com/en-en/news-stories/press-release.html?pubid=21744
• J3016_201609 Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-
Road Motor Vehicles https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/j3016_201609
• http://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-us/traffic-safety.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tqVX4HPHUU&feature=youtu.be
• European Statement of Principles (ESoP) on Human Machine Interface for In-Vehicle Information and
Communication Systems (1998). http://cordis.europa.eu/pub/telematics/docs/tap_transport/hmi.pdf
• Updated ESoP (2006). http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:032:0200:0241:EN:PDF
References
• Kelsch, J., Dziennus, M., Schieben, A., Schömig, N., Wiedemann, K., Merat, N., Louw, T., Madigan,
R., Kountouriotis, G., Ljung Aust, M., Söderman, M., Johansson, E. (2017). AdaptIVe Deliverable D3.3
Final functional Human Factors recommendations
• AdaptIVe project https://www.adaptive-ip.eu/
• interactIVe project: http://www.interactive-ip.eu/
• HAVEit project: http://www.haveit-eu.org/
• Ohn-Bar, E., Trivedi, M. M. (2016). Looking at Humans in the Age of Self-Driving and Highly
Automated Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles (T-IV).
• Fildes B, Keall M, Bos N, Lie A, Page Y, Pastor C, Pennisi L, Rizzi M, Thomas P, Tingvall C. (2015).
Effectiveness of low speed autonomous emergency braking in real-world rear-end crashes. Accid Anal
Prev. 2015 Aug;81:24-9.
• Teoh, Eric. (2020). Effectiveness of front crash prevention systems in reducing large truck crash rates.
• JD Power 2019 U.S. Tech Experience Index Study. https://www.jdpower.com
References
• ‘Volvo European Accident Research and Safety Report’ http://www.volvogroup.com/en-en/about-
us/traffic-safety.html
• ’Volvo Group Safety Vision’ http://www.volvogroup.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-
group/markets/global/en-en/about-us/traffic-safety/volvo-safety-vision-poster-2016.pdf
• Wege, C., Larsson, P, Rydström, A. (2014). Safe Connectivity Recommendations. SICS project
report.
• VOLVO Connect: https://www.volvotrucks.com/en-en/services/optimized-business/volvo-
connect.html
• MACK trucks: https://www.macktrucks.com/-/media/files/parts-and-service/business-services/fleet-
management-services/lytx_brochure.pdf
