Centered

Technology

Volume 2

Proceedings

of the

Human Factors

and Ergonomics

Society

40th

Annual

Meeting

universitAtsbibuothekhannover

technische

.informationsbi8liothek

V»..M.I 1,11,11.1.1 .-..'

1996

UB/TIB Hannover

115 351 272

89

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PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 40th ANNUAL MEETING — 1996

Feasibility of Military Occupational Specialty 678

Job Analysis and Redesign to Reduce PhysicalDemands in the U.S. Army

Rene J. de Pontbriand and Joseph J. Knapik

A Study of Compatibility of Army Systems with 683

Anthropometric Characteristics of Female Soldiers

Wendy L. Todd, Steven P. Paquette, and

Carolyn K. Bensel

ERGONOMICS IN CONSTRUCTION, MINING,

AND PAPER INDUSTRIES [Lecture]Thomas J. Albin (Chair), Sean Gallagher (Cochair)

Reports of Regional Body Discomfort during 688

Carpenter Apprentice Training

Peregrin 0. Spielholz and Steven F. Wiker

An Ergonomic Evaluation of a Drywall Board 693

Transport Handle: Single-Person Transport Task

Mark A. Stuart and Kerith K. Zellers

Ergonomics Cost Benefits Case Study in a Paper 698

Manufacturing CompanyDan MacLeod and Anita Morris

MEASUREMENT OF GRIP FORCE AND WRIST

REPETITION [Lecture]Robert G. Radwin (Chair), Mary Ann Holbein

(Cochair)

Effects of Glove Frictional Characteristics and 702

Load on Grasp Force and Grasp Control

Lisa Bronkema-Orr and Ram R. Bishu

Gender, Grip Span, Anthropometric Dimensions, and 707

Time Effects on Grip Strength and Discomfort

M. Peggy Pazderka, Melissa R. Henderson, and

M. Susan Hallbeck

Effects of Interdigital Spacing, Wrist Position, 712

Forearm Position, Grip Span, and Gender on

Static Grip StrengthAngela Hansen and M. Susan Hallbeck

Validation of a Frequency-Weighted Filter for 717

Repetitive Wrist Flexion Tasks against a Load

Mei-Li Lin and Robert G. Radwin

AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 723

Volume 2

MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND

REHABILITATION

TELEMEDICINE APPLICATIONS: 727*

EVALUATION METHODOLOGIES FOR

CLINICAL INTERVENTION, CONSULTATION,AND HOME HEALTH CARE [Panel]

Deborah P. Birkmire (Chair), Leslie A. Whitaker

(Cochair); Panelists: Leslie J. Peters, Linda Brink, and

Marilyn Sue Bogner

INTERFACE ISSUES IN MEDICINE AND REHAB

[Lecture]

Sherry Perdue Casali (Chair), Laura G. Militello

(Cochair)

Facilitating Information Acquisition for Over-the- 732

Counter Drugs Using Supplemental Labels

Michael S. Wogalter, Amy Barlow Magurno,Kevin L. Scott, and David A. Dietrich

Three-Dimensional Functional Capacity of Normals 737and Low Back Pain Patients

Sue A. Ferguson, William S. Marras, and

Robert R. Crowell

An Interface Agent for Retrieval of Patient-Specific 742

Cancer Information

Wayne W. Zachary, Michael A. Szczepkowski,

Jean-Christophe Le Mentec, Stanley M. Schwartz,Darius Miller, and Michael A. Bookman

Simulator Limitations and Their Effects on 747

Decision MakingColin F. Mackenzie, Ben D. Harper, and Yan Xiao

MEDICAL HUMAN FACTORS [Panel] 752*

Marilyn Sue Bogner (Chair), William H. Muto

(Cochair), F. Jacob Seagull (Contributor)Panelists: Thomas P. Gross, Thomas N. Jones,

Penelope M. Sanderson, Igal Nevo, William H. Muto,

and Yoel Donchin

ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND

MANAGEMENT

DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTED NETWORKS FOR 757*

COLLABORATIVE WORK IN SEMISTRUCTURED

INFORMATION-PROCESSING ENVIRONMENTS

[Symposium]Richard E. Christ (Chair), Thomas Plocher (Cochair),

John A. Modrick (abstract author)

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submittad for publication

XVI PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 40th ANNUAL MEETING — 1996

PRESTO: Multimedia Distributed Network for 758

Collaborative Work in Command and Control

John A. Modrick

Computer Support for Cooperative Work in **

Distributed Supervisory Control

Patricia M. Jones

Multiagent Societies for Collaborative Interaction 762

Robin R. Penner

Collaborative Systems Research: Establishing 767

Ecological Approaches through the

Living LaboratoryMichael D. McNeese

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND 772*

ERGONOMICS: MISCIBLE OR IMMISCIBLE?

[Panel]Michael W. Riley (Chair), Anand K. Gramopadhye(Cochair)Panelists: Colin G. Drury, Robert L. Getty,Thomas J. Albin, and Ram R. Bishu

DISTINGUISHED LECTURE IN ODAM [InvitedAddress]

Gavriel Salvendy (Chair), Hal W. Hendrick

(Cochair), Hal W. Hendrick and Michelle M. Robertson

(Discussants)

Psychosocial Considerations in Upper Extremity 776

Cumulative Trauma Disorders

Michael J. Smith

KEY ADVANCES IN JOB DESIGN: RECENT

APPLICATIONS [Lecture]Barrett S. Caldwell (Chair), Caren L. Wenner

(Cochair)

A Field Study of the Product Development Process as 781a First Step in the Design of a System to SupportConcurrent Engineering

Melroy E. D'Souza and Joel S. Greenstein

Sociotechnical Design Factors for Virtual Team 786Performance

Amoldo R. Cano and Brian M. Kleiner

Understanding Individual Learning for Organizational 791

LearningRajendra D. Paul

Active and Latent Failures in Aircraft Ground 796

Damage Incidents

Caren L. Wenner and Colin G. Drury

SAFETY

CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY: PERCEPTIONSOF RISK AND RESPONSIBILITY [Lecture]

J. Paul Frantz (Chair), R. Todd Brown (Cochair)

Perceptions of Risk Associated wiui Drinking 801Alcoholic Beverages

Meredith L. McQuilkin, Kenneth R. Laughery, Sr.,and David R. Lovvoll

Subject Differences in the Perception of Risk 805

Stephen L. Young

Allocation of Responsibility for Child Safety 810Kenneth R. Laughery, Sr., David R. Lovvoll, and

Mereditii L. McQuilkin

Responsibility for Product Safety in the 814Work Environment

David R. Lovvoll, Kennem R. Laughery, Sr.,Meredith L. McQuilkin, and Michael S. Wogalter

ARNOLD SMALL LECTURE IN SAFETY [InvitedAddress]

Jerry R. Duncan (Chair), Michael J. Kalsher (Cochair)

The Pathology of Everyday Things: The Role of 818

Building Design Standards in Injury Prevention and

the Role of Ergonomics—and Ergonomists—in the

Standards Development Process

Jake L. Pauls

DIVERSITY IN SAFETY RESEARCH [Lecture]David W. Martin (Chair), Curt C. Braun (Cochair)

Understanding of Aviation Safety Pictograms among 820Respondents from Europe and the United States

Florian G. Jentsch

Differences in the Evacuation Behavior of Office 825

and Apartment Building OccupantsGuylene Proulx and Joelle Pineau

Framing Effect in Decision Making in Wildland 830

Fire Safety Officers

Stephanie A. Glusker, Nicki Jo Chadwick,and Curt C. Braun

Analysis of me Causes of Ergonomics-Related 835

Injuries at a Multifaceted Public UniversityEllen M. Kraft

AUDITORY RESEARCH: DEVELOPMENTS AND

APPLICATIONS [Lecture]Curt C. Braun (Chair), R. Todd Brown (Cochair)

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 40th ANNUALMEETING — 1996 xm

How Subject and Experimenter Variables Influence 840

Estimates of Hearing Protector Attenuation UsingANSI-Standardized Testing Procedures

Mark G. Mears, John R. Franks, and

John G. Casali

Measuring Perceived Urgency to Create Safe 845

Auditory WarningsEllen C. Haas and Judy Edworthy

Spatial Proximity of Multiple Alarms and the 850

Cry-Wolf Phenomenon

Daniel P. McDonald, Richard D. Gilson, and

Mustapha Mouloua

Differentiated Alarms for Carbon Monoxide Detectors 855

Carol Pollack-Nelson

SPECIAL SESSIONS

NEW TOOLS FOR OBSERVATION, MODELING,

AND PROTOTYPING [Demonstrations]David Baker (Chair), Robert E. Llaneras (Cochair)

Decomposition of Driver Reaction Time Using 860*

Video Multiplexed Views and Data OverlaysJonathan M. Hankey, Daniel V. McGehee, and

Thomas A. Dingus

A Hypertext Database for the Design of Visual 861*

Inspection OperationsJoseph H. Goldberg, Xerxes P. Kotval, and

Esa Rantanen

HTML as a Prototyping Environment 862*

C. Michael Harmon, Robert J. Logan, and

Skip Comer

GAMES FOR EXPLAINING HUMAN FACTORS: **

COME AND PARTICIPATE [Alternative Format]

Ronald G. Shapiro (Chair), Susan J. Shapiro (Cochair)

Participants: Ronald G. Shapiro, Susan J. Shapiro,

and Tina M. Brunetti-Sayer

TOOLS FOR THE COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF

HUMAN-MACHINEINTERACTIONS [Demonstrations]Clint A. Bowers (Chair)

Instrumented Interface Construction Evaluator 863*

James H. Hicinbothom

GINA: A Workbench for Constructing Interface 864*

AgentsWayne W. Zachary, Jean-Christophe Le Mentec,

and Serge D. Schremmer

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication

BRIDGING THE RESEARCH/PRACTICE GAP: 865

HUMAN FACTORS PRACTITIONERS'

OPPORTUNITY FOR INPUT TO DEFINE

RESEARCH FOR THE REST OF THE

DECADE [ALTERNATIVE FORMAT]Paula Sind-Prunier (Chair)

HUMAN ERROR ANALYSIS AND DECISION

SUPPORT SYSTEMS [Demonstrations]

Kimberly Smith-Jentsch (Chair)

A Tactical Decision Support System Based on 868*

Naturalistic Cognitive Processes

Ronald A. Moore, Michael L. Quinn, and

Jeffrey G. Morrison

Demonstration of a Prototype Knowledge-Based 869*

System for Estimating Human Error Probabilities

Heidi Ann Hahn, Jack L. Auflick, and

Jerome A. Morzinski

IMPLEMENTING THE ANSI Z-365 STANDARD 870*

FOR CONTROL OF WORK-RELATED

CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS [Panel]Robert G. Radwin (Chair)Panelists: Thomas J. Albin, Thomas J. Armstrong,

Larry J. Fine, Bradley Joseph, Robert G. Radwin,Stover H. Snook, and Carol Stuart-Buttle

SURFACE TRANSPORTATION

EVALUATING COMPLEX TASKS IN

TRANSPORTATION [Lecture]Louis Tijerina (Chair), Michael A. Mollenhauer

(Cochair)

Operator Support in Traffic Management: 872

A Heuristics Model and an Experimental StudyJohn Murray and Yili Liu

Simulator Evaluation of Heavy-Vehicle Driver 877

Workload: II. Complex Secondary Tasks

Barry H. Kantowitz, Richard J, Hanowski,

and Louis Tijerina

Task-Map Coherence for the Design of In-Vehicle 882

Navigation DisplaysGirish V. Prabhu, Valerie L. Shalin,

Colin G. Drury, and Martin G. Helander

Autonomous Route Guidance System Field Test 887

James P. Foley and Michael J. Hudak

xviii PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 40th ANNUAL MEETING — 1996

COLLISION AVOIDANCE [Lecture]Barry S. Grant (Chair), Tina M. Brunetti-Sayer(Cochair)

Field Measurement of Naturalistic Backing 891

Behavior

Jeffrey L. Harpster, Richard W. Huey, Jr.,and Neil D. Lemer

Initial Driver Avoidance Behavior and Reaction Time 896

to an Unalerted Intersection Incursion

Jonathan M. Hankey, Daniel V. McGehee,Thomas A. Dingus, Elizabem N. Mazzae, and

W. Riley Garrott

Braking Response Times for 100 Drivers in the 900

Avoidance of an Unexpected Obstacle as Measured

in a Driving Simulator

Nancy L. Broen and Dean P. Chiang

Sound Localization: Information Theory Analysis 905

John S. Wallace, Donald L. Fisher, and John Collura

ROADWAY VISIBILITY [Lecture]Valmon J. Pezoldt (Chair), Frances A. Greene

(Cochair)

Pictorial Negations: Preferences for Different 910

Circle-Slash Variations

Barbara L. Glover, Amy B. Magurno,La Tondra A. Murray, and Michael S. Wogalter

Conspicuity Advantage of Fluorescent Color Targets 915

in the Field

Helmut T. Zwahlen and Thomas Schnell

Visibility of Yellow Center Line Pavement Markings 919

as a Function of Line Configuration and Line Width

Helmut T. Zwahlen and Thomas Schnell

Age Differences in Visual Abilities in Nighttime 923

Driving Field Conditions

Susan T. Chrysler, Suzanne M. Danielson, and

Virginia M. Kirby

EFFECTS OF AGE, ABILITIES, AND 928*

SELECTED ERGONOMIC INTERVENTIONSON COMMERCIAL DRIVING [Symposium]

Robert W. Swezey (Chair), Steven K. Johns (Cochair),Harold P. Van Cott (Discussant)

Older Commerical Drivers: Literature Review 929

John F. Brock, Robert E. Llaneras, and

Robert W. Swezey

Older Commercial Vehicle Drivers: Abilities, Age, 933and Driving Performance

Robert E. Llaneras, Robert W. Swezey, and

John F. Brock

Research to Enhance the Safe Driving Performance 938of Older Commercial Vehicle Drivers: Effects of

Selected Ergonomic Interventions upon DrivingPerformance

William C. Rogers, Robert E. Llaneras,Robert W. Swezey, and John F. Brock

ACCIDENT CAUSATION AND RISK [Lecture]Daniel V. McGehee (Chair), Deborah M. Freund

(Cochair)

A Driving Simulator Study of the Performance 943Effects of Low Blood Alcohol Concentration

R. Wade Allen, Zareh Parseghian, and

Anthony C. Stein

Operator Experience and Accident Risk 947

Thomas J. Ayres, Edward C. Lau,Richard A. Schmidt, and Douglas E. Young

Fatigue and Trucking Accidents: Two Modes of 952

Accident Causation

Stephen L. Young and Lobat Hashemi

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

FROM USER NEEDS TO DESIGN [Lecture]Rene Joseph de Pontbriand (Chair), Kim J. Vicente

(Cochair)

Analysis of Interview and Focus Group Data for 957

Characterizing Environments

Sally M. Cohen, Michael D. Gravelle,Karen S. Wilson, and Ann M. Bisantz

Foreign Language Tutoring—Implications for 962

Software DevelopmentSusan G. Dahl, Beth M. Plott, and

Jonathan D. Kaplan

Bridging the Gap between User-Centered Intentions 967

and Actual Design Practice

David D. Woods, Emily S. Patterson,James M. Corban, and Jennifer C. Watts

Measuring the Impact of Ecological Interface 972

Design on Operator Skill AcquisitionDianne E. Howie and Kim J. Vicente

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication

PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 40th ANNUAL MEETING —1996 xvc

DESIGNING FOR REDUCED MANNING AND THE

IMPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATION [Lecture]Harold R. Booher (Chair), Troy D. Kelley (Cochair)

Human Systems Integration in Navy Ship 977

Manpower Reduction

J. Robert Bost, Thomas B. Malone,

Clifford C. Baker, and Charles D. Williams

Function Allocation for Future Systems: Developing 982

an Improved MethodologyCatherine A. Cook, Colin Corbridge,Melanie T. Older, Chris W. Clegg, and

Patrick E. Waterson

Human Performance Modeling of Reduced Manning 987

Concepts for Navy ShipsRick D. Archer, G. W. Lewis, and John Lockett

Human Factors Challenges for Advanced Process 992

Control

William F. Stubler and John M. O'Hara

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: APPLICATION TO

DESIGN [Lecture]John Lockett (Chair), Christopher C. Heasly (Cochair)

Advanced Taxi Map Display Design for Low- 997

Visibility OperationsVernol Battiste, Michael Downs, and

Robert S. McCann

An Application of Auditory Alarm Research in the 1002

Design of Warning Sounds for a Integrated TowerAir Traffic Control Computer System

G. Jonathan Wolfman, Douglas L. Miller, and

Alton J. Volanth

Extrapolating CRT Color Use Research to LCD 1007

Flat-Panel Color Selection: Lessons Learned

Alton J. Volanth, Douglas L. Miller, and

G. Jonathan Wolfinan

Alphanumeric Data Entry and Editing on a 1012

Telephone-Type KeypadDaniel D. Riley and Floyd A. Glenn III

TEST AND EVALUATION

DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND MEASURES

[Lecture]Valerie J. Gawron (Chair), David Meister (Cochair)

Feasibility of a Portable Data Acquisition System 1017

for Driver Performance TestingRichard J. Carter, Philip F. Spelt, and

Frank S. Barickman

The Use of Interobserver Methods in System Tests: 1022

A Methodological Case StudyDavid L. Clarke and Barry H. Beith

Workplace Environment Digitization Using a Portable 1026

Measurement System: A Standardized MetiiodologyRebecca A. Unger, Bradley D. Purvis,Joe W. McDaniel, and Carl E. Orr

The Windows Computer Experience Questionnaire 1027

Laura A. Miller and Kay M. Stanney

ENHANCED MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES[Lecture]

Valerie J. Gawron (Chair), David Meister (Cochair)

Subdivision of Grading Units Can Increase the 1032

Reliability of Performance TestingDouglas H. Harris

An Investigation of Various Factors Affecting 1036

Measurement Accuracy of the TekScan Seat

Pressure SystemHongzheng Lu and Gang Lin

Application of Cognitive Measures and Models in 1041

Predicting Point-of-Sale Terminal Performance

Beth Meyer and Richard Catrambone

A Method to Assign Weights of Importance to 1046

Design Requirments in Human-Machine

Systems DesignHelmut T. Zwahlen, Tom Pracharktam, and

Thomas Schnell

TRAINING

STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING LEARNING

[Lecture]Anand K. Gramopadhye (Chair), Daina E. Pupons(Cochair)

Augmented Concurrent Feedback Degrades Learning: 1051

Implications for Training and Simulation

Richard A. Schmidt and Gabriele Wulf

The Transfusion Medicine Tutor: A Model for the 1055

Design and Use of Expert Systems for TeachingJodi Heintz Obradovich

Switching Attention between Tasks: Exploration of 1060

the Components of Executive Control and Their

Development with TrainingDaniel Gopher, Yaakov Greenshpan, and

Lilach Armony

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication

XX PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 40th ANNUAL MEETING— 1996

Training Interface Design and Task-Analytic 1065

Methods

Marcia B. Crosland, Neff Walker,

Gregory M. Corso, and Erik Sparre

TRAINING ISSUES: HUMAN FACTORS IN 1070*

AVIATION [Symposium]Prasad V. Prabhu (Chair), Anand K. Gramopadhye(Cochair)

Application of Advanced Technology to 1072

Team TrainingAnand K. Gramopadhye, David C. Kraus,Pradeep Rao, and Daniel Jebaraj

Team Situation Awareness in Aviation Maintenance 1077

Mica R. Endsley and Michelle M. Robertson

Integrating Training into Human Factors 1082

ImplementationColin G. Drury

System for Training in Aviation Regulations: 1087

Situating the Work Experience through Storytellingand Multimedia Techniques

Terrell N. Chandler

EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF FACTORS INFLUENCING

LEARNING [Lecture]Clint A, Bowers (Chair), Joseph P. Haschart (Cochair)

Effects of Performance Strategies on the Air 1092

Traffic Control Simulation Test

Thomas L. Seamster, Richard E. Redding,and Dana L. Broach

Effects of Exercise and Alternating Task Modules 1097

in Skill AcquisitionBarry P. Goettl, Wayne L. Shebilske,Catherine Connolly-Gomez, and

Linda Robertson-Schul6

Pattern-Driven Visual Search for Multiple Defects 1102

Anpin "Max" Chin and Ram R. Bishu

A Comparison of Landing Site Safety Training 1107

Techniques for LoggersVicki L. Neale and Thomas A. Dingus

VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS

SENSORY PERCEPTIONS IN VIRTUAL

ENVIRONMENTS [Lecture]Paul Milgram (Chair), Maxwell J. Wells (Cochair)

Distance Perception in Virtual Environments: 1H2Effects of Field of View and Surface Texture at

Near Distances

Paul B. Kline and Bob G. Winner

Spatial Perception in Desktop Virtual Environments 1117Dennis C. Neale

Assessing the Impact of Control and Sensory 1122Compatibility on Sickness in Virtual Environments

Christopher J. Rich and Curt C. Braun

Developing Automated Methods to Quantify the 1126Visual Stimulus for Cybersickness

Robert S. Kennedy, Kevin S. Berbaum,William P. Dunlap, and Lawrence J. Hettinger

VISUAL AND VESTIBULAR DISPLAYS IN VIRTUAL

ENVIRONMENTS [Lecture]Robert S. Kennedy (Chair), Sherrie A. Jones (Cochair)

An Initial Evaluation of a Direct Vestibular 1131

Display in a Virtual Environment

Jeffrey D. Cress, Lawrence J. Hettinger,James A. Cunningham, Gary E. Riccio,Grant R. McMillan, and Michael W. Haas

Effect of Visual Display Parameters on Driving 1136

Performance in a Virtual Environments

Driving Simulator

Oren H. Levine and Ronald R. Mourant

Impact of Varying Levels of Autostereovision upon 1141

TelemanipulationSteven F. Wiker, Daniel R. Baker,Steven R. Arndt, and Weijia Zhou

Exploring the Influence of a Virtual Body on 1146

Spatial Awareness

Mark H. Draper, Maxwell J. Wells,

Valerie J. Gawron, and Thomas A. Furness III

VISUAL PERFORMANCE

GRAPHS, TABLES, AND CONFIGURAL DISPLAYS

[Lecture]Robert K. Osgood (Chair), Michael Venturino

(Cochair)

Predicting Values and Trends from Tables and 1151

GraphsMarcia Kuskin Shamo, Joachim Meyer, and

Daniel Gopher

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 40th ANNUAL MEETING— 1996 xxt

Display of Quantitative Information: Are Grables 1155

Better than Plain Graphs or Tables?

Jessica K. Hink, Michael S. Wogalter,and Jason K. Eustace

The Effect of Configural Graphs on Concurrent and 1160

Retrospective Performance

Karel Hurts

Design Techniques to Offset Potential Costs in 1165

Configural DisplaysKevin B. Bennett, Bob Nittoli, and Brett Walters

ASSESSMENT AND MEASUREMENT OF 1170*

SITUATION AWARENESS [Panel]Daniel J. Garland (Chair), Mica R. Endsley

(Cochair)Panelists: Mica R. Endsley, Anthony D. Andre,

Peter A. Hancock, Steven J. Selcon, and

Michael A. Vidulich

POTPOURRI I [Lecture]

Barry P. Goetti (Chair), Carita DeVilbiss (Cochair)

Comparison of Variable Coded Symbology to a 1174

Conventional Tactical Situation Display Method

William A. Nugent

Tabular versus Schematic Designs for Air Defense 1179

Equipment DisplaysBeverly G. Knapp, Kenneth C. Reynolds,Richard Steinberg, and Wendy J. Markert

Single and Combined Visual Distance Cues 1184

Kelly G. Elliott, Elizabeth T. Davis,Robert A. King, and Greg E. Fujawa

Subjective Image Quality Evaluation of Image 1188

Compression TechniquesCathlyn Y. Wen and Robert J. Beaton

STEREOSCOPIC AND MOTION DISPLAYS [Lecture]Maxwell J. Wells (Chair), Mark H. Draper (Cochair)

Stereoscopic Depth Perception in Simulated Displays: 1193

What Helps and What Hurts?

John W. Akers, Elizabeth T. Davis, and

Robert A. King

Effects of Age on the Judged Distance to Virtual 1197

Objects in the Near Visual Field

Stephen R. Ellis and Brian M. Menges

Research Paradigm as a Factor Influencing 1202

Estimates of Time to Contact

Michael P. Manser, Peter A. Hancock, and

Carolyn A. Kinney

Active Control versus Passive Perception of 1207

Heading: Evidence for Different

Perceptual Mechanisms

Brian P. Dyre, Rik Warren, and Sheila A. Gamess

VIGILANCE AND VISUAL SEARCH PERFORMANCE

[Lecture]Mark W. Scerbo (Chair), Joel S. Warm (Cochair)

Knowledge of Results in Simultaneous and 1212

Successive Tasks: What Children Can Teach Us

Pamela J. Bishop, Mark W. Scerbo,Michelle L. Kelley, Glynn D. Coates,and Frank Aiello Til

Effects of Caffeine and Gender on Vigilance and 1217

MarksmanshipRichard F. Johnson and Donna J, Merullo

Multiple Monitors and Knowledge of Results in 1222

Vigilance: The Decrement Still Wins

Peter J. Ceplenski, Mark W. Scerbo, and

Debra A. Major

Effects of Spatial Auditory Preview on Dynamic 1227

Visual Search Performance

Bartholomew Elias

POTPOURRI H [Lecture]Leonard D. Williams (Chair), Joseph J. Galushka

(Cochair)

The Value of Display Space at Encoding and 1232

Retrieval in Keeping Track

Stephen M. Hess and Mark C. Detweiler

Dual-Task Performance as a Function of Individual 1237

Alarm Validity and Alarm System ReliabilityInformation

James P. Bliss, Sonya M. Jeans, and

Heidi J. Prioux

The Mueller-Lyer Illusion Produced by Features 1242

in MapsWilliam Schmidt and Douglas J. Gillan

Evaluation of ANSI/HFS 100-1988 Fucker 1247

Assessment Mediod

Megan M. Jones and Robert J. Beaton

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted forpublication

xxii PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 40th ANNUAL MEETING — 1996

POSTERS

Establishing Baseline Measures for Air Traffic 1252*

Control SystemsJoseph Galushka, Richard Mogford, and

Kenneth Allendoerfer

The Sky Arc: A New Symbology for Attitude 1252*

Control

Gina T. Galante and Sam A. Metalis

Examining the Relationship between 1253*

Communications and Situation Awareness

(SA) in the Tactical Air-to-Air

Environment

Brian T. Schreiber, Kelly M. Lee,William B. Raspotnik, and David C. Hubbard

Examining die Relationship between Errors and 1253*

Situation Awareness in a Simulated Combat

Environment

Kelly M. Lee, Brian T. Schreiber,William B. Raspotnik, and C. B. Sinclair

An Evaluation of Visual-Vestibular Sensory 1254*

Conflict from Physical and Visual Orientation

Marcus H. Gregory and Justin D. Rueb

Use of Human Factors Computer Modeling to 1254*

Predict Locations and Settings for Crew Aids

Used in Extravehicular Activity on an

International Space Station Assembly Mission

H. Charles Dischinger, Jr., Ann M. Evans,

and Tomas E. Loughead

Age-Related Effects of Blocked and Random 1255*

Training for Automatic Teller Machines

Brian A. Jamieson and Wendy A. Rogers

Map Reading in Older Adults 1255*

Cathy D. Emery

Human Reliability, Task Analysis, and Older 1256*

Workers in Technological ManufacturingEnvironments

R. Darin Ellis and Edward Pines

The Impact of Age on Occupants' Behavior 1256*

during a Residential Fire

Guylene Proulx and Joelle Pineau

Computer Input Devices and the Elderly User 1257*

Performing a Fine Graphics Manipulation Task

Didrik W. Hoag

Retention of a Spatial Mental Model: Do Young **

and Older Adults Differ?

D. Kristen Gilbert, Mary C. Cregger,and Wendy A. Rogers

Training Decision Making Strategies for a 1257*

Dynamic Environment

Donita A. Phipps and Neff Walker

The Role of Risk in Pilots' Perceptions of 1258*

Problem Situations

Thomas E. Nygren and Ute Fischer

Use of Double-Ended Scales on Statistical Maps 1258*

as Decision Aids

Mildred L. Dodson and C. Melody Carswell

The Stages of Decision Making: A Stage Model 1259*

for the Use of Decision TechniquesJohn F. McGrew

Experimental Investigations of Pilot Workload 1259*

in Free FlightDiana Avans and Kip Smith

View: A Visualization-Based Mental Model 1260*

Elicitation Workstation

Eva Hudlicka, Greg L. Zacharias,

Christine Illgen, Mehran Asdigha,Jake M. Yara, and James W. Lussier

Development of a Cognitive Performance 1260*

Monitoring SystemSteven R. Hursh, Use Munro,

Daniel P. Redmond, and Robert W. Conlan

Investigating Operator Alertness Using 1261*

Event-Related Potentials

Debbie S. Bartolome, Edward H. Bogart,and Daniel W. Burdette

Validating Experimental Scenario Workload **

Levels Using Physiological Measures

Edward H. Bogart, Debbie S. Bartolome,

and Daniel W. Burdette

Configural Display of Tactical Information 1261*

for Instantaneous Decision MakingMichael J. Barnes and Liana Suantak

Offshore Installation Emergencies: Situation 1262*

Awareness, Decision Making, and Human Error

Jan Skriver and Rhona Flin

Designing a GUI for Multimedia Messaging: 1262*

A Case History of an Iterative Design Process

Pamela A. Savage and Susan Pearsall

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication

PROCEEDINGS ofthe HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY40th ANNUAL MEETING— 1996 xnii

Effects of Informational Support and Help 1263*

Screen Displays in Understanding Instructions

Cynthia A. Spencer and Mark C. Detweiler

Externalizing a Work Domain Structure Using an 1263*

Abstraction Hierarchy: An Alternative Approachfor Hypertext Interface Designs

Wei Xu, Marvin J. Dainoff, and Leonard S. Mark

Handwriting Recognition and Soft Keyboard Study 1264*

Naomi A. Kleid and Marivic A. Bonto-Kane

The Interactive Monitoring and Control Design 1264*

Methodology: Application and Empirical Results

David A. Thurman and Christine M. Mitchell

Threshold of Tolerance: Do Users Hate Tiny Icons? 1265*

Lori S. Steckler and Jennifer A. Smith

Usage-Centered Ergonomics Research for die 1265*

Design of Consumer Products

H. Kanis

Combining die Best Elements of Human Factors 1266*

and Industrial Design in a Real-World

Consumer Product

Michael E. Maddox and Jon Buzzard

Use of Audio-Haptic Interface Techniques to Allow 1266*

Nonvisual Access to Touchscreen AppliancesGregg C. Vanderheiden

Word Games 1267*

Marcie R. Benne, Katiiy K. Baxter, and

Gregory M. Corso

Laboratories for Applied Industrial Ergonomics: 1267*

Using Graduate Students to Develop a Laboratory

MethodologyDavid E. Mandeville, Terry R. Collins,

Nizam S. Najd, Ann M. Krieser, David M. Reid,

Jose P. Cortez, Noe D. Gonzales, and

Haikal A. Azof

Practical Problems Associated with 1268*

Anthropometric Metiiods for ErgonomicDesign Testing

Kristie J. Nemeth

Posture Effects on Reaching Behavior 1268*

Kristie J. Nemeth, Jennifer C. McEvoy,Clare E. Wookey, and Marvin J. Dainoff

Applying Ergonomic Principles to the Design of 1269*

New Facilities: A Case StudyTamara M. James and Vincent C. Conzola

Reactions to Furniture-Integrated Task Lighting 1269*

Systems in a Windowless Office

Alan Hedge

Backrest Angle, Head Tilt, and Visual Target 1270*

Location

Kristie J. Nemeth, Hayley R. Pence, and

Dennis R. Ankrum

Effects of Noise on Perceived Annoyance and 1270*

Performance Impact: A Comparison of Variable

and Consistent Visual Search Tasks

Sharon E. Carter

A Survey of HFES Student List Serve Users: 1271*

Attitudes, Needs, and Human Factors Issues

Daina E. Pupons and Wendy A. Rogers

Performance on a Team Tracking Task with 1271*

Human and Computer Teammates

Mark W. Scerbo, Peter J. Ceplenski,Kristin Krahl, and Todd M, Eischeid

Human Error Root Cause Analysis 1272*

Michael T. Collopy and Robert M. Waters

Effects of Aging and Workload on Monitoring 1272*

of Automation Failures

Dennis A. Vincenzi, Bob Muldoon,

Mustapha Mouloua, Raja Parasuraman,

and Rob Molloy

Trait Individual Differences and Perceptual 1273*

Motor Performance

Tonya Smith Jackson

Effect of Personality Type on Muscle 1273*

Coactivation during Elbow Flexion

Naomi F. Glasscock, Kristine L. Turville,Sharon M. B. Joines, and Gary A. Mirka

Distributions of the Percent of Time Highway 1274*

Construction Workers Spend in Awkward

Trunk Postures: Implications for Measurement

Strategies and Analysis of Nonrepetitive Work

Victor L. Paquet, Bryan Buchholz, Susan Woskie,and Laura Punnett

Manual Handling in the U.K. Brewing Industry 1274*

Christopher J. Rourke

A Computer-Based Job Analysis System: 1275*

Designed to Be Used by First-Line

SupervisorsSteven L. Johnson, Sherry Brown, and

Jeff Hardcastle

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted forpublication

XXIV PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 40th ANNUAL MEETING — 1996

Critical Task Mediodology for Evaluation of 1275*

Storage Furniture

Colin G. Drury and Catherine E. Drury

Objective Evaluations of Different Training 1276*

Methods for VDT Work

Diana J. Schwerha, Dianne L. McMullin,and Linda J. Frederick

Analyses of Glove Types and Pinch Forces in 1276*

Windshield Glass HandlingBrian D. Lowe and Andris Freivalds

Pressure-Induced Discomfort in Seated Human 1277*

Back RegionsWenqi Shen and Alicia M. V6rtiz

Cooperative Telesurgery: Effects of Time Delay 1277*

on Tool Assignment Decision

Mark P. Ottensmeyer, James M. Thompson,and Thomas B. Sheridan

Identifying System Error in the Health Care 1278*

Delivery Process

David A. Kobus, D. Amundson, K. D. Gubler,D. Rascona, G. Pang, and Karl F. Van Orden

Measurement of Neuromuscular Performance of the 1278*

Trunk in Healthy Subjects and Low-Back

Pain Patients during Repetitive SagittalFlexion and Extension

Jung-Yong Kim, Mohamad Pamianpour, and

William S. Marras

Human Factors Issues in die Design and Evaluation 1279*

of an IVR Application for Mental Disorder ScreeningDaryle Gardner-Bonneau, John W. Gosbee,

Eileen Ritchie, Charles Baar, and Richard Stahlhut

Stress Control Interventions in Data Entry Work 1279*

Ami B. Becker, Traci L. Galinsky,Naomi G. Swanson, and Steven L. Sauter

Gender, Race, and Citizenship Factors in 1280

Work Values

Lawrence R. Zeitlin

The Effect of Alternative Keyboard Design on 1280*

Work Postures

Naomi G. Swanson, Libby Cole,

Christopher S. Pan, Traci L. Galinsky,and Steven L. Sauter

Signal Words: Do Definitions Correspond with 1281*

Connoted Hazard?

Kelly L. Drake, Vincent C. Conzola, and

Michael S. Wogalter

The Influence of Pictorials on die Evaluations 1281*

of Prescription Medication Instructions

Russell J. Sojourner and Michael S. Wogalter

Effects of a Pleasant Ambient Fragrance on 1282*

Simulated Driving Performance: The Sweet

Smell of. . . Safety?

Robert A. Baron and Michael J. Kalsher

Anthropometric Manikins for Acoustic 1282*

Measurement and Research

Dennis C. Neale

A Protocol for the Assessment of Subjective 1283*

SleepinessStephen H. Fairclough and Nicholas J. Ward

Usability Analysis of an IVIS Signing 1283*

Subsystem PrototypeRafael K. Marshall and Karen R. Mahach

Effects of Smoking upon Working Memory and 1284*

Driving Performance

George J. Spilich, Stacy Waicker,

Stephanie Self, and Catherine Curl

The Relationship between Driving Knowledge 1284*

and Driving Behaviors

Margaret M. Sweeney and Carol Jarboe

Development of a New Guide Sign Alphabet 1285*

Philip M. Garvey, Martin T. Pietrucha,

and Donald Meeker

Crew Adaptation Evaluation of a Coast Guard 1285*

"Live-Aboard" Boat

Antonio B. Carvalhais, Kevin Cavanaugh,Kevin F. Downer, and Leonard C. Kingsley

Computer Simulation for Ergonomic Transit 1286*

Bus Operator's Workstation Design Using JACK®Heecheon You, Brian D. Lowe, Brian Oesterling,Andris Freivalds, and Brian J. Gilmore

Duration of Automation: Is There an Optimum Period? **

Michael D. New and Gregory M. Corso

Assessment of Musculoskeletal Risk: Validation 1286*

of a Self-Report QuestionnaireLibby Cole, Roger R. Rosa, William Dember,and Joel S. Warm

An Empirical Validation for die Natural Log 1287*

Transformation of Reaction Time

Mark Y. Czarnolewski

Daytime Cognitive Performance and Fatigue Change 1287*

Wayne C. Harris, Phillip N. Goenert,Karl Nelson, Steve Netsch, and Matt Scheel

'Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 40th ANNUAL MEETING — 1996 xxv

Mobilization Training and Civilian Occupation 1288*

Richard E. Maisano, Mark A. Sabol,Christina K. Cumow, and Benjamin A. Knott

The Role of Personal Digital Assistants in 1288*

Advanced Training SystemsJohn J. Burns, John S. Pruitt,

Kim Smith-Jentsch, and Philip C. Duncan

Problem-Based Learning Partnerships: 1289*

A Case Study of Problem-Based LearningRebecca Denning and Philip J. Smith

Learner Aptitudes, Elaborations, and Attention 1289*

Control in Training a Complex Skill

Barry P. Goetti, Wayne L. Shebilske, and Eric Day

Enhancing a Paper-Based Team-Performance 1290*

Measure through TechnologyJohn S. Pruitt, John J. Bums,J. Peter Rosenfeld, Peter Bilazarian,and Robert Levas

Simulator Sickness in Stereoscopic versus 1290*

Monoscopic Helmet-Mounted DisplaysJennifer A. Ehrlich and Michael J. Singer

Virtual Reality Therapy in the Treatment of 1291*

Psychological Disorders

Max M. North, Sarah M. North, and

Joseph R. Coble

Tracking Control in Forming Spatial 1291*

Representations from Virtual Reality Environments

Benjamin A. Knott and Marc M. Sebrechts

Usability Evaluation of Low-End Virtual 1292*

Reality SystemsEric A. Vaden, Jennifer A. Ehrlich, and

Eugenia M. Kolasinski

Effects of Structure and Color on Symbol 1292*

VisibilityKarl F. Van Orden and Joseph DiVita

Visual Support in Operating Unmanned Aerial 1293*

Vehicles

Jan B. F. van Erp, B. Kapp6, and J. E. Korteling

Comparing Human Performance on Spatially 1293*

Dynamic Tasks Using Volumetric, Perspective, andStereoscopic Three-Dimensional (3D) Displays

James W. Broyles and Karl F. Van Orden

The Effect of ANVIS Night Vision Goggle Eyepiece 1294*Focus on Visual Acuity: Part 1. Short-Term Wear

Gerald A. Gleason, Joseph T. Riegler, and

Sheila A. Garness

The Effect of ANVIS Night Vision Goggle Eyepiece 1294*

Focus on Visual Acuity: Part 2. Long-Term Wear

Gerald A. Gleason, Joseph T. Riegler, and

Sheila A. Garness

Recognition of Shape and Metric Changes **

in 3D Models

Eric N. Wiebe and Sharolyn A. Converse

Workload Effects on Observer Accuracy in 1295*

Detecting Differences in Informational Source

ReliabilityDeMaris A. Montgomery, Jay Janovics,and Jason Voss

The Detection of Missing Information in Visual 1295*

Arrays: A Potentially Useful Cue

William Elliot Inman

Navigation Strategies in Free Flight: Pilots' 1296*

Use of Time to Contact

Jeffrey E. K. Lewin, Kip Smith, and

Peter A. Hancock

AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 1297

KEY WORD INDEX TO VOLUMES 1 AND 2 1301

"Abstract only

"Manuscript not submitted for publication