Human dolphin interactions, SE Region where are we, what ...In Sarasota Bay, dolphin-human...
Transcript of Human dolphin interactions, SE Region where are we, what ...In Sarasota Bay, dolphin-human...
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Human–dolphin interactions, where are we, what are we
doing, and so what?
SE Region
Laura Engleby
Chief, Marine Mammal Branch, NMFS Southeast Region
May 7, 2015
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U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 2
Illegal feeding and vessel based activities continue to
increase and evolve throughout the Southeast Region.
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Marine Mammal Protection Act 16USC 1372
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 3
It’s illegal for any person, vessel, or conveyance to take any marine mammal
Take means to harass, hunt, capture, collect, or kill, or attempt to harass, hunt, capture, collect, or kill any marine mammal….
This includes, feeding or attempting to feed a marine mammal in the wild.
Photo: NMFS
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U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 4
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Who feeds wild dolphins?
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Activities of Concern: Feeding
“To ensure there would be dolphins when we went out, the dolphins
had to know we were coming to feed them. That way, they’d get used
to seeing us the same time every day.” P. Henderson, Clearwater,
Florida, 1990
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“I don’t know of any angler that would intentionally feed dolphins”
Wh
Who
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 8
Photo: The Dolphin Project
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U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 9
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So What?
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Variable reinforcement through feeding results in
trained/conditioned wild dolphins that spend the majority of
their time approaching boats, begging for food, and
patrolling all boats for handouts.
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“It’s getting a lot worse-
it wasn’t like this 10-15 years ago ” Interactions between recreational anglers and dolphins are
increasing and occur in coastal and offshore waters
In Sarasota Bay, dolphin-human
interactions increased from 2% of the
population in 2000 to >14% in 2007 (Powell & Wells 2011)
Interactions occurred on 36% of
76 deep sea fishing trips and 17% of
100 pier visits (Shippee et. al., 2010)
St. Petersburg, FL fishing pier- over 10
days = 141 observations of dolphins
taking bait or catch (NMFS unpublished)
Photo: Sarasota Dolphin Research Program
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Credit: CZS/Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, NMFS permit # 15543
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Illegal Feeding
(including teasing)
Depredation
(Zollet and Read 2006)
Scavenging (Powell and Wells 2011)
Impacts to dolphins
- Entanglement
- Ingestion of gear
- Boat strikes
- Gunshot or harm
Impacts to rec fishermen may cause
- Decreased catch
- Increased mortality rates released fish
- Diminished experience
- Damaged or lost fishing gear
- More dolphins approaching
Fishing Line
Mote marine lab
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The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS) is offering a $3500
reward for information leading to the identification, arrest and conviction of
the person or persons responsible for the illegal and cruel acts that led to
the death of a protected bottlenose dolphin. NOAA’s Fisheries Service
received reports of a live dolphin swimming with a screwdriver lodged in its
head near the Florida-Alabama state line in Perdido Bay. On Friday, June
22nd, the dolphin was found dead just west of Dupont Point, Alabama.
Intentional Harm = Impaled with
Screwdriver
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Photo: ECWR
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Gunshot Photo: Hubbss-Sea World
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Slide 19
Blow dart guns
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Florida- December, 2014 Texas- July, 2014
Bows and Arrows
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U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 21
Dangers to humans
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Agency Regulations- Harassment Definition
50 CFR 216
Level A Harassment means any act of pursuit,
torment, or annoyance which has the potential to
injure a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in
the wild.
Photo: NMFS
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Harassment Definition continued…
• Level B Harassment means any act of pursuit, torment, or
annoyance which has the potential to disturb a marine
mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing
disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not limited
to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or
sheltering but which does not have the potential to injure a
marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild.
Photo: NMFS
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U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 24
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“Hot Spots” in the Southeast Region
Location Number of
operators Feeding Swim-
with
Wake-
riding
Corpus Christi, TX 14 X X
Orange Beach, AL 44 X X X
Destin/Pensacola,
FL
15 X X X
Panama City, FL 37 X X X
Key West, FL 29 X X
Clearwater/St. Pete,
FL
23 X X X
Indian River
Lagoon, FL
23 X
Skidaway, Jeckyll
Island, GA
10 X
Hilton Head, SC 22 X X
Charleston/Kiawah,
SC
22 X X
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What is a Hotspot?
• >10 operators
• Operate in bays and estuaries that are in close proximity to human development/waterfronts
• CHRONIC-- Target the same areas,often year round with peak seasons.
• Conduct multiple trips per day often 2-4x a day starting at 9:00am and ending after sunset.
• Vessels range in size from personal watercraft, small six-packs to larger vessels
• Competition among operators to get close to animals
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Types of activities that have the potential to harass
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Swim-with, Touching, and Petting
Photo: NMFS Photo: NMFS
Photo: NMFS Photo: NMFS
Slide 28
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U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 29
Wake-riding
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U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 30
Land based viewing of strand feeding
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U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 31
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U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 32
Charter fishing boats
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Swim-with Activities in the Southeast U.S. Facilitated by
Illegal Feeding
What are we doing to address illegal
feeding and harassment?
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Media, Outreach, Education and Partnerships
Slide 23
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Enforcement
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Evolution of feeding in Panama City, FL
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Evolution of feeding in
Panama City, FL (cont.)
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Research
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 38
Photo: NMFS
Social Science
Panama City Residents’ Visitors’ and Business operators’ attitudes toward the illegal feeding and
harassment of wild dolphins. Responsive Management (2011)
Attitudes toward the protection of wild dolphins and dolphin-human interactions 2013
Responsive management report. Responsive Management (2013)
Corpus Christi’s Visitors’ and Business operators’ attitudes toward the illegal feeding and
harassment of wild dolphins (2013)
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Research
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 39
Photo: NMFS
Other research
Determining the factors contributing to human-dolphin interactions in a long-term resident
inshore bottlenose dolphin community (in progress). Katie McHugh and Randall S. Wells,
Sarasota Dolphin Research Program/Chicago Zoological Society.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Voluntary Program in Reducing Vessel Based Harassment in
Key West, Florida, U.S.A. (2013) Jessica R Powell, Laura K Engleby, Nicholas A Farmer
Assessment of depredation by bottlenose dolphins in the Northwest Florida and Alabama sport
fishery Steve F. Shippee, UCF, Randall S. Wells, Sarasota Dolphin Research Program/Chicago
Zoological Society
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Fifteen Years Later: An Updated Evaluation of the Impacts and Evolution of
Marine Mammal Tourism with a focus on Human-Dolphin Interactions in Panama City, Florida
Jessica R. Powell, Abigail F. Machernis, Laura Engleby, and Trevor R. Spradlin (In progress)
Photo: L. Bejder
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Literature Review of Human Impacts
Literature review of newly available scientific literature (post Samuels et al. 2000) • Species Included: whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, and
manatees • Chapters: vessel interaction, swimmer interaction, land-
based interaction, and feeding – highlight the major response themes related to behavior,
habitat use, health, and reproduction – conclusions summarize the overall effects and risks from
disturbances at the individual and population level – Includes management strategies as recommended throughout
the literature
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So What?
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Impacts to Dolphins based on scientific literature
• Risks caused by vessel & swimmer presence and/or movements:
• Conditioned to humans
• Injury or death from boat strikes
• Separation of mother and calf
• Behavior disturbance/ activity shifts
• Changes to social structure
• Increased predation risk
• Acoustic changes
• Abandonment of habitat or habitat shift
• Decline in abundance
• Short term behavior changes can have long term biological consequences for individuals or populations
(Wells & Scott 1997; Constantine, 2001, Lusseau et al. 2002; Lusseau 2003; Allen & Read 2001; Constantine et al. 2004;
Samuels & Bejder 2004; Lusseau 2004, 2005 & 2006; Bejder et al. 2006 a & b; Lusseau et al. 2006 a & b; Strensen and Bergrren,
2007,Courbis and Timmel, 2008, Bechdel et. Al. 2009; Christiansen et al. 2010; Jensen et. al. 2009)
Photo: NMFS
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Challenges
• So what?
• Constant evolving and expansion of issues
• Limited enforcement capabilities
• Perception that the MMPA is vague and these activities are not harmful
• Lack appropriate messaging
• Reaching opinion leaders in various user groups
• Need to develop more partnerships
U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 44
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What can the Commission do to help?
• How can we better articulate the “so what” to community leaders, mangers,
academics, etc..? Particularly for a non-endangered species?
• How might we better engage community leaders among user groups?
• How do we convey how these activities contribute to cumulative effects?
• How do we determine where to prioritize these issues, compared to all the
other threats we are dealing with?
• What other ways might we leverage partnerships?
• How can we engage the scientific community in these issues?
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U.S. Department of Commerce | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | NOAA Fisheries | Page 47