HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: study of physical, cognitive

and social changes through the lifetime

ARGUE OVER THE EXTENT TO WHICH EACH INFLUENCES BEHAVIOR

NATURE: genetics influence most NURTURE: learning/environment shapes usThomas Bouchard: Minnesota Twins Study-study identical (MZ) twins

Nature v. Nurture:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Twins_2004.jpg

IS DEVELOPMENT:

CONTINUOUS: a gradual, cumulative change from birth to death (walking up a hill)

OR

DISCONTINUOUS: a sequence of distinct stages that build upon one another that every person goes through (climbing stairs)

Continuity v. Discontinuity:

LONGITUDINAL: study same group of people for a long timeGood: accuracy Bad: costly, long time, lose participants

CROSS-SECTIONAL: compare different age groups nowGood: quick, fast Bad: less accurate

COHORT-SEQUENTIAL: cross-sectional groups are studied at least 2 times over months/years, compared to others of same age

Methods of studying development:

1. GERMINAL STAGE (lasts about 2 weeks): zygote

-a fertilized egg, it will divide many times2. EMBRYONIC STAGE (lasts about 7 weeks):

embryo-important organs form

3. FETAL STAGE (lasts for rest of pregnancy):fetus-growth, interaction of organs, form bones

Prenatal Development:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Photo_of_baby_with_FAS.jpg

Chemicals/diseases that can cause harm duringthe prenatal period

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME(FAS):#1 cause of mental retardation in the US

Teratogens:

INFANTS ARE BORN WITH SURVIVAL REFLEXES

-Sucking-Rooting-Grasping-Moro/startle reflex-Babinski reflex-Swallowing

AS MATURE, MANY REFLEXES DISAPPEAR

Newborn Reflexes:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Babies.jpg

MATURATION: physical development-genetically influenced, little environment -development of cerebellum and myelin

sheath

2 months-smile at voice9 months-sits without support12 months-says at least one word18 months-can walk independently

Motor Development:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Baby-lifting-weights.jpg

BRAIN: born with www.upload.wikimedia.org

most neurons will have in life

“USE IT OR LOSE IT” – ones we use are kept, ones we don’t are pruned away

DENDRITES GROW TO MAKE CONNECTIONS

Cognitive Development:

HABITUATION: simple form of learning where infants have

decreased responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimuli

-will look longer at new stimuli, bored with things they have experienced before

-means kids remember it, stare at it longer

Measuring cognitive ability:

Children think differently than adults Cognitive abilities grow discontinuously with

big leaps Schemas-mental categories that organize

information (birds=wings, feathers, fly)-assimilation: fit new information into

schemas (robins, cardinals)-accomodation: change our schemas to fit

new information (penguins, ostriches)

Jean Piaget: Cognitive Stages

1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2): form schemas, gain object permanence

2. Preoperational stage (2-7): symbolic thinking, egocentrism, animism

3. Concrete operational stage (7-12): conservation of matter, simple logic

4. Formal operational stage (12+): abstract, hypothetical thinking

Criticisms: different rates, go through more quickly, more continuous

Piaget’s stages:

Sociocultural Theory of Development: More gradual development Internalization: taking information from your

social environment zone of proximal

development: range between what you

can do alone and what you can do with the help of others

( where we learn)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Teacher.jpg learn)

Lev Vygotsky:

HOW OTHERS INFLUENCE OUR DEVELOPMENT

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zari_Kids_of_Goa.JPG

CULTURE: behaviors, attitudes, ideas, and traditions transmitted from one generation to the next

Social Development:

Attachment: The creation of a close emotional relationship between parents and baby

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Firmin_Baes_-_Doux_r%C3%AAves.jpg/384px-Firmin_Baes_-_Doux_r%C3%AAves.jpg

Baby monkeys were given a wire mother with a bottle or a soft

cloth-covered mother http://pages.uoregon.edu/adoption/siteindex.html

-the babies preferred the soft mother

-demonstrates importance of

touch in attachment

Harry Harlow: Contact comfort

Konrad Lorenz: Familiarity

Imprinting: baby birds attach to the 1st thing they see

-critical period for forming attachments

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:lorenzBaby_ducks.jpg

Put babies into unfamiliar room, mom leaves, mom returns

3 Types:Secure attachment: explores when mom is

there, cried when mom left, went to her when she returned-responsive moms=best type

Anxious attachment: cling to mom, cry when she leaves, not return to her

Avoidant attachment: not care if mom is there or not, no response when she leaves

Mary Ainsworth: Strange Situation

Temperament:

Temperament: natural disposition-easy or difficult

Easy=cheerful, relaxed, predictableDifficult=intense, irritable, unpredictable

Affects how parents react to child, and how child reacts to parent

Authoritarian parents: strict rules, expect kids to follow them, and punish if broken

Permissive parents: don’t set firm guidelines or enforce the ones that are there

Authoritative parents: set rules but explain the reason behind them, discuss

Authoritative-most independent, socially competent, highest self-esteem

Diane Baumrind: Parenting styles

We are shaped by our interactions with others

1st to examine development throughout a lifetime 8 stages where we face important crisis Affects our relationshipsand our personality

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erik_Erikson.png

Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages

1.Trust v. Mistrust (0-1) 2. Autonomy v. Shame/doubt(1-3) 3. Initiative v. Guilt (3-5)4. Industry v. Inferiority (6-12)5. Identity v. Role confusion (12-20)6. Intimacy v. Isolation (21-40)7. Generativity v. Stagnation (41-65)8. Integrity v. Despair (65+)

Erikson’s 8 Stages:

Discontinuous Gave moral dilemmas to males to see what

they would do and why (C. Gilligan criticize) 3 levels of how make moral judgments: Preconventional: avoid punishment, seek

rewards Conventional: follow rules, other’s

opinions of them Postconventional: universal ethical

principles

Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development:

Period between childhood and adulthood

-puberty: sexual maturation

-increasingly longer in Western societies

-brain, especially frontal lobe, still developing

-time of risk-taking

-development of identity

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teens_sharing_a_song.jpg

Adolescence:

Gender roles: expected behaviors for males/females=stereotypes

Gender identity: our own sense of being male/female

http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/images/view_photog.php?photogid=2125 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FilWomanFactory1940s.jpg

Gender:

Biological perspective: heredity, brain differences

Evolutionary perspective: help us to survive/reproduce

Behavioral perspective: rewards and punishments and social learning

Cognitive perspective: gender-schema theory-form schemas and act accordingly

Theories of gender development:

DEVELOPMENT OVER A LIFETIMENew focus on adulthood

Historically, research has

focused on childhood

Aging population has redirected focus

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elderly_exercise.jpg

Adulthood:

Cognitive: brain fullydeveloped around 23Physical: peakSocial: intimacy v. isolation: similarity in attraction, starting career/family/household, being financially responsiblehttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

File:Bride_%26_groom_-_West_Queen_Anne_Walls_-_Seattle_02A.jpg

Young adulthood (20-40):

Cognitive: Fluid intelligence: problem-solving =decreases with age

Crystallized intelligence: factual knowledge-increases with age

Physical: decreased vigor, menopause, wrinkling, graying hair

Social:generativity v. stagnation, career mastery, aging parents, empty nest

Middle Adulthood (40-65)

Physical: more susceptible to life-threatening disease, but less to short-term illnesses, senses decrease in sensitivity

Social: integrity v. despair, retirement, loss of friends, spouse, grandchildren

Cognitive: some changes, but can prevent by being healthy, and have stimulating activities

Alzheimer’s Disease: #1 cause of dementia-related to acetylcholine

Late Adulthood (65+):

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross: 5 Stages of Dying

1. Denial2. Anger3. Bargaining4. Depression5. Acceptance

Criticism: not true for all people

Death and Dying: