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HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
B.TECHUNIT 1 PPT SLIDES
TEXT BOOKS:
The essential guide to user interface design,Wilbert O Galitz, Wiley DreamaTech.
Designing the user interface. 3rd Edition Ben
Shneidermann , Pearson Education Asia.No. of slides: 34
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INDEXUNIT 1 PPT SLIDES
S.NO. TOPIC LECTURE NO. PPTSLIDES
1 Introduction L1 L1.1TO L1.8Importance of user Interface
2 Importance of good design L2 L2.1 TO L2.43 Benefits of good design L3 L3.1 TO L3.84 History of Screen design L4 L4.1 TO L4.105 REVISION L5
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lecture 1 slide 1
Humancomputer interact ion (HCI), alternat ively
manmach ine interact ion (MMI) or computerhuman interact ion (C HI) is the s tudy of interact ionbetween people (u s er s ) and computer s .
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lecture 1 slide 2
W ith today' s technology and tool s, and our mot ivat ion
to create really effect ive and u s able interface s and
s creen s, why do we cont inue to produce s ys tem s that are ineff ic ient and confu si ng or , at wor s t, ju s t pla in
unu s able? Is i t becau s e:
1.W
e don't care?
2. W e don't po ss e ss common s en s e?
3. W e don't ha ve the time?
4. W e s till don't know what really ma ke s good de si gn?
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lecture 1 slide 3
Def in ition
"Human-computer interact ion is a d is c ipl ine concerned
w ith the de si gn , e valuat ion and implementat ion of
interact ive comput ing s ys tem s for human u s e and w ith
the s tudy of ma jor phenomena s urround ing them ."
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lecture 1 slide 4
G oal s
A ba si c goal of HCI is
to impro ve the interact ion s between u s er s and computer s
by ma king computer s more u s able and recept ive to the u s er' s
need s.
A long term goal of HCI is to de si gn s ys tem s that m in im ize the barr ier between the human' s
cogn itive model of what they want
to accompl is h and the computer' s under s tand ing of the u s er' s ta sk
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lecture 1 slide 5
W hy is HCI important?
Us er-centered de si gn is gett ing a cruc ial role!
It is gett ing more important today to increa s e
compet itivene ss vi a HCI s tud ie s (N orman , 1990 )
High-co s t e-tran s format ion in ve s tment s
Us er s lo s e time w ith badly de si gned product s and s er vice s
Us er s e ven g ive up u si ng bad interface
Ineffect ive allocat ion of re s ource s
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lecture 1 slide 6
Def in ing the Us er InterfaceUs er interface , de si gn is a s ub s et of a f ield of s tudy called
human-computer interaction (HCI).Human-computer interact ion is the s tudy , plann ing , and
de si gn of how people and computer s wor k together s o that
a per s on' s need s are s at is f ied in the mo s t effect ive way .HCI de si gner s mu s t con si der a var iety of factor s :
what people want and expect , phy si cal lim itat ion s and ab ilitie s
people po ss e ss,
how informat ion proce ssi ng s ys tem s wor k,
what people f ind en joyable and attract ive .
Techn ical character is tic s and lim itat ion s of the computer hardware
and s oftware mu s t al s o be con si dered .
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lecture 1 slide 7
The user interface is t
the part of a computer and its s oftware that people can s ee , hear ,
touch , tal k to , or otherw is e under s tand or d irect .
The u s er interface ha s e ss ent ially two component s : input
and output .
I nput is how a per s on commun icate s h is / her need s to the
computer . S ome common input component s are the keyboard , mou s e ,
trac kball , one' s f inger , and one' s v o ice .
O utput is how the computer con vey s the re s ult s of its
computat ion s and re-qu irement s to the u s er .
Today , the mo s t common computer output mechan is m is the
d is play s creen , followed by mechan is m s that ta ke ad vantage of a
per s on' s aud itory ca-pab ilitie s : vo ice and s ound .
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lecture 1 slide 8
The u s e of the human s en s e s of s mell and touch output in
interface de si gn s till rema in largely unexplored .
P roper interface de si gn w ill pro vide a m ix of well-de si gned
input and output mech-an is m s that s at is fy the u s er' s
need s, capab ilitie s, and lim itat ion s i n the mo s t effect ive
way po ssi ble .
The be s t interface is one that it not not iced , one that
perm its the u s er to focu s on the informat ion and ta sk at
hand , not the mechan is m s u s ed to pre s ent the in-format ion
and perform the ta sk.
bac k
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lecture 2 slide 1
The Importance of G ood De si gnW ith today' s technology and tool s, and our mot ivat ion to
create really effect ive and u s -able interface s and
s creen s, why do we cont inue to produce s ys tem s that
are ineff ic ient and confu si ng or , at wor s t, ju s t pla in
unu s able? Is i t becau s e:
W e don't care?
W e don't po ss e ss common s en s e?
W e don't ha ve the time?
W e s till don't know what really ma ke s good de si gn?
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lecture 2 slide 2
B ut we ne ver s eem to ha ve time to f ind out what ma ke s
good de- si gn , nor to properly apply it. After all , many of u s
ha ve other th ing s to do in add ition to de si gn ing interface sand s creen s.
S o we ta ke our be s t s hot g iven the wor kload and time
con s tra int s i mpo s ed upon u s. T he re s ult , too often , iswoefully inadequate .
Interface and s creen de si gn were really a matter of
com-mon s en s e , we de veloper s would ha ve been produc ing almost identical s creen s for repre s ent ing the
real world .
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lecture 2 slide 3
Example bad designs Closed door with complete wood
suggestion : glass door
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lecture 2 slide 4
The Importance of the Us er InterfaceA well-de si gned interface and s creen is terr ibly important to our u s er s. I t is the ir w indow to view the capab ilitie s of
the s ys tem .
It is al s o the veh icle through wh ich many cr itical ta sks are pre s ented . T he s e ta sks often ha ve a d irect impact on an organ izat ion' s relat ion s w ith its cu s tomer s, and itsprof itab ility .
A s creen' s layout and appearance affect a per s on in a var iety of way s. I f they are con-fu si ng and ineff ic ient ,people w ill ha ve greater d iff iculty in do ing the ir job s and w ill ma ke more m is ta ke s.
P oor de si gn may e ven cha s e s ome people away from a s ys tem permanently . It can al s o lead to aggra vat ion ,fru s trat ion , and increa s ed s tre ss .
bac k
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lecture 3 slide 1
The B enef its of G ood De si gn
P oor clar ity forced s creen u s er s to s pend one extra s econd per s creen .
Almo s t one add itional year would be requ ired to proce ss all s creen s.
Twenty extra s econd s i n s creen u s age time add s an add itional 14 per s on year s .
The benef its of a well de si gned s creen ha ve al s o been under
exper imental s crut iny for many year s.
One re s earcher , for example , attempted to impro ve s creen clar ity and readab ility by ma king s creen s le ss crowded .
S eparate item s, wh ich had been comb ined on the s ame d is play line to
con s er ve s pace , were placed on s eparate line s i n s tead .
The re s ult s creen u s er s were about 20 percent more product ive w ith the le ss crowded ver si on .
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lecture 3 slide 2
P roper formatt ing of informat ion on s creen s doe s ha ve a
si gn if icant po si tive effect on performance .
In recent year s, the product ivi ty benef its of well-de si gned W
eb page s ha ve al s o been s crut in ized .
Tra in ing co s ts are lowered becau s e tra in ing time is
reduced
s upport line co s ts are lowered becau s e fewer a ssis t call s
are nece ss ary .
employee s at is fact ion is i ncrea s ed becau s e aggra vat ion
and fru s trat ion are reduced .
Ultimately , that an organ izat ion' s cu s -tomer s benef it
becau s e of the impro ved s er vice they rece ive .
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lecture 3 slide 3
Ident ifying and re s ol ving problem s dur ing the de si gn and
de velopment proce ss al s o ha s si gn if icant econom ic
benef its
How many s creen s are u s ed each day in our technolog ical
world?
How many s creen s are u s ed each day in your organ izat ion? Thou s and s ? Million s ?
Imag ine the po ssi ble s a ving s. P roper s creen de si gn m ight
al s o , of cour s e , lower the co s ts of replac- ing "bro ken "PCs.
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lecture 3 slide 4
A B r ief His tory of the Human- Computer Interface
The need for people to commun icate with each other ha s
ex is ted si nce we f ir s t wal ked upon th is planet .The lowe s t and mo s t common le vel of commun icat ion mode swe s hare are mo vement s and ge s ture s.
Mo vement s and ge s ture s are language- independent , that is,they perm it people who do not s pea k the s ame language to deal with one another .
The next h igher le vel , i n term s of un iver s al ity and complex ity , iss po ken language .
Mo s t people can s pea k one language , s ome two or more . As po ken language is a very eff ic ient mode of commun icat ion if both part ie s to the commun icat ion under s tand it.
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lecture 3 slide 5
At the th ird and h ighe s t le vel of complex ity is wr itten
language . W h ile mo s t people s pea k, not all can wr ite .
B ut for tho s e who can , wr iting is s till nowhere near a seff ic ient a mean s . of commun icat ion a s s pea king .
In modem time s, we ha ve the typewr iter , another s tep
upward in commun icat ion complex ity .
Si gn if icantly fewer people type than wr ite . (W h ile a
pract iced typ is t can f ind typ ing fa s ter and more eff ic ient
than handwr iting , the un ski lled may not f ind th is the ca s e .)
S po ken language , howe ver , is s till more eff ic ient than
typ ing , regardle ss ' of typ ing ski ll le vel .
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lecture 3 slide 6
Through its f ir s t few decade s, a computer' s ab ility to deal
w ith human commun icat ion wa s i n ver s ely related to what
wa s ea s y for people to do .The computer demanded r ig id , typed input through a
keyboard; people re s ponded s lowly u si ng th is de vice and
w ith vary ing degree s of ski ll.The human-computer d ialog reflected the computer' s
preference s, con sis ting of one s tyle or a comb inat ion of
s tyle s u si ng keyboard s, commonly referred to a s
Command Language , Q ue s tion and An s wer , Menu
s elect ion , F unct ion Key S elect ion , and Form Fi ll-In .
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lecture 3 slide 7
Throughout the computer' s h is tory , de si gner s ha ve been
de velop ing , w ith vary ing degree s of s ucce ss, other
human-computer interact ion method s that ut ilize more general , w ide s pread , and ea si er-to- Iearn capab ilitie s :
vo ice and handwr iting .
S ys tem s that recogn ize human s peech and handwr iting
now ex is t, although they s till lac k the un iver s al ity and
r ichne ss of typed input .
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lecture 3 slide 8
Introduct ion of the G raph ical Us er Interface
The Xerox s ys tem s, A ltu s and STAR, i ntroduced the mou s e
and po int ing and s elect ing a s the pr imary human-computer
commun icat ion method .
The u s er si mply po inted at the s creen , u si ng the mou s e a s
an intermed iary .
The s e s ys tem s al s o introduced the graph ical u s er interface
a s we know it a new concept wa s born , re volut ion izi ng the
human-computer interface .
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lecture 4 slide 1
A B r ief His tory of S creen De si gnW h ile de veloper s ha ve been de si gn ing s creen s si nce a
cathode ray tube d is play wa s f ir s t attached to a computer ,more w ide s pread intere s t in the appl icat ion of good de si gn
pr inc iple s to s creen s d id not beg in to emerge unt il the
early 1970 s, when IB M in-troduced its 3270 cathode ray
tube text-ba s ed term inal .
A 1970 s s creen often re s embled the one p ictured in Figure 1.1. It u s ually con sis ted of many f ield s ( more than are
illu s trated here ) w ith very crypt ic and often un intell ig ible
capt ion s.
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lecture 4 slide 2
A B r ief His tory of S creen De si gnIt wa s vis ually cluttered , and often po ss e ss ed a command
f ield that challenged the u s er to remember what had to be keyed into it.
Amb iguou s me ss age s often requ ired referral to a manual
to interpret .Effect ively u si ng th is ki nd of s creen requ ired a great deal
of pract ice and pat ience .
Mo s t early s creen s were mono-chromat ic , typ ically pre s ent ing green text on blac k bac kground s.
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lecture 4 slide 3
TDX95210 THE CAR RENTAL COMPANY 10 /11 /16 10:25
NAME TEL RO _________________ ______________________ ____________________
PUD RD C RT MPD ___________ ________ _________ _________ __________
ENTRY ERROR XX 465628996 Q. 997
COMMAND
Figure 1.1 A 1970 s s creen .
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lecture 4 slide 4
At the turn of the decade gu idel ine s for text-ba s ed s creen
de si gn were f inally made widely a va ilable and many
s creen s began to ta ke on a much le ss cluttered loo k
through concept s s uch a s group ing and al ignment of
element s, a s i llu s -trated in Figure 1.2.
Us er memory wa s s upported by pro vid ing clear and
mean ingful f ield capt ion s and by lis ting command s on the
s creen , and enabl ing them to be appl ied , through funct ion
key s. M e ss age s al s o became clearer .
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lecture 4 slide 5
The s e s creen s were not ent irely clutter-free , howe ver .
In s truct ion s and rem inder s to the u s er had to be in s cr ibed
on the s creen in the form of prompt s or complet ion a id s
s uch a s the code s PR and S c .
Not all 1980 s s creen s loo ked like th is, howe ver . In the
1980 s, 1970 s -type s creen s were s till be ing de si gned , and
many s till re si de in s ys tem s today .
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lecture 4 slide 6
THE CAR RENTAL COMPANYRENTER
Name: _______________________ Telephone: ___________________
LOCATIONOffice: _______________________ Pick-up Date:__________________ Return Date: __________________
AUTOMOBILClass: ______(PR. ST. FU. MD. CO. SC)Rate: _____________________________
Miles per Day:______________________ The maximum allowed miles per day is 150.Enter Fl-Help F3-Exit F12=Cancel
Figure 1.2 A 1980s screen.
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lecture 4 slide 7
The ad vent of graph ic s yielded another m ile s tone in
the e volut ion of s creen de si gn , a s i llu s trated in Figure 1.3. W h ile s ome ba si c "de si gn pr inc iple s d id not
change , group- ing s and al ignment , for example ,
border s were made a va ilable to vis ually enhance group ing s, and button s and menu s for implement ing
command s replaced funct ion key s.
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lecture 4 slide 8
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lecture 4 slide 9
Mult iple propert ie s of element s were al s o pro vided ,
includ ing many d ifferent font siz e s and s tyle s, line
th ic kne ss e s, and color s.
The entry f ield wa s s upplemented by a mult itude of other
kind s of control s, i nclud ing lis t boxe s, drop-down
comb inat ion boxe s, s p in boxe s, and s o forth .
The s e new control s were much more effect ive in
s up-port ing a per s on' s memory , now si mply allow ing for s elect ion from a lis t in s tead of requ ir ing a remembered key
entry .
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lecture 4 slide 10
Complet ion a id s d is appeared from s creen s, replaced by
one of the new lis ting control s. S creen s could al s o be
si mpl if ied , the much more powerful computer s be ing able to qu ic kly pre s ent a new s creen .
In the 1990 s, our knowledge concern ing what ma ke s
effect ive s creen de si gn cont in-ued to expand . C oupled with e ver- impro ving technology , the re s ult wa s e ven greater
impro vement s i n the u s er-computer s creen interface a s the
new century dawned .
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END OF UNIT 1
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REVISION