Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community
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Transcript of Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community
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The Future of the Web:Visual, Social, Universal
Ben ShneidermanBen Shneiderman([email protected])([email protected])
Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer ScienceProfessor, Department of Computer Science
Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Systems ResearchSystems Research
University of MarylandUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742College Park, MD 20742
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
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User Interface Design Goals
Cognitively comprehensible:Consistent, predictable & controllable
Affectively acceptable: Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility
NOT:
Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic
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User Interface Design Goals
Cognitively comprehensible:Consistent, predictable & controllable
Affectively acceptable: Mastery, satisfaction & responsibility
NOT:
Adaptive, autonomous & anthropomorphic
ConsistentPredictable
Controllable
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Design IssuesDesign Issues
Input devices & strategies Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands
Output devices & formats Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help
Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training
www.awl.com/DTUIhcibib.org
usableweb.com
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Scientific ApproachScientific Approach (beyond user friendly)(beyond user friendly)
Specify users and tasksSpecify users and tasks Predict and measure Predict and measure
time to learntime to learn speed of performancespeed of performance rate of human errorsrate of human errors human retention over timehuman retention over time
Assess subjective satisfaction Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User (Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction 7.0, Interaction Satisfaction 7.0, www.lap.umd.edu/QUIS/index.html)www.lap.umd.edu/QUIS/index.html)
Accommodate individual differencesAccommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural contextConsider social, organizational & cultural context
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U.S. Library of CongressU.S. Library of Congress
Scholars, Journalists, CitizensScholars, Journalists, Citizens
Teachers, StudentsTeachers, Students
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Visible Human Explorer (NLM)Visible Human Explorer (NLM)
DoctorsDoctors
SurgeonsSurgeons
ResearchersResearchers
StudentsStudents
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NASA Environmental DataNASA Environmental Data
ScientistsScientists
FarmersFarmers
Land plannersLand planners
StudentsStudents
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U.S. Bureau of CensusU.S. Bureau of Census
Economists, Policy Economists, Policy makers, Journalistsmakers, Journalists
Teachers, StudentsTeachers, Students
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Planning the Future:
Old Computing Is About What Computers Can Do,
New Computing Is About What
Users Can Do
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Old Metrics: Computer-Centered Old Metrics: Computer-Centered
Network bandwidthNetwork bandwidth Processor speedsProcessor speeds Web pages and page visitsWeb pages and page visits Server capacity & reliabilityServer capacity & reliability Database sizes for images, videos, music, Database sizes for images, videos, music,
statistics, remote sensing statistics, remote sensing System response timesSystem response times
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Web Design Strategies to Empower Users:
Visual, Social, Universal
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New Metrics: User-centeredNew Metrics: User-centered
1) Visual Design1) Visual Design Speed of performance on benchmark tasksSpeed of performance on benchmark tasks Error rates & recovery patterns Error rates & recovery patterns Retention & familiarityRetention & familiarity
2) Social Support2) Social Support Capacity to communicate with othersCapacity to communicate with others Degree of empathy, trust, privacy & securityDegree of empathy, trust, privacy & security Pace of cooperation & knowledge exchangePace of cooperation & knowledge exchange
3) Universal Usability3) Universal Usability Range of technology supportedRange of technology supported Diversity of users accommodatedDiversity of users accommodated Support for novices & expertsSupport for novices & experts
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Application Explosions Application Explosions
E-commerce Sales, Sales, Sales Information, customer support & service New partnerships for integrated services Business to Business (B2B) opportunities
Medicine & healthcare Tele-medicine consultation & information sharing More informed and active patients New patient-doctor relationships Graphical patient histories: diagnosis, assessment, research
ConsistentPredictable
Controllable
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E-commerce MetricsE-commerce Metrics
Speed in locating known items in a catalogSpeed in locating known items in a catalog Broad/shallow designs for exploration & browsingBroad/shallow designs for exploration & browsing Causes of abandoned shopping basketsCauses of abandoned shopping baskets Return visitors profileReturn visitors profile Purchases as a function of session length & path Purchases as a function of session length & path Impact of advertisements & publicityImpact of advertisements & publicity Sources of referrals & destinations on exitSources of referrals & destinations on exit Market share & comparison with competitorsMarket share & comparison with competitors Number of forgotten/unserved usersNumber of forgotten/unserved users
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Application ExplosionsApplication Explosions
Educational technology Distance Learning & on-demand courses Just-in-time training Active learning, teamwork & project orientation Philosophy: Relate-Create-Donate
Tele-democracy Government information and services Online voting, licenses, payments Participation in political processes Campaign contributions
ConsistentPredictable
Controllable
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New ChallengesNew Challenges 1) Visual Design1) Visual Design
Advanced Graphical User Interfaces Advanced Graphical User Interfaces Information VisualizationInformation Visualization Dynamic queries & query previewsDynamic queries & query previews
2) Social Support2) Social Support From 100-person listserv to million-person communitiesFrom 100-person listserv to million-person communities Instant messaging, team coordination, knowledge managementInstant messaging, team coordination, knowledge management Medical support groups as empathic communitiesMedical support groups as empathic communities
3) Universal Usability Cope with technology variety Accommodate diverse users Reduce complexity & promote evolutionary learning
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1) Visual Design1) Visual Design
Visual bandwidth is enormous Human perceptual skills are remarkable
Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... Color, size, shape, proximity...
Human image storage is fast and vast
Opportunities Spatial layouts & coordination Information visualization Scientific visualization & simulation Telepresence & augmented reality Virtual environments
ConsistentPredictable
Controllable
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Information Visualization: DefinitionInformation Visualization: DefinitionCompact graphical presentation and
user interface for
manipulating large numbers of items (102 - 106),
possibly extracted from far larger datasets.
Enables users to make
discoveries,
decisions, or
explanations
about
patterns (trend, cluster, gap, outlier...),
groups of items, or
individual items.
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Customer Analysis Perspective addresses:
Which of my highest-spending customers are my most profitable?
Which customers should I target for cross-sell/up-sell opportunities?
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Temporal Info Viz - LifeLinesTemporal Info Viz - LifeLines
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LifeLines
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Treemap - view large trees with node valuesTreemap - view large trees with node values
Space fillingSpace filling Space limitedSpace limited Color codingColor coding Size codingSize coding Requires learningRequires learning
Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992 www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemaps
TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992)NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo, 1993)Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996)Diskmapper (Windows, Micrologic)Treemap97 (Windows, UMd)
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Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industryTreemap - Stock market, clustered by industry
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Information Visualization: MantraInformation Visualization: Mantra
Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand Overview, zoom & filter, details-on-demand
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2) Social Support: Concepts2) Social Support: Concepts Online communities
E-commerce customer service & consumer conversations Medical support groups & information exchange Educational discussions & teamwork Neighborhood forums & political organizing
Technologies Synchronous text: Instant messaging, chat rooms Asynchronous text: Listservs, bulletin boards, newsgroups Audio,video, virtual realities
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2) Social Support: Goals2) Social Support: Goals Supporting Sociability
People: Target a population Purposes: Clearly state focus Policies: Make expectations explicit
behavior, privacy, moderation, joining rules
Designing Usability Users: Know the users Tasks: Understand frequencies and sequences Systems: Choose seamless combinations of tools
Online Communities: Supporting Sociability, Designing Usability Jenny Preece, John Wiley & Sons, June 2000
ConsistentPredictable
Controllable
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2) Social Support: Trust2) Social Support: Trust
Invite participation by ensuring trustInvite participation by ensuring trust Disclose patterns of past performance Provide references from past and current users Get certifications from third parties Make policies for privacy & security easy to find & read
Accelerate action by clarifying responsibility Clarify each participant's responsibilities Provide clear guarantees with compensation Describe dispute resolution and mediation services
Communications of the ACM, Special Issue on Trust
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3) Universal Usability Technology variety:
Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access
User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, literacy, culture, income, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, light)...
Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know
Communications of the ACM, May 2000
ConsistentPredictable
Controllable
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Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access
1 to 100 range in processor speeds
286 486 Pentium
1 to 100 range in screen sizes
Palm devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall Display 30,000 480,000 3,840,000 pixels
Software Versions Compatibility File conversion Multiple platforms
Device Independence Input: keyboard, speech,... Output: visual, auditory,... Conversion: Text-speech Speech-text,...
1 to 100 range in network bandwidth
9.6K 56K 10,000Kbps
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Language & Culture Western, Eastern, developing...
Personality Introvert vs extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion Locus of control Planful vs playful
User diversity: Accommodate different users
Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge Domain novice to expert
Figure 4: The second challenge is to accommodate the enormous diversity of users.
Age Young to oldGender Male or FemaleIncome Impoverished to wealthy
Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric, cognitive
Disabling conditions Mobility, injury, noise, sunlight
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Online help Context sensitive, tables of contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs, Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities
Gaps in User Knowledge - StrategiesBridge the gap between what users know and
what they need to know
Design Layered Level-structured Task-oriented Training
Fade-able scaffolding Training wheels Minimalist
Online Learning (evolutionary, phased) Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals, Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos Minimalist/Active
Customer service Email Phone Help desks
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Thomas Jefferson
I feel... an ardent desire to see knowledge so disseminated through the mass of mankind that it may...reach even the extremes of society: beggars and kings.
-- Reply to American Philosophical Society, 1808
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ACM Conference on Universal Usability
Washington, DC November 16-17, 2000
www.acm.org/sigchi/cuu
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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil