Human-Computer Interaction IS 588 Spring 2007 Week 4
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Transcript of Human-Computer Interaction IS 588 Spring 2007 Week 4
Human-Computer InteractionIS 588 Spring 2007
Week 4Dr. Dania Bilal
Dr. Lorraine Normore
Overview
• Last week– Perception– Learning– Thinking and problem solving
• This week– Motor control– Collaboration and communication– Emotion
Display devices
• Commercial systems– CRT/VDT: desktop systems– LCD: laptops, PDAs
• Visibility issues– Contrast– Stable images– Resolution
• Pixel density between 72 and 96 dpi depending on the size of the monitor (contrast hi quality print 300-600 dpi)
Motor control
• Issue for input systems – Compare with sensory systems and displays
• Determining factors– Reaction time– Choice reaction time– Movement time
Reaction time
• Consider the pathway– Sensory input CNS Motor response
• “Simple reaction time” (RT)
• Choice reaction time– A function of simple RT and number of
choices
• Affected by physical state, attention, S-R compatibility, practice, familiarity
Movement time
• Two features– Duration– Accuracy
• Movement as ballistic, with correction
• Movement time, as measured by Fitts’ Law is a function of the distance to be moved and target size
Input systems
• Text entry– Key and inter-key size– Key shape and contour– Keyboard slant and contour
• Positioning, pointing and drawing devices– Separate input and output devices
• Mouse, stylus, trackball
– Integrated input and output devices• Touchscreens• Virtual reality/3D systems
Why do these things matter?
• Display design– Placement and size of controls– Task difficulty
• Interaction design and input devices– Health and safety– Universal accessibility
Activity: Thought experiments on input system alternatives
• Remote control surgery
• Cerebral palsy
• Automobile
• Simulated combat
• Office environment
Face-to-face communication
• Types– Personal space– Eye contact and gaze– Gesture and body language
• Common issues– Awareness of the other– Social status effects– Cultural differences– And conversational interactions!
Conversation and coordination
• A sequence of turn-takings between listener and speaker
• Verbal and non-verbal components• Back channels
– Convey information from listener to speaker below conversational turn-taking
– “Smooth” the turn-taking
• Use of artifacts/shared external representations
Theoretical frameworks
• Language/action framework– Winograd & Flores, 1986– Grounded in philosophy (“speech act theory”)– Analyze role & intent of communicative acts
• Distributed cognition– Hutchins, “Cognition in the wild”– Focus on interactions among people, with artefacts in
on-going behavior
• Other frameworks– Activity theory, ethnomethodology, situated action,
common ground theory
Analyzing conversations
• Uses– Way to analyze transcript– To guide decision decisions– To drive design: structure the system around
the theory
• Groupware– Computer-mediated communication– Meeting and decision support systems– Shared applications and artifacts
Computer-mediated communication
• Email and Bulletin Boards
• Structured message systems
• Informal, unstructured messaging
Meeting and decision support systems
• Video conferences
• Argumentation tools
• Meeting rooms
• Virtual collaborative environments
Shared systems
• PCs and window systems
• Work surfaces
• Editors
• Diaries/calendars
Groupware dimensionality: Time-space matrix
Same place
(co-located)
Different place
(remote)
Same time
(synchronous)
Different time
(asynchronous)
Activity
• Discuss location and time as variables for – Computer-mediated communication– Meeting and decision support systems– Shared applications and artifacts