Human Cities : éco-composites, J. Levêque
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Transcript of Human Cities : éco-composites, J. Levêque
Potential of eco-Potential of eco-compositescomposites
in the elaboration and in the elaboration and designdesign
of urban furnitureof urban furnitureJoël LEVEQUEJoël LEVEQUE
AtoutVeilleAtoutVeille
« Human Cities - Sustainable Environmental Design » colloquiumBruxelles / Flagey - 21 may 2007
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 2
Preamble
About AtoutVeilleAbout AtoutVeille
French private company which provides technology-watch services in the field of platics and composites (materials, processes, equipments, …)
Main services : Technology surveys, Sourcing of suppliers, subcontractors or
partners, Technology analysis, Training in the field of information research and
analysis.
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 3
1. Introduction
2.From materials … to eco-materials
3.Eco-composites
4.Applications in the field of urban furniture
5.Future outlooks
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 4
1 – Introduction
ContextContext
Need to reduce CO2 emissions for reducing the greenhouse effect Agenda 21 Lisbon Strategy Kyoto protocol
New regulations on waste treatment Prohibition against landfill Taxes on waste incineration (for example in Sweden) Directives on waste treatment (WEEE or ELV directive for
example)
Need to promoting eco-design and use of sustainable materials like eco-composites
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1 – Introduction
ObjectivesObjectives
To present the potential of eco-composites
To inform about the main characteristics of these materials
To present some applications of urban furniture available on the market
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 6
1. Introduction
2.From materials … to eco-materials
3.Eco-composites
4.Applications in the field of urban furniture
5.Future outlooks
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 7
2 – From materials … to eco-materials
From materials …From materials … (cf. A. Fuad-Luke)
Biosphere materials : derived from the living components of the planet Originate from plants, animals and micro-organisms. Renewable and readily returned to the cycles of nature.
Lithosphere materials : derived from the geological strata of the earth’s crust Abundant materials (like sand, gravel, stone and clay). But also materials whose distribution is limited (like fossil fuels,
metal ores and precious metals/stones).
Technosphere materials : generally non-renewable and not readily returned to the cycles of nature Embodied energy values tend to be much higher than in
biosphere materials. Biosphere and lithosphere materials are often processed to
create technosphere materials.
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2 – From materials … to eco-materials
… … to eco-materials to eco-materials (cf. A. Fuad-Luke)
Eco-materials : have a minimal impact on the environment but offers maximum performance for the required design task They can be easily reintroduced into cycles.
Eco-materials from biosphere or bio-based materials : Materials derived from renewable resources, They are recycled by nature. NB : sometimes referred as biomaterials but this word has also
another meaning (surgery materials which are compatible with living tissues)
Eco-materials from technosphere : Materials which are closed-loop recycled. They are recycled by man-made processes.
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1. Introduction
2. From materials … to eco-materials
3. Eco-composites
4. Applications in the field of urban furniture
5. Future outlooks
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 10
3 – Eco-composites
Eco-compositesEco-composites
Recycled plastics Produced from municipal solid wastes or industrial wastes
which are shredded, cleaned and pelletized.
Wood-polymer composites Thermoplastic matrix or recycled thermoplastic matrix Wood fibres or wood flour
Natural fibre composites Thermoplastic matrix or bio-based matrix Crop fibres (flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, sisal, coconut,
bamboo, …)
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3 – Eco-composites
Advantages Recyclable Rot-proof Can be coloured UV resistant Moisture resistant Rust resistant Chipping resistant
Drawbacks Recycling cost Fluctuating prices of raw
materials Raw material quality Sourcing issues
Recycled plasticsRecycled plastics
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3 – Eco-composites
Wood-polymer compositesWood-polymer composites
Advantages Replacement for tropical wood through domestic low value
wood (while maintaining wood-like appearance) Lower resin content than pure plastics, so lower fossil CO2
impact Little waste from processing Can be sawn, cut and screwed like wood material Better stiffness than plastics Better weather resistance and dimensional stability than
solid wood Lifetime longer than solid wood Recycling possible within the process Reduced maintenance
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 13
3 – Eco-composites
Drawbacks Not as « natural » than wood
(environmentalist suspicion of composites)
Lower flexural strength and modulus than solid wood
Risks of moisture absorption … and swelling (depend of composition and manufacturing conditions)
Risks of fungal colonization (depend of composition and manufacturing conditions)
Wood-polymer compositesWood-polymer composites
Wood fibres (© Beologic)
Compounds filled with wood fibres (© Beologic)
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3 – Eco-composites
Advantages Excellent specific modulus Biodegradable Renewable Good thermal and acoustic
insulation Reduced tool wear No CO2 emissions
Low energy requirements for production
No waste after incineration
Drawbacks Low dimensional stability Biodegradable Water absorption Low thermal resistance Varying quality Bonding to plastics is weak Unsatisfactionary level of
understanding Broad range of prices
Main of advantages & drawbacks of crop Main of advantages & drawbacks of crop fibresfibres
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 15
3 – Eco-composites
Environmental advantages & drawbacks of Environmental advantages & drawbacks of natural fibre compositesnatural fibre composites
Advantages Saving for fossil resources Lower environmental impacts for natural fibre production Higher fibre content or lower weight of parts due to lower
density of natural fibres End-of-life incineration of natural fibres results in energy
and carbon credits
Drawbacks Fertilizer use in natural fibre cultivation Natural fibre composites could have significantly lower
operating life compared to conventional composites Water consumption for plant cultivation ?
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 16
1. Introduction
2.From materials … to eco-materials
3.Eco-composites
4.Applications in the field of urban furniture
5.Future outlooks
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 17
4 – Applications in the field of urban furniture
Products made with recycled plasticProducts made with recycled plastic
Walk ways (© JFC Plastics)
Bench (© Baccarne Design)
Barrier (© Plas Eco)
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 18
4 – Applications in the field of urban furniture
Products made with recycled plasticProducts made with recycled plastic
« Chatbox » (© Baccarne Design)
Garden border (© Plas Eco)
Bollards (© JFC Plastics)
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 19
4 – Applications in the field of urban furniture
Products made with recycled plasticProducts made with recycled plastic
Planter (© Ecoplastic)
Play area (© Play Quest)
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4 – Applications in the field of urban furniture
Products made with wood-polymer Products made with wood-polymer compositescomposites
Decking (© Vannplastic)
Barrier (© KindaGroup)
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 21
4 – Applications in the field of urban furniture
Products made with wood-polymer Products made with wood-polymer compositescomposites
Guide board (© WPC Corporation) Pergola (© WPC Corporation)
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 22
4 – Applications in the field of urban furniture
Products made with natural fibre compositesProducts made with natural fibre composites
Bio-based fibres (© Stemergy)
Hemp plant (© LCDA)
Building panels (© Stemergy)
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 23
1. Introduction
2.From materials … to eco-materials
3.Eco-composites
4.Applications in the field of urban furniture
5.Future outlooks
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 24
5 – Future outlooks
Main challenges in the futureMain challenges in the future
Disseminate knowledge on these materials to designers
Disseminate knowledge on urban furniture made with these materials to urbanists and architects
Need to promote european standardization (cf. CEN/TS 15534 WPC for example)
Validate selection of these materials with LCA studies (from raw material production to waste management).
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Some bibliographic referencesSome bibliographic references- The Eco-Design HandbookAlastair Fuad-Luke - Thames & Hudson, 2004
- Recyclage des thermoplastiquesJean-Jacques Robin – Techniques de l’Ingénieur, 2003
- Proceedings of 3rd Wood fibre Polymer Composites International Symposium« Innovative Sustainable Materials applied to building and furniture »March 26-27, 2007 – Bordeaux (France)
- Perspectives on the performance of natural plant fibresP. O. Olesen & D. V. Plackett – Natural fibres performance forum, 1999
- Natural fiber reinforcement materialsScott W. Beckwitt – Composites Fabrication, november/december 2003
- Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass reinforced compositesS. V. Joshi, L. T. Drzal, A. K. Mohanty & S. Arora - Composites : Part A, 2004
- Fibres naturelles de renfort pour matériaux compositesChristophe Baley – Techniques de l’Ingénieur, 2005
AtoutVeille "Human Cities" colloquium - Bruxelles - 21 may 2007 26
Thank you for your attention
Contact :
Joël LévêqueJoël Lévêque
Tel. : +33 (0)5 56 0 21 93Tel. : +33 (0)5 56 0 21 93
E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected]