Human Body Systems•The 11 organ systems of the human body work together to maintain homeostasis; a stable internal environment

•We will study 10 of the 11…•Chapter 32 Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular Systems•Chapter 33 Nervous System•Chapter 34 Circulatory, Respiratory, & Excretory Systems•Chapter 35 Digestive & Endocrine Systems•Chapter 37 The Immune System1

Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

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A Little Review: Levels of Organization in the Body(smallest) cell, tissue, organ, & organ system (largest)

= smallest unit of life = group of cells working together

Muscle - (most abundant) controls movement of materials Ex. Body movements & makes up muscle groups

Epithelial - Covers surface of tissue & lines internal organs Ex. Glands

Connective - holds organs in place & binds different parts of the body together; provides support Ex. Tendons - connect bone to muscle Ex. Ligaments - connect bone to bone

Nervous - receives messages from the body’s external & internal environments, analyzes data, & directs response Ex. Burn hand on stove

= group of tissues working together = group of organs working together2

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A Little More Review: Maintaining Homeostasis

: regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions needed for life

For the body to maintain a stable temp., there must be a balance b/w heat production & heat loss

Hypothalamus- Part of brain; contains nerve cells that monitor temperatureWhen you are cold, hypothalamus sends signals

to muscles to “shiver”

When it’s too hot, you sweat3

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Concept Check

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What are the levels of organization in the human body? (small to large)

What is the process called when humans maintain a stable internal environment?

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32.1: Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System: a multilayered organ that covers & protects the bodyServes as a barrier against infection & injury

1. helps to regulate body temperature 2. removes waste products from the body3. provides protection against UV from the sun

= largest component; contains 2 main layers

Epidermis=outer layer & Dermis = inner layer

(Accessory Structures: Hair & Nails)

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32.2: Skeletal SystemSkeletal System: provides a structural framework for the body and protects internal organs

Supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, & provides a site for blood cell formation

206 bones in human body!

Newborn skeleton - composed almost entirely of cartilageOssification – process when cartilage is replaced by boneOsteocytes - cells

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32.3: Muscular SystemMuscular System: The 3 major types of muscle

tissue differ in structure & function

Muscle- controls voluntary movementOften attached to boneUsed to write or type!

Muscle- controls involuntary movementStomach, blood vessels, & intestines

Muscle- controls contraction of the heart

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33: Nervous SystemNervous System: Neurons conduct electrical impulses that allow cells, tissues, & organs to detect & respond to stimuli; which means responds to changes in environment.

A “communication system” b/w body & environment

are specialized cells that help you gather information about your environment, interpret the information, and react to it.

Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons and pass to cell bodyCell body: where the nucleus & other organelles are foundAxon: carries the nerve impulse from cell body to other neuronsSynapse: the space between neurons

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2 Divisions of the Nervous System Nervous System (CNS)- relays messages

processes information, & analyzes information2 Parts: the brain and the spinal cord

Reflex- a quick, automatic response to a stimulus

Nervous System (PNS)2 Parts: sensory and motorSensory- transmits impulse from sense organs to CNS

Ex. Hand on hot stove sends message to CNS

Motor- transmits impulse from the CNS to muscle/glandEx. CNS sends message to pull hand away

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Sensory Receptors - (Types of neurons)

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5 CategoriesPain receptors: respond to chemicals released by

damaged cellsThermoreceptors: detect variations in temperature

(skin, body core, & hypothalamus)Mechanoreceptors: sensitive to touch, pressure,

stretching of muscles, sound, & motion (skin, skeletal muscles, & inner ears)

Chemoreceptors: sensitive to chemicals Photoreceptors: sensitive to light (eyes)

5 Senses: Vision, Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch

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Concept Check

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How many bones are in the human body?

What is a newborn skeleton made of?

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

What are 3 main parts of the integumentary system?

(1 primary part, 2 accessory…)

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34.1: Circulatory SystemCirculatory System: transport material throughout body

Transports nutrients Delivers O2 from lungs to tissues Removes CO2 from tissues to lungs Carries hormones from glands to tissues/organs Provides protection against infection

Includes:

1. Heart

2. Blood Vessels Humans have a circulatory system

3. Blood12

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The Heart2 Types of Chambers Atrium (pl. atria)

THIN walled upper chambersReceives blood FROM body/lungsThere are 2 in mammals; the right & left

VentricleTHICK walled lower chambersPumps blood TO rest of body/lungsThere are 2 in mammals; the right & leftOther Heart Parts:

Other Heart Parts Septum: wall that separates heart into R & L halves; prevents

the mixing of oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) and oxygen rich blood Pericardium: protective, fluid filled sac around heart Valves: prevents backflow of blood; keeps blood flowing in a

particular directionEx. Mitral valve & Tricuspid valve

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Blood Flow Through the Heart

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Superior/Inferior Vena Cava Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semi-lunar Valve Pulmonary Arteries

Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Bicuspid Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Semi-lunar Valve Aorta Body

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Blood Vessels (humans have a closed circulatory system)

transport blood AWAY from the heartVery thick (smallest = arterioles)Able to stretch (elastic)Usually contain oxygenated blood

transport blood TOWARD the heartThinner than arteries (smallest = venules)Usually contain deoxygenated blood

where gas/nutrients are EXCHANGEDOnly one cell layer thickSmallest

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BloodHumans = 4-6 Liters of blood on average

Plasma- 90% water; 10% other solutesCell parts- produced in the bone marrow

Red Blood CellsMost numerous; no nuclei -Disk shape; concave sides

Carry hemoglobin; which transports oxygenLive ~120 days, die, filtered by spleen & liver

White Blood CellsFive different types; have nucleus -Round shapeFight infection or control immunity (attack foreign material)Live few hours to a few daysWhat does a low/high WBC count mean?

Cell fragments; no nuclei -Disk shape; colorlessRelease a protein (fibrin); which seals wounds (clots blood)Live about 10 days

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Blood Types There are 4 human blood types: A, B, AB, & O Differences are due to the presence or absence of

proteins called Antigens are Proteins found on the membrane of RBC Two main types: A & B

Liquid part of the blood (plasma) contains antibodies Antibodies are Proteins that act against certain

antigens Two main types: anti-A & anti-B

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A

anti-B

B

anti-A anti-B anti-A

A B

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34.2: Respiratory SystemRespiratory System: - b/w cells, blood, & air in the lungsIncludes:

NosePharynx: for food and airLarynx: voice boxTrachea: wind pipeBronchiLungs

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Mouth

Nose

PharynxLarynxTracheaLung

Bronchus

Bronchioles

Edge ofpleural membrane

Diaphragm

Epiglottis

Capillaries

Alveoli

Bronchiole

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Breathing

Breathe in/Inhale: Diaphragm (muscle) contracts & expands the volume of the chest cavity. The

controls breathing

Breathe out/Exhale: Diaphragm relaxes, pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure, so air rushes out of the lungs

Puncture wound may allow air to leak into the chest cavity & make breathing impossible

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34.3: Excretory System

Excretory System: helps control & remove through 2 main processes:

Filtration: material filtered from the bloodRe-absorption: much of the filtered material re-enters

the blood

Includes: kidneys, skin, & lungsKidneys- regulates water content of blood & removes

waste from bloodKidneys are considered the organ

Skin excretes water, salt, and urea in sweatLungs and skin are considered associated organs

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Concept Check

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What 3 things make up the circulatory system?

What type of blood cells do we have the most of?

What muscle controls breathing?

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35.1: Digestive SystemDigestive System: each organ of digestive system is to help into simpler molecules that can be absorbed & used by the cells of the body

Includes: mouth (where digestion begins), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, & large intestine.

Accessory structures 1. salivary glands

2. pancreas (produce hormones that regulate blood sugar & produces enzymes)

3. liver (produces bile) 22

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Process of Digestion

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Mouth- digestion Mech. Dig.: (teeth) the physical break down of foodChem. Dig.: (saliva) enzymes break down food

molecules

Esophagus- food tube, leads to stomach; food moved by contraction of smooth muscle = peristalsis

StomachChem. Dig.: pepsin = enzyme that breaks down

proteinsMech. Dig.: muscles contract & churn; producing a

mixture known as chyme

Small Intestine- MOST chemical digestion takes place (absorbs nutrients)

Large Intestine- remove water from remaining undigested material

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Concept Check

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Which “tube” carries both air and food?

What type of digestion do teeth do?

What does our excretory system do for us?

35.3: The Endocrine System

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Endocrine System: a system regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms

Endocrine glands: produce hormones; which are released into the bloodstream & distributed to body cells

: a substance that acts on certain target cells and tissues to produce a specific responseSteroid hormonesNon steroid hormonesAmino acid hormones

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Visualizing the Endocrine System

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37.2: Infectious Disease

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Infectious : a disease caused when a pathogen is passed from one organism to another, disrupting homeostasis in the organism’s body

: agent that causes infectious disease; dispersed by people, other animals, and objects

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Human Infectious Diseases

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37.2: The Immune System

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Immune System: has two main components: nonspecific immunity & specific immunity

Nonspecific Immunity: not aimed at a specific pathogen, helps to diseaseBarriers (skin, chemicals: saliva, tears, mucus)Responses beyond the barriers:

Cellular DefenseInterferonInflammatory Response

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37.2: The Immune System

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Specific Immunity: of defense that attacks pathogens that get past the nonspecific defense mechanisms; takes time to developLymphatic System: includes organs and cells that filter

lymph & blood and destroy foreign microorganisms; the lymph system also absorbs fat

Lymph: the fluid that leaks out of capillaries to bathe body cells. This fluid circulates among thetissue cells, collected by lymph vessels, & returned to veins near the heart

Lymphatic OrgansLymphocytes: a type of white blood cell

that is produced in red bone marrow (B/T Cells)

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Visualizing Specific Immune Responses

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Concept Check

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Which system is regulated by hormones?

Nonspecific immunity prevents disease using what barriers?

What general type of cells are involved in our specific immunity; our second line of defense if our non specific immunity fails?