Human Body Systems
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Transcript of Human Body Systems
Human Body SystemsVarad Mahajan
Circulatory System
• Transports blood throughout body• Blood is carried through arteries and veins• Oxygen rich blood exits the left side of heart and enters the
aorta (the largest artery)• Blood delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells as it enters the
capillaries (the smallest blood vessels)• Blood then takes in carbon dioxide, water, and waste• Goes back to heart through veins• Heart pumps blood to lungs which eliminate carbon
dioxide
Digestive System
• Breaks food down into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats
• Food travels through esophagus and into stomach after being chewed and swallowed
• Food is broken down further by stomach acids• Food travels to small intestine where it is broken down into
nutrients • Food enters large intestine where epithelial cells are renewed• All the organs from the esophagus to the large intestine are called
the gastrointestinal (GI) tract • Excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from body
Parts of Intestines
Small Intestine• Duodenum – First section of small intestine. Shortest part of small
intestine• Jejunum – Middle section of small intestine • Ileum – Final section of small intestine. Separated from cecum by the
ileocecal valve (ICV)
Large Intestine• Cecum – Beginning of large intestine. Connected to appendix• Colon – Extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they’re
eliminated from the body. Divided into 4 smaller parts (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
• Rectum – Final straight portion of large intestine
Endocrine System
• A group of glands which produce hormones which are released into the bloodstream
• Hormones are chemicals which control body functions such as metabolism and growth
• Includes hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, and the thymus
Immune System
• Body’s defense against infections and diseases• Organs, tissues, cells, and cell products respond to viruses and bacteria
3 Types of Responses• Anatomic Response – Physically prevents threatening substances from
entering the body. An example is the skin• Inflammatory Response – Begins attack when anatomic response fails.
Excretes substances from body. Examples are sneezing, runny noses, and fever
• Immune Response – Begins attack when inflammatory response fails. Made up of white blood cells and is the central part of immune system. A quarter of the white blood cells migrate to the lymph nodes and produce antibodies which fight disease
Lymphatic System
• Defense mechanism for body like immune system• Produces white blood cells and filters out substances that
cause disease• Generates antibodies• Distributes fluids and nutrients in the body• Drains excess fluids and protein so tissues don’t swell up• Made up of a network of vessels that circulate body
fluids• Vessels carry excess fluid away from space between
tissues and organisms and return to bloodstream
Muscular System
• Made up of tissues that control the movement of the body with help from skeletal system
• Involuntary muscles are controlled automatically by the nervous system and hormones.
• 3 Types of Muscle Tissue• Skeletal Muscle – Help body move. Voluntary• Smooth Muscle – Located inside organs. Involuntary• Cardiac Muscle – Found only in the heart. Involuntary
Nervous System
• Made up of brain, spinal cord, and nerves• Body’s control system• Sends, receives, and interprets nerve impulses throughout the body• Central Nervous System – Includes brain and spinal cord. Sends
out nerve impulses and analyzes information from the sense organs
• Peripheral Nervous System – Includes craniospinal nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and brain. Carries nerve impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands
• Autonomic Nervous System – Regulates involuntary actions including heart beat and digestion
Reproductive System
• System of sex organs• Sperm from the male fertilizes the female’s egg, or ovum,
in the fallopian tube• Fertilized egg travels to the uterus • Fetus develops in the uterus over a period of nine months
Respiratory System
• Brings air into body and removes carbon dioxide• Includes the nose, trachea, and lungs• After air enters the nose or mouth, it goes down the trachea• Trachea branches off into two bronchial tubes which go to the
lungs• These tubes branch off into smaller tubes called bronchioles• These end in the alveoli or air sacks• Oxygen follows this path to enter the bloodstream• At the same time, carbon dioxide passes through the lungs
and is exhaled
Skeletal System
• Made up of bones, ligaments, and tendons• Shapes the body and protects vital organs• Works with muscular system to make the body move• Marrow, a soft, fatty tissue inside bones, creates red and white
blood cells• Made of 206 individual bones
Divided into Two Divisions• Axial Skelton – Runs along the body’s midline axis and is made
up of 80 bones• Appendicular Skelton – Made up of 126 bones in the upper and
lower limbs, pelvic girdle, and pectoral girdle
Types of Bones
• Long Bones – Longer than they are wide and a major bone in the limbs. Grow more than the other throughout childhood. Contain a medullary cavity in the center for bone marrow. Examples are the femur, tibia, and fibula
• Flat Bones – Vary greatly in size and shape and are very thin in one direction. No medullary cavity.
• Short Bones – About as long as they are wide. Often cubed or round shaped. • Irregular Bones – Have a shape that doesn’t fit the pattern of the other
classes of bones. Examples are the vertebrate and sacrum• Sesamoid Bones – Formed after birth inside of tendons that run across joints.
Grow to protect the tendons. The patella and pisiform bones are the only ones that are counted in the 206 bones that are in the body. Others can form in the joints, but they are not present in all people.
Urinary System
• Eliminates waste products from the body• Kidneys remove waste from the blood and waste
combines with water to form urine• Urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the
bladder• When the bladder is full, urine is excreted through the
urethra
The End