Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7e (Marieb). 3... · Web viewEpithelial tissue has no fibers and it...

Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7e (Marieb)Chapter 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric

MATCHING QUESTIONS

Figure 4.1

Using Figure 4.1, match the following: 1)

Material commonly found in the skin, lungs, and blood vessel walls. Answer:

C Diff: 2

Page Ref: 129; Fig. 4.8

2)

White fibers (collagen). Answer:

B Diff: 1


3)

Fibrocartilage is composed primarily of this substance. Answer:

B

Diff: 1


4)

This material is very hard in bone. Answer:

A Diff: 1


5)

This substance is commonly found in bone marrow and lymph nodes. Answer:

D Diff: 2


6)

This object is always common around muscle tissue. Answer:

E Diff: 2


7)

When densely packed together this substance would form dense connective tissue. Answer:

B Diff: 1


8)

This object is found in all connective tissues except cartilage. Answer:

E Diff: 2


Figure 4.2

Using Figure 4.2, match the following: 9)

Simple cuboidal epithelium. Answer:

B Diff: 2


10)

Cardiac muscle. Answer:

C Diff: 2


11)

Simple squamous epithelium.

Answer:

A Diff: 2


12)

Stratified squamous epithelium. Answer:

D Diff: 2


13)

Skeletal muscle. Answer:

E Diff: 2


Match the following: 14)

The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body.

A)

Cutaneous membrane B)

Mucous membraneAnswer:

C

Diff: 1

Page Ref: 142, 143

C)

Serous membrane

15)

The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior.

D)

Endothelium

Answer:

B Diff: 1

Page Ref: 141

16)

Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Answer:

A Diff: 2

Page Ref: 141

17)

Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts. Answer:

B Diff: 2

Page Ref: 141

18)

Makes up the pleura and pericardium. Answer:

C Diff: 2

Page Ref: 142, 143

19)

Lines blood vessels and the heart. Answer:

D Diff: 1

Page Ref: 120

Match the following: 20)

Structural support of the external ear and other structures that need support with flexibility.

A)

Hyaline cartilage B)

Mesenchyme

Answer:

D

C)

Reticular tissueDiff: 1


D)

Elastic cartilage21)

Forms much of the fetal skeleton and covers the articular surfaces of long bones.

Answer:

A Diff: 1


22)

Embryonic connective tissue that arises from mesoderm and produces all types of connective tissues.

Answer:

B Diff: 2

Page Ref: 131

23)

Source of new cells in mature connective tissue. Answer:

B Diff: 1

Page Ref: 131

24)

Forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen. Answer:

C Diff: 2


TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1)

The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 137

2)

Brown fat is frequently deposited between the shoulder blades of infants. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 133

3)

Achilles was wounded by damage to the tendon connecting his calf muscles to his heel. This and all tendons are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.

Answer:

True

False Diff: 2

Page Ref: 135

4)

Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 130

5)

Goblet cells are found with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Answer:

True

False Diff: 2

Page Ref: 120

6)

Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface.

Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 119

7)

Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually associated with secretion and absorption. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 120

8)

Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium.

Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 124

9)

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is moderately rare in the body and found only in the pharynx, larynx, and anorectal junction.

Answer:

True

False Diff: 2

Page Ref: 123-124

10)

Endothelium covers and lines internal cavities such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 142-143

11)

Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally and then rupturing the cell.

Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 126

12)

Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement. Answer:

True

False Diff: 2


13)

Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 133

14)

The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.

Answer:

True

False Diff: 2

Page Ref: 133, 135

15)

A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity. Answer:

True

False Diff: 2

Page Ref: 137

16)

Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 135

17)

Intercalated discs and striations suggest the presence of skeletal muscle. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 139-140

18)

Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 141

19)

Most connective tissues have regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not. Answer:

True

False

Diff: 2

Page Ref: 119

20)

Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 119

21)

Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 127

22)

Sweat glands are apocrine glands. Answer:

True

False Diff: 2


23)

Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 124-125

24)

Blood is considered a type of connective tissue. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 137, 138

25)

Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers. Answer:

True

False Diff: 1

Page Ref: 139

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1)

Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone? A)

live cells B)

lacunae C)

blood vessels D)

organic fibers Answer:

C Diff: 2

Page Ref: 135, 137

2)

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess ________.

A)

hydroxyapatite crystals B)

collagen fibers C)

reticular fibers D)

elastic fibers Answer:

B Diff: 2

Page Ref: 129, 137

3)

The presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate ________. A)

cartilage tissue B)

fibrocartilaginous tissue C)

osseous tissue D)

areolar tissue Answer:

C Diff: 2

Page Ref: 137

4)

Hyaline cartilage is different from elastic or fibrocartilage because ________.

A)

it is more vascularized B)

it contains more nuclei C)

fibers are not normally visible D)

it has more elastic fibers Answer:

C Diff: 1

Page Ref: 135

5)

Epithelial tissue ________. A)

is highly vascularized B)

has a basement membrane C)

is usually acellular D)

contains a number of neuron types Answer:

B Diff: 2

Page Ref: 119

6)

Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium?

A)

microvilli B)

Golgi bodies C)

lysosomes D)

multiple nuclei Answer:

B Diff: 2

Page Ref: 120

7)

Mammary glands exhibit a glandular type called ________. A)

simple tubular B)

compound tubular C)

simple alveolar D)

compound alveolar Answer:

D Diff: 1

Page Ref: 125; Fig 4.4

8)

Simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract is characterized by ________. A)

dense microvilli B)

a rich vascular supply C)

fibroblasts D)

cilia Answer:

A Diff: 1

Page Ref: 120

9)

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ________. A)

lines the respiratory tract B)

aids in digestion C)

possesses no goblet cells D)

is not an epithelial classification Answer:

A Diff: 2

Page Ref: 123

10)

A single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes is ________. A)

simple transitional B)

simple columnar C)

simple squamous D)

simple cuboidal Answer:

C Diff: 1

Page Ref: 120

11)

Which statement best describes connective tissue? A)

usually contains a large amount of matrix B)

always arranged in a single layer of cells C)

primarily concerned with secretion D)

usually lines a body cavity Answer:

A Diff: 1

Page Ref: 127

12)

Matrix is ________. A)

cells and fibers B)

fibers and ground substance C)

ground substance and cells D)

composed of all organic compounds Answer:

B Diff: 1

Page Ref: 127

13)

Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except: ________. A)

chondrocytes B)

fibroblasts C)

macrophages D)

mast cells Answer:

A Diff: 1

Page Ref: 131-132

14)

The tissue type that arises from all three embryonic germ layers is ________.

A)

epithelial tissue B)

connective tissue C)

nervous tissue D)

muscle tissue Answer:

A Diff: 2

Page Ref: 119

15)

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________. A)

elastic B)

collagen C)

reticular D)

muscle Answer:

B Diff: 1

Page Ref: 129

16)

Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________.

A)

organ B)

tissue C)

organism D)

organ system Answer:

B Diff: 1

Page Ref: 118

17)

The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________. A)

adipose tissue B)

elastic cartilage C)

hyaline cartilage D)

fibrocartilage Answer:

B Diff: 1

Page Ref: 137

18)

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?

A)

simple squamous B)

transitional C)

simple columnar D)

stratified squamous Answer:

C Diff: 3

Page Ref: 120

19)

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.

A)

exocrine B)

endocrine C)

sebaceous D)

ceruminous Answer:

B Diff: 1

Page Ref: 124-125

20)

Which of the following is true about epithelia? A)

Simple epithelia are commonly found in areas of high abrasion. B)

Stratified epithelia are associated with filtration. C)

Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs. D)

Pseudostratified epithelia are commonly keratinized. Answer:

C Diff: 2

Page Ref: 120

21)

Chondroblasts ________. A)

are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae B)

within the cartilage, divide and secrete new matrix C)

located deep to the perichondrium divide and secrete new matrix on the internal portions of the cartilage

D)

never lose their ability to divide Answer:

B Diff: 2

Page Ref: 135

22)

________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

A)

Stratified cuboidal B)

Stratified columnar C)

Transitional D)

Pseudostratified columnar Answer:

D Diff: 1

Page Ref: 123

23)

A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.

A)

simple cuboidal B)

simple squamous C)

transitional D)

stratified squamous Answer:

D Diff: 2

Page Ref: 123

24)

An epithelial membrane ________. A)

usually involves transitional epithelium B)

is formed of epithelium and smooth muscle C)

contains simple or stratified epithelia and a basement membrane D)

never contains mucus-forming cells Answer:

C Diff: 2

Page Ref: 119

25)

Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified ________.

A)

structurally into alveolar and acinar types B)

structurally into vascular and avascular types C)

functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions D)

functionally into secreting or nonsecreting types Answer:

C Diff: 2

Page Ref: 125

26)

Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? A)

Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process. B)

Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced after secretion. C)

Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves. D)

These glands are ductless. Answer:

A Diff: 2

Page Ref: 126

27)

Which of these is not considered connective tissue? A)

cartilage

B)

adipose C)

muscle D)

blood Answer:

C Diff: 1

Page Ref: 127

28)

What are glycosaminoglycans? A)

positively charged proteins B)

negatively charged proteins C)

positively charged polysaccharides D)

negatively charged polysaccharides Answer:

D Diff: 1

Page Ref: 128

29)

Which is true concerning muscle tissue? A)

highly cellular and well vascularized B)

cuboidal shape enhances function C)

contains contractile units made of collagen D)

is a single-celled tissue Answer:

A Diff: 1

Page Ref: 139

30)

The first step in tissue repair involves ________. A)

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells B)

proliferation of fibrous connective tissue C)

inflammation D)

formation of scar tissue Answer:

C Diff: 2

Page Ref: 143

31)

Select the correct statement regarding multicellular exocrine glands. A)

Compound glands are so called because they are constructed from more than one cell type. B)

The secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing. C)

Exocrine glands always lack ducts. D)

Merocrine glands release their secretion by pinching off part of the cell. Answer:

B Diff: 2

Page Ref: 126

32)

The three main components of connective tissue are ________. A)

ground substance, fibers, and cells B)

alveoli, fibrous capsule, and secretory cells C)

collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers D)

fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts Answer:

A Diff: 1

Page Ref: 127

33)

Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue? A)

Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers. B)

When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back. C)

Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength. D)

Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures. Answer:

C Diff: 1

Page Ref: 129

34)

Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue. A)

Connective tissue does not contain cells. B)

Connective tissue cells are nondividing. C)

Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper. D)

"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells. Answer:

D Diff: 2

Page Ref: 129-130

35)

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair. A)

Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection. B)

Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable. C)

Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot. D)

The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers. Answer:

B Diff: 2

Page Ref: 143

36)

Select the correct statement regarding epithelia. A)

Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers. B)

Stratified epithelia are tall, narrow cells. C)

Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important. D)

Pseudostratified epithelia consist of at least two layers of cells stacked on top of one another.

Answer:

C Diff: 2

Page Ref: 119

37)

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.

A)

It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix. B)

Its primary function is nutrient storage. C)

Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic. D)

Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus. Answer:

B Diff: 2

Page Ref: 132

38)

________ are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells. A)

Goblet cells B)

Mast cells C)

Macrophages D)

Cilia Answer:

A Diff: 1

Page Ref: 120

39)

Select the correct statement regarding factors that affect the tissue repair process. A)

The type of tissue injured is not an important factor.

B)

Nutrition does not seem to influence tissue repair. C)

The age of the person is a factor in the repair process. D)

The health of an individual does not seem to make any difference in the speed of repair. Answer:

C Diff: 2

Page Ref: 143-145

40)

In adults, new surface epithelial cells and the epithelial cells lining the intestine are derived from _________.

A)

mitotic division of existing epithelial cells B)

stem cells C)

underlying epithelial cells D)

components of the connective tissue Answer:

B Diff: 2

Page Ref: 145

41)

What would be a substance you would expect to find expelled from a compound alveolar gland?

A)

milk B)

acid C)

oil D)

salivary fluid Answer:

A Diff: 1


42)

Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. A)

areolar B)

dense regular C)

embryonic D)

reticular Answer:

C Diff: 1

Page Ref: 131

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK/SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1)

________ tissue forms the framework for the lamina propria of mucous membranes. Answer:

Areolar or loose connective Diff: 1

Page Ref: 131

2)

Osteocytes exist in a tiny void called a ________. Answer:

lacuna Diff: 1

Page Ref: 137

3)

Cardiac muscle tissue is single nucleated, has intercalated discs, and is ________. Answer:

branched Diff: 2

Page Ref: 139, 141

4)

________ muscle cells are multinucleated. Answer:

Skeletal Diff: 1

Page Ref: 139

5)

________ live in the lacuna of cartilage. Answer:

Chondrocytes Diff: 1

Page Ref: 135

6)

The uppermost layer of skin is composed of ________. Answer:

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Diff: 1

Page Ref: 123

7)

Kidney tubules are composed of ________ epithelium. Answer:

simple cuboidal Diff: 1


8)

Multiple rows of cells covering a tissue in which the cells are the same shape from the basement membrane to the surfaces would be ________ epithelia.

Answer:

transitional Diff: 1

Page Ref: 124

9)

All epithelial tissue rests upon a ________ composed of connective tissue. Answer:

basement membrane Diff: 1

Page Ref: 119

10)

The salivary glands are a good example of a ________ exocrine gland. Answer:

compound tubuloalveolar Diff: 2


11)

Macrophage-like cells are found in many different tissues, and may have specific names that reflect their location or specializations. What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells?

Answer:

phagocytosis Diff: 1

Page Ref: 130

12)

All of the following statements refer to events of tissue repair. Put the events in proper numbered order according to the sequence of occurrence. The initial event, the injury, is already indicated as number one.

1. The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins.

2. Epithelial regeneration is nearly complete.3. Granulation tissue is formed.4. Blood clotting occurs and stops the blood flow.5. The scar retracts.6. Macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris.7. Fibroblasts elaborate connective tissue fibers to span the break.

Answer:

1-4-3-7-6-5-2 Diff: 2

Page Ref: 143

13)

Since mature adipocytes do not divide, how can adults gain weight? Answer:

Adipocytes contain a fat-filled vacuole that can fill or empty, causing the cell to gain or lose volume.

Diff: 2

Page Ref: 132

14)

Tendon tears or breaks are difficult to repair both physiologically and surgically. Why? Answer:

Tendons are composed of dense regular connective tissue, which consists of densely packed, parallel connective tissue fibers. This type of tissue has relatively few cells and vascular supply is poor; consequently, repair is slow. Because of the structure of the tissue, surgical repair can be compared to attempting to suture two bristle brushes together.

Diff: 3

Page Ref: 133, 135

15)

How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue? Answer:

In epithelial tissue the cells are packed together very tightly. Epithelial tissue is avascular. Epithelial tissue has three cell types that cover or line things and make tubes. Epithelial tissue has no fibers and it tends to be polar. Connective tissue has cells spaced far apart and is highly vascular (except cartilage). The cells of connective tissue vary greatly in shape and size. Connective tissue glues other tissues together and has three fiber types. Connective tissue tends to be nonpolar. Connective tissue has a large amount of ground substance; epithelial tissue does not.

Diff: 3

Page Ref: 118-119, 131

16)

What is a simple method of telling the difference between stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium?

Answer:

Stratified squamous epithelium changes cell shape from the basement membrane to the surface. At the basement membrane the cells tend to be columnar or cuboidal and flatten out as they work their way to the surface. Transitional epithelium has cells that are pretty much the same shape from the basement membrane to the surface. The surface cells are generally the largest cells. The cells change their shape according to the pressure applied.

Diff: 2

Page Ref: 123-124

17)

How is blood unique among connective tissues? Answer:

Blood does not give mechanical support, its matrix is fluid, the cells are loose, the fibers are soluble, it carries nutrients, waste products, and other substances and attaches to several gasses.

Diff: 2

Page Ref: 137, 139

18)

What are the primary germ layers during embryonic development and what do they ultimately produce?

Answer:

The ectoderm produces skin, the nervous system, and all tubes opening to the outside. The mesoderm produces muscles and connective tissue. The endoderm produces all internal organs.

Diff: 2

Page Ref: 145, Fig. 4.14

CLINICAL QUESTIONS

1)

A 45-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for surgical removal of a tumor on her thyroid gland. The surgeon informs her that she will have only a very small scar. How could this be possible?

Answer:

By making a thin incision, the amount of granulation (scar-forming) tissue will be minimal. As the scar tissue beneath matures and contracts, the layer of epithelium thickens and resembles the adjacent tissue. The final result may be only a fine white line.

Diff: 3

Page Ref: 142-144

2)

John, a 72-year-old grandfather, had been smoking heavily for 24 years and had a persistent cough. A biopsy of his lung tissue revealed considerable amounts of carbon particles. How could this happen considering the natural cleaning mechanism of the respiratory system?

Answer:

The sweeping action of the ciliated epithelium is essential in order to propel inhaled dust and other debris out of the respiratory tract. Anything that inhibits this mechanism would allow foreign substances to remain in the tract, which may cause damage. Chemicals such as nicotine may inhibit the action of the cilia, allowing carbon particles found in smoke to remain in the lungs.

Diff: 3

Page Ref: 119, 121, 142

3)

Aunt Jessie woke up one morning with excruciating pain in her chest. She had trouble breathing for several weeks. Following a visit to the doctor, she was told she had pleurisy. What is this condition and what did it affect?

Answer:

Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the serosal membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic wall. Pain is caused by the irritation and friction as the lungs rub against the walls of the cavity.

Diff: 3

Page Ref: 142-143

4)

In adult humans, most cancers are carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. These include cancers of the skin, lung, colon, breast, and prostate. Which of the four basic tissue types is involved? Why do you think this is so?

Answer:

Epithelium gives rise to most cancers. This is probably because epithelial cells divide more, leading to more opportunity for damage to growth control mechanisms, and because epithelia are more often in contact with environmental insults such as ultraviolet radiation and carcinogens.

Diff: 3

Page Ref: 146

5)

Explain why an open wound would need a bed of granulation for wound healing to occur. Answer:

Granulation tissue contains capillaries that grow in nearby areas and lay down a new capillary bed. This means the wound bed has a meshwork of capillaries that provide oxygen-rich blood to the wound for healing.

Diff: 3

Page Ref: 143

6)

Without macrophages, wound healing is delayed. Why? Answer:

Macrophages are large, irregularly shaped cells that act as key defenders that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles. This "big eater" also disposes of dead tissue cells which helps to clean out the wound, allowing for granulation tissue to form.

Diff: 3

Page Ref: 130

7)

A 6-year-old child fell off his bike and scraped his knee. Describe the first stage of wound healing.

Answer:

The first stage is the inflammatory stage characterized by hemostasis (cessation of bleeding) and formation of blood clots and phagocytosis by leukocytes and macrophages.

Diff: 3

Page Ref: 143

8)

Explain why an infection may occur in a tissue injury. Answer:

The skin is the largest organ in the body and protects underlying tissues from injury by preventing the passage of microorganisms. The skin and the mucous membranes are considered the body's first line of defense.

Diff: 2

Page Ref: 143

9)

Describe local clinical signs and symptoms of the inflammatory stage of wound healing. Answer:

Pain, swelling, redness, and heat. Diff: 2

Page Ref: 143

10)

A 19-year-old model for Glamour magazine tripped over an extension cord, causing injury to her epidermis. She is afraid the injury will leave a scar. Based on your knowledge of regeneration, what would you say to this patient?

Answer:

Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function. Scaring would be minimal, if there are no complications such as infection.

Diff: 2

Page Ref: 143-144

Human Anatomy & Physiology, 7e (Marieb). 3... · Web viewEpithelial tissue has no fibers and it...

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