HUM 2461 Humanities of Latin America
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Transcript of HUM 2461 Humanities of Latin America
HUM 2461Humanities of Latin
America
SFC Fall 2013Week 6
Today’s AgendaDay 10
• Attendance• CANVAS• South American Civilization:
The Incas• 2nd Assignment due on week 7• Pop Quiz
Attendance
CANVAS
Inca Civilization
Cultural periods1150 – 1493 CE
TIMELINE FOR THE INCA CIVILIZATION
PACHAS (realm) MEANINGS CONNECTIONS AMONG PACHAS
HANAN PACHA Upper realm: sky, sun, stars, planets, constellations, milky way.
Rainbows and lightening serve as connection between THE Hanan and Kay Pachas
KAY PACHA Perceptible world where humans, animals, plants inhabit. Kay Pacha is often impacted by the struggle between Hanan Pacha and Uku Pacha
(Rainbows and lightening )Caves and springs serve as connection between Kay and Uku Pachas
UKU PACHA Inner world. Uku Pacha is associated with the dead as well as with new life. As the realm of new life, the realm is associated with harvesting and Pachamama, the fertility goddess.
(Caves and springs)Human spirits after death could inhabit any of the levels.
Inca Mythology
2 Inca Legends
1. Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo were brought up from the depths of Lake Titicaca (Perú & Bolivia) by Inti (sun).
2. Manco Capac and his brothers (Ayar Auca, Ayar Cachi, Ayar Uchu) and sisters (Mama Ocllo, Mama Huaco, Mama Raua, Mama Cura) lived near Cuzco (Paccari Tampu) and uniting their people and the ten ayllus they encountered in their travels to conquer the tribes of the Cuzco Valley.
Main DeitiesApu Spirit of mountains.Kon Rain and wind that came from the south. He was a son of Inti
and Mama Quilla.
Illapa Thunder and lightening. Weather god.Inti Sun. Source of warmth and light and a protector of the
people.Mama Pacha Deity who presided over planting and harvesting. She caused
earthquakes.
Mama Cocha ("sea mother") Sea and fish goddess, protectress of sailors and fishermen.
Mama Quilla Mother moon or Golden mother.
Pacha Camac Earth-maker. He was a chthonic creator god.Supay God of death and ruler of the Uku Pacha as well as a race of
demons.
Viracocha God of everything. THE CREATOR.
Main Deities (2) Viracocha Mama Cocha
Inti Mama Quilla
Manco Cápac Mama Ocllo Kon Pacha Camac Mama Pacha
Viracocha
Inca religious symbols
Chakana Inca cross (Tree of Life) Through a central axis a shaman journeyed
in trance to Uku Pacha and Hanan Pacha to enquire about misfortunes in Kay Pacha.
Snake, puma, and condor are totemic representatives of the three realms.
Chakana
• Location: Andes mountain chain (3,000 and 14,000 feet above sea level)
• Origen: 1200 C.E. • 1438 Incas had formed an empire (Quechua:
Tawantinsuyu)• 1438 started expansion with Inca Pachacutec. • 1532 Civil war between the Inca emperor Huáscar
(Cuzco) and his brother Atahuallpa (Cajamarca)• 1532 Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco
Pizarro conquest the entire Inca empire.
Inca Empire (facts 1)
• 1526 Francisco Pizarro reached Inca territory.• In1529 in Spain Pizarro received royal approval to
conquer the region and be its viceroy:• "In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a charter
allowing Pizarro to conquer the Incas. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in Peru, or New Castile, as the Spanish now called the land.”
• In 1532 Pizarro returns. The two-brothers war.• 168 soldiers with guns, 27 horses and 1 canon.
Inca Empire (facts 2)
• Battle of Puná (Guayaquil, Ecuador)• Pizarro sent Hernando de Soto inland.• Soto got Atahualpa’s invitation.• Atahuallpa won civil war against Huáscar.• Vicente de Valverde meets Atahuallpa.• Bible – requerimiento.• Atahuallpa is prisoned.• For freedom: 1 room full of gold and twice the
amount in silver.• Pizarro sent to kill Huáscar and blamed Atahuallpa.• Pizarro killed Atahuallpa.
Inca Empire (facts 3)
Expansion1438Inca
Pachacutec
Tawantinsuyofour cardinal points
Four Suyos (side/location):1. Collasuyo (S)2. Chinchaysuyo (N) 3. Contisuyo (SW)4. Antisuyo (NE)
Inti = sun
Inca Architecture (1)1. Inca architecture is widely known for its fine masonry,
which features precisely cut and shaped stones closely fitted without mortar..
2. Rectangular building without any internal walls and roofed with wooden beams and thatch.
3. Two-story buildings were infrequent.
4. Wall apertures, including doors, niches and windows, usually had a trapezoidal shape.
5. Other kinds of decoration were scarce.
6. Rectangular buildings were used for quite different functions in almost all Inca buildings, from humble houses to palaces and temples…
Inca Architecture (2)6. The most common composite form in Inca architecture was the
kancha.
7. Testimonies of this type of architecture are:
… Cuzco (Qusqu'Qosqo) consisted of large kancha.
--- The Temple of the Sun (Qorikancha)
--- The Inca palaces.
… Ollantaytambo (near Cusco: Urubamba river).
--- Temple of the Sun and The Mañacaray or Royal Hall.
--- The Incahuatana and The Baños de la Princesa (Princess’ tub baths)
Population
Debates about the number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak.
As few as 4 million people, to more than 37 million.
The reason for these various estimates is that in spite of the fact that the Inca kept excellent census records using their quipu.
Quipu
Ollantaytambo (La Fortaleza)
Top of La Fortaleza
Wiracochan / Tunupa
Wall of Six monoliths
Storehouses qollqa
The bath of the Princess
Chakana
Lintel and double jamb
Lintel
Jamb
Machu Picchu• Pachacutec (Pachacuti) built Cuzco and Machu Picchu
in 1438.• Means old mountain.• Ancients work systems:1. Minca2. Mita3. Ayni
MINKA
Machu Picchu
Terraced structures
Agricultural sector
Residential area: gabled roofs
Interior of a house / windows
Temple of the Sun or Torreon
Intihuatana / Inti watana
In the Sun Temple
1400-1700 CE
The Inca Empire
2nd Assigment Week 5: HW#4 (1-15)
due on week 7.
Points off if HW is not typed
Pop Quiz