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Clean Coal Technology in Japan

March 2013

Sohei SHIMADA

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Outlines

Clean Coal Technology System

Coal firing power generation technology

Pulverized coal combustion/IGCC/IGFC

Flue gas treatment technology

Ash utilization Future outlook for CCT

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Formation and Type of Coal

Van Krevlens coal band

Type of coal

Peat

Lignite

Brown coal

Sub-bituminous coal

Bituminous coal

Anthracite

Wood

-CO2

-H2O

-CH4

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Disadvan-

tages

Large CO2

emission per unit

heat generation

compared to

other fossil fuels

Large SOx and

Nox emission

in combustion

Difficulties in

handling due to

solid fuel

Generation

of ash after

combustion

Disadvan-

tages

Increase of global

warming

Acid rain Poor handling

ability

Generation

of ash

Counterme

asures

Decrease of CO2

emission

Decrease of

SOx and NOx

emission

Improvement of

handling anility

Ash

treatment

Technical

Measures

Increase of

thermal efficiency

Development

De-SOx and

De-NOx

technologies

Development of

liquefaction,

gasification and

slurry

technologies

Utilization of

ash

Background of Clean Coal Technology

(CCT)

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Clean Coal Technology System (1)

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Clean Coal Technology System (2)

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The pulverized coal-fired power generation system is widely usedas an established, highly reliable technology. In 2000, 600/610CUSC (Ultra Super Critical Steam Condition) systems wereinstalled. Further challenges will be to use more types of coal,increase generation efficiency, improve environmental measuresand enhance load operability.

High Efficiency Pulverized Coal-firedPower Generation Technology (Ultra

Super Critical Steam Condition)

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Changes in steam condition over time

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Power generation efficiency and

CO2 reduction rate

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IGCC (Integrated Coal

Gasification Combined Cycle)

Charactersitics:

1: Improved power generation esfficiency

2: Low environment burden3: Flexibility to use different

grades of coal

4: Increase ash use5: Reduction of water

consumption

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The integrated coal gasification fuel cell combined cycle (IGFC) gasifies coal for usein triple combined power generation, which combines three different types of

generation systems: fuel cells, gas turbines and steam turbines. This high-efficiencypower generation technology is expected to provide power generation efficiency of55% or higher, if successfully developed, and to reduce CO2 emissions byapproximately 30% from the level of existing pulverized coal-fired power generationsystems. IGFC is expected to become a coal-fired power generation technology ofthe future, although there are still many challenges to be overcome forcommercialization, including the development of inexpensive high-efficiency fuelcells.

Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel CellCombined Cycle (IGFC)

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Utilization of ash

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Progress of Generation Technology

PC: Pulverized Coal Combustion PFBC: Pressurized Fluidized-bed Combustion

IGCC: Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle

IGFC: Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle

Developed

Under dev.

CO2 Emission RatioNet Thermal Efficiency

AverageJapan(1997)

PC

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Flue Gas Treatment Technologies

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Electrostatic precipitator

Flue gas containing ash and dust passes between two electrodes that arecharged by a high voltage current. The negatively charged ash and dust are

attracted toward and deposited on the cathode. The ash and dust deposited onthe cathode are tapped periodically, and are collected in the lower section of theelectrostatic precipitator and then subsequently removed. The principle is thesame as the phenomenon where paper and dust adhere to a celluloid boardelectrostatically charged by friction.

Flue gas desulfurizer

Limestone is powderized to prepare a water-based mixture (limestone slurry).The mixture is injected into the flue gas to induce a reaction between thelimestone and the sulfur oxides in the flue gas to form calcium sulfite, which isfurther reacted with oxygen to form gypsum. The gypsum is then separated as aproduct.

Flue gas denitrizer

Ammonia is injected into the flue gas containing nitrogen oxides. The gasmixture is introduced to a metallic catalyst (a substance which induces chemicalreactions). The nitrogen oxides in the flue gas undergo catalyst-inducedchemical reactions, causing them to decompose into nitrogen and water.

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History of Emission Level in Coal-firingPower Generation Plant in Japan

Technology target :3 tens

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The first trend is that many different technologies orsystems related to coal gasification are now underdevelopment. As an example, R&D on high-efficiencypower generation systems, including the integrated coal

gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and the integratedcoal gasification fuel cell combined cycle (IGFC), hassteadily progressed toward commercialization.

Another example is conversion into liquid fuel or chemical

raw materials that are clean and contain no impurities,such as methanol, DME and GTL. These technologieswill lead to coproduction systems, including co-generation,with a view to a zero-emission world.

Future Outlook for CCT

(Gasification and Liquefaction)

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The second trend is towards efforts to build a hydrogenenergy society, which is the direction the energy sector isexpected to move.

According to the International Institute for Applied SystemsAnalysis 2000 (IIASA 2000), in terms of the "H/C(hydrogen/carbon)" ratio, global primary energyconsumption was on a near-constant increase between themid-1800s to around 1980. In and after 1980, the H/C ratioremained almost unchanged at around two due to anincrease in oil consumption. As a whole, however, the pre-1980 trend is expected to resume, leading to a situation

where, around 2030, the H/C ratio will equal four.

In a society where the primary energy source is shiftingfrom natural gas to hydrogen, energy consumption derivedfrom carbon combustion will finally be discouraged.

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Various CCT development coredby Coal Gasification

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Ratio of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) inprimary energy

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IGCC: Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle

IGFC: Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle

A-PFBC: Advanced Pressurized Fluidized-bed Combustion

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Society will be forced to deal with CO2 emissions resulting from thedirect combustion of coal by heavily relying on CO2 separation,recovery, sequestration and fixation.

Thus, there are basically two important clean coal technologychallenges.

One is to develop a series of upstream technologies to separate,recover, sequester and store CO2 generated through the direct

combustion of coal and to collect crude oil and gases.

The other is to build high-efficiency coal utilization technologies,including coal gasification, reforming and conversion technologies, sothat the carbon component in coal can be used as fuel or as afeedstock for the chemical industry, thereby reducing CO2 emissionsgenerated through direct combustion.

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