Sowmya Kotipalli

Professor Cogdell

Design 40A

9 December 2014

TNT – Raw Materials

The booming of the industrial revolution and the technological and scientific

advancements of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries had a profound

change in the way our societies and businesses functioned. With the

invention of the steam engine, businesses were able to split the

manufacturing into smaller steps. The process of manufacturing, which was

once completed from the beginning to the end in just one building, was now

being divided among various factories which would mass produce parts of

the object. These parts would then be sent to another factory, where workers

would assemble the final product. And finally, they would transport it globally

where the customers would purchase the items at a location close to them.

Although, this process increased efficiency, the transparency of the life cycle

of the product was lost. In other words, the customer has no idea where,

how, when, and who manufactured the product. These products cover a wide

range, including TNT. Discovered in 1863 by Joseph Wilbrand 2,4,6-

trinitrotoulene, more commonly known as TNT, is a popular explosive still in

use today. TNT has a variety of uses from military purposes to industrial

purposes. In this paper, I will be exploring the raw materials part of the life

cycle, which includes obtaining the raw materials, manufacturing,

distributing, using/maintaining, recycling, and finally managing the waste of

TNT.

The first step of the life cycle is the obtaining of the raw materials. The

materials needed to manufacture TNT are toluene, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,

oleum, and water. Toluene, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and oleum are all

produced in various chemical companies. However, the companies from

which the chemicals are obtained, depends on the manufacturer. One

chemical company that makes these chemicals is the Dominion Chemical

Company. Also, each chemical company could have different regulations or

specification on how to make the chemicals. The following processes

mentioned are from no particular factory. These are rather the general

process of producing the chemicals. The first material needed for the

production of TNT is toluene. This organic compound can be derived in one of

four ways. About eight-seven percent of the total toluene produced comes

from catalytic reforming of petroleum. Another nine percent of total toluene

produced comes from manufacturing ethylene and propylene. The next one

percent comes from coal-tar separation from coke ovens. And the last two

percent is a by-product of styrene manufacture. The second material needed

for the production of TNT is sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is prepared in one of

multiple ways. Two of these include, reacting sulfur dioxide with oxygen and

then mixing the resultant with water or by reacting nitric oxide with sulfur

dioxide and water. The next material needed is oleum. Oleum is produced

when, “sulfur trioxide is produced by the contact process is absorbed in

concentrated sulfuric acid”. The contact process is a procedure for creating

highly concentrated sulfuric acid, which is often used in industrial processes.

Because of the way oleum is made, it is often known as fuming sulfuric acid. 

And the last chemical material that is required to manufacture TNT is nitric

acid. The nitric acid is produced industrially using what is known as the

Oswald process. There are three steps to the Oswald process. The first step

is the, “Catalytic oxidation of ammonia with atmospheric oxygen to yield

nitrogen monoxide”. The second step is the, “oxidation of the nitrogen

monoxide product to nitrogen dioxide or dinitrogen tetroxide”. And the final

step is the, “Absorption of the nitrogen oxides to yield nitric acid”.  Nitric acid

is the last chemical material needed for the production of TNT. However, the

production still requires the supply of water. This supply of water is directly

obtained at the site of the TNT production. It is pumped into the factory

through the water pipes connecting to the factory. Once the manufacturers

obtain all the required materials for the production of TNT, they move on to

the manufacturing.

The second step of the life cycle is manufacturing the product. Different

manufacturers have various processes in which they make the TNT. In the

United States, the largest continuous manufacturer of TNT is Radford Army

Ammunition Plant. The first step in the manufacturing process of TNT is

nitrating toluene with a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. This produces

mononitrotoluene (MNT). Then, MNT is renitrated using the same mixture to

produce dinitrotoluene (DNT). This DNT is then nitrated using an anhydrous

mixture of nitric acid and  oleum which produces TNT. Afterwards, TNT goes

through a process known as sulphitation. This process removes the less

stable isomers of TNT. This stabilizes the TNT and prevents any undesired

reactions from occurring. This process involves a new material, which is a

diluted solution of sodium sulfite. This is the only new material added during

this step of the life cycle. The process of manufacturing TNT is known as the

“old” process. The Radford Army Ammunition Plant was closed down in 1986,

because of an accident that occurred. Up until this accident, the old process

of making TNT was used. This old process resulted in a lot of waste and

pollution that took a lot of effort and money to contain and take care of. For

this reason, a group of people known as Radford’s P2 Team invented a new

way of making TNT. This major change from the “old” process to the “new”

process was that the toluene raw material was switched out to ONT

(orthonitrotoluene). This chemical was much less hazardous and allowed TNT

to be virtually hundred percent pure. With this new process, there weren’t

any new materials that needed to be added to the manufacturing part of the

life cycle.

The third and fourth step are distributing and use/maintenance of the

product. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, TNT goes through a

sulphitation process that stabilizes the unstable isomers. Because of this

stabilization process, the TNT is not as sensitive to temperature, shock, or

the kinds of environment it is in. For this reason, TNT does not need to

transported or stored with any specific and careful procedures. However, it is

important to still take precautions. For example, too high of temperatures,

could result in detonation by its own accord. The temperature at which TNT

detonates on its own is around eighty degrees Celsius. Therefore as a

precaution it is important to store the TNT in an area that does not reach

high temperatures or maintain the temperature in the area the TNT is being

stored. Since, TNT is used mostly for military purposes, it is shipped to many

of the military bases and other military territories around the world. Trucks,

train, or plane are some examples of how TNT could be distributed to its

customers.

The fifth and sixth steps are recycling and waste management respectively.

The fifth step does not exist in the life cycle of the TNT product, because

there is no way to recycle the product once it has been used. In other words,

once the TNT is detonated, there is no way to reuse the remains of the

explosion and make TNT again. For this reason, it is concluded that there is

no way to recycle TNT. However, during the manufacturing stage, sulfuric

acid, which is diluted, can be recycled and be used again in the process of

making TNT. The next step is waste management. There is not any waste to

manage after the TNT is used. However, after the production of TNT, there is

waste management. The sulphitation process that the TNT goes through

produces waste called red water. The rinsing water used to stabilize the TNT

during the sulphitation process is what yields the red water output. This

requires additional materials necessary to treat the water and to safely

dispose of it. However, for the sake of keeping this project related strictly to

TNT, we decided not to go further into this part of the process.

As seen from the information give above, TNT is a widely used explosive that

is still used by various industries and the military today. It was interesting to

research and find out more about what goes into the process of making this

product. Along the way, it was really interesting to see how the process of

manufacturing and the life cycle of the product were quite invisible to me

until we started to research more on the product. For example, my group

and I had to look through many different websites to find the manufacturing

process of TNT. And also for the raw materials, I had to visit multiple

websites before I could find the information I was looking for. This made me

think about other products, even mere everyday products, and how their life

cycles are invisible to me as well. All in all, not only did I learn about TNT, its

raw materials and life cycle, but I also learned that it is important for us to

learn about the life cycles of all the products that are being manufactured

these days and bring back the visibility of the processes.

Works Cited

"NITRIC ACID - PubChem." NITRIC ACID - PubChem. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/nitric_acid>.

"OLEUM." - PubChem. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.

<http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?

sid=24858586#x321>.

"Prva Iskra Namenska | Baric | Serbia | Explosives Production |

Ammonution Delaboration." TNT/DNT Plant. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.prvaiskra-namenska.com/technology/tnt-dnt-plant.html>.

Smith, G.Carlton. "Chapter 4 The Manufacture of TNT." TNT Rri

RRrNITEOTOLUENES AND MONO- AND DINITBOTOLUENES THEIR

MANUFACTURE AND PROPERTIES. London: Constable And, Limited.

Print.

"SULFURIC ACID - PubChem." SULFURIC ACID - PubChem. Web. 9 Nov.

2014.

<http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/sulfuric_acid#section=M

ethods-of-Manufacturing>.

Team, Pollution Prevention. "Sustaining the Environment For a Secure

Future." 1 Jan. 2006. Web. 14 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.denix.osd.mil/awards/upload/P2_Team_Radford.pdf>.

"The Contact Process for the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid." The

Contact Process for the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid. Web. 30 Nov.

2014. <http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/contact.html>.

"Toluene - PubChem." Toluene - PubChem. Web. 3 Nov. 2014.

<http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/toluene#section=Use-

and-Manufacturing>.

"Trinitrotoluene - PubChem." Trinitrotoluene - PubChem. Web. 9 Nov.

2014. <http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Trinitrotoluene>.

"Trinitrotoluene - TNT." TNT. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/vchemlib/mim/bristol/tnt/tnt_text.htm>.

"TNT." TNT. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/CIIEcompounds/transcript

s/TNT.asp>.

 

                                            Erik Walther

Professor Cogdell

DES040A

6 December 2014

TNT: Energy

     For the men and women employed at Radford Army Ammunition

Plant in Virginia, war is good for business.  Radford Army

Ammunition Plant (RFAAP) supplies the Department of Defense, in

essence the entirety of the United States military, with

Trinitrotoluene (TNT); what makes this feat impressive is that RFAAP

is the one and only supplier of TNT for the United States Armed

Forces (“Radford Army Ammunition Plant”).  Not surprisingly,

location is a large part of what makes Radford an extremely good

place to host an explosives production plant. Not only is RFAAP

relatively close to the Department of Defense’s headquarters, the

Pentagon, but it is also four hours, 242 miles, from its nearest

possible raw material provider, Dominion Chemical Co., and an

astounding eleven minutes, 5.4 miles, from the nearest military

installation, the National Guard Armory (taken from Google Maps). 

Given these boundaries, it will be a simple matter to calculate the

minimum amount of energy that goes into producing a TNT load.

For the idealized lifecycle of a batch of TNT, where less fuel used is

more ideal,  the major factor is the location of the necessary

facilities.

     TNT is a fairly complex chemical compound, and its raw materials

could hardly be considered “raw” in the sense that they come

directly out of the ground.  The one possible exception to this trend

is TNT’s main ingredient, toluene.  Most toluene produced is not

made using processes directly intended to yield toluene, as it is a

byproduct generated in the production of gasoline (“Toluene”).  As

such, the use of toluene in TNT could be considered a form of

recycling waste materials from a much larger industry.  The two-

step process that results in nitric acid, though, is done in dedicated

production facilities, often alongside TNT’s other two main

ingredients.  First, ammonia (also made on site) is oxidized under

moderate pressure, about 10-13 atm, as well as extremely high

temperatures, about 1200 K, resulting in nitrogen oxides (“Nitric

Acid” Essential). After this, nitric acid is fully formed when the

oxides pass through running water and are absorbed, a process

which requires cooling to 310 degrees (“Nitric Acid” Essential). 

TNT’s last two ingredients, oleum and sulfuric acid, are closely

related in that sulfuric acid is an ingredient of oleum and vice versa. 

Production starts with sulfur, another byproduct of fossil fuel

production, which is converted to sulfur dioxide by adding dry air

within a 1300 K furnace, then converted to sulfur trioxide in a large,

cylindrical fixed-bed reactor, heated to 700 K, and by adding more

air to the dioxide, and finally becomes sulfuric acid when the

trioxide is reacted with water and heat is dissipated by heat

exchangers within the reactor (“Sulfuric Acid” Essential). Oleum is

made by dissolving sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid and can be diluted

with water to become sulfuric acid again (“Sulfuric Acid” Wikipedia).

In the cases of nitric acid and especially sulfuric acid, which is

literally used to make “hundreds of compounds needed by almost

every industry” (“Sulfuric Acid” Wikipedia), the actual facilities used

in chemical production are essentially very large machines designed

for mass production; with knowledge of the raw material production

plants and their location comes the means to find which energy

sources they use and by what modes of transportation they arrive at

Radford.

     Within the state of Virginia, there is a wide variety of energy

sources available to the chemical manufacturers, although fossil fuel

is most likely the only available fuel source for the large vehicles

that transport raw materials to Radford Army Ammunition plant.

There are nearly as many power plants within the state that offer

renewable energy as there are plants that offer non-renewable

energy (“List of power stations in Virginia”). Among the offered

types of renewable energy are hydroelectric and biomass, while the

non-renewable consists of coal, uranium, natural gas and oil (“List of

power stations in Virginia”).  Thus, it is plausible that the power used

for the production of TNT’s raw materials is entirely renewable, with

the exception of the fuel used in the furnace for the sulfuric acid

production. The same cannot be said for the mode of transportation

by which the materials reach RFAAP, though.  Dominion Chemical

Co. has access to ports, airlines, railroads, and highways (“Company

Name – About us”), all of which require fossil fuels to utilize.

Because it is shipping chemicals in-state, however, and their

destination is only a few hours away, the highway is the most direct

and obvious choice.  This means that the duty of moving the

chemicals falls upon the backs of the large and inefficient semi-

truck.  On average, these diesel-powered trucks get 6.5 miles per

gallon (Berg). As a result, the trip to the TNT plant, 242 miles long,

will use approximately 37 gallons of diesel.  Following this massive

prelude, TNT manufacture can truly begin.

     The TNT manufacturing process that takes place in Radford Army

Ammunition Plant is yet another string of chemical reactions.  RFAAP

is capable of producing 50-55 tons of TNT per day (Radford Army 1),

which is a staggering 2 tons per hour over a full 24 hour period.

Hourly production is certainly higher than 2 tons per hour, though,

since the facility and its employees most likely do not work for 24

hours straight without cessation.  It seems that TNT manufacture is

not a lengthy process, though it requires a decent amount of space

for safety reasons; the entire RFAAP campus spans 4600 acres

(“Radford Army Ammunition Plant”). As for the TNT, manufacturing

is a “3-stage process performed in a series of reactors” (Emission

Estimation 3).  This process involves mixing chemicals together in

large containers, using pumps to introduce the acids and to transfer

the product between reactors (Emission Estimation 3).  Since no

heating or burning is involved, and the machines in the process do

nothing besides mix the raw materials together, they most likely use

electricity.  RFAAP will probably utilize the same energy sources as

the raw materials manufacturer in the TNT production process.

However, since the process does not utilize a furnace, like sulfuric

acid manufacturing, fossil fuel is not a necessary component. Once

again, the sole use of renewable energy from Virginia’s hydroelectric

and biomass power plants is not removed from the realm of

possibilities. When the TNT is finished, only one more energy-

consuming step remains, and that is transportation.

     Previously, boundaries had been established with the intentions

of determining the minimum amount of energy required in TNT’s

product lifecycle; the nearby National Guard Armory, one obvious

consumer of TNT, fits into these boundaries by being the closest

recipient and thus requiring the least fossil fuels to reach.  However,

depending on how one chooses to define TNT’s life as a product and

where that ends, distribution and transportation can end before TNT

even leaves the manufacturing plant’s grounds.  Although pure TNT

blocks of varying size can be found, TNT “is more commonly

encountered in synergistic explosive blends comprising a variable

percentage of TNT plus other ingredients” (“Trinitrotoluene”).  If TNT

blends are considered a separate product from TNT, then it is

reasonable to assume TNT’s product lifecycle ends when it becomes

a raw material for the blend; despite this, tracking of the distribution

cycle shall continue.  The quickest path to the Armory is by road, a

mere 5.4 mile drive that takes 11 minutes according to Google

Maps. To deliver as much TNT as possible, the same diesel-powered

semi-trucks used in the delivery of the raw materials would be

utilized here with their average efficiency of 6.5 miles per gallon

(Berg).  Therefore, it takes 0.8 gallon of diesel to reach the National

Guard Armory.  Once it is in the hands of the military consumers,

TNT is ready for use with minor preparation.  While it does not

require any energy (in the same sense that this research pertains

to) to use, TNT is a secondary explosive, meaning it requires a more

sensitive (easier to explode) initiating explosive in the form of

“detonators and percussion caps” (Emission Estimation 2) to

activate.  Once activated, it produces a large amount of energy over

an extremely brief time period.  Simply put, there is no reuse,

maintenance, or much of anything past this point, not even

recycling or waste management; because of its explosive nature,

TNT’s product lifecycle ends the moment it is used.

     In conclusion, from an energy standpoint the lifecycle of TNT is

not a particularly wasteful one.  This is due mainly to location of

facilities; as Radford Army Ammunition Plant is a manufacturer of

vital military supplies, it makes sense that it would be close to

military installations. There are civilian manufactures of TNT in the

United States whose goods are used, for example, by the mining

industry.  However, as a weapon, TNT has only one possible origin,

and that is Radford.  Wherever TNT comes from, though, its lifecycle

will end with a bang.

     Following is a list of my failures and assumptions.  First, here is

how I addressed the 6 major sections (Raw Materials,

Manufacturing, Processing and Formulation, etc.):  because of the

nature of TNT’s usage, there is nothing to write about in sections 5,

Recycle, or 6, Waste Management.  The fundamental acids for TNT

production, although considered raw materials in labs and various

industries, are not simply “taken out of the ground” (quoted from

the Research Paper Writing Tips), and I explained the chemistry to

give an idea of what machines are used so I could address my part. 

Although I simplified the processes, it still took an entire paragraph,

so I decided to give the Raw Materials section 2 tidy paragraphs

instead of one awkward, extra-large paragraph. The first one

handles raw materials and processes, the second handles fuel and

energy sources and transportation. I combined sections 3,

Distribution, and 4, Use, because they were short.  I imply that

Radford gets materials from one source, but they most likely come

from several plants given the massive TNT output.  I know that

Dominon Chemical Co., the raw material source, definitely has

toluene, nitric and sulfuric acid, but I assume they also have Oleum

because of my understanding of sulfuric acid production.  I could not

find the specific amounts of each raw material needed for a fixed

amount of TNT; my estimation is that one truckload of materials will

equal one truckload of TNT.  I assume the semi-trucks make one-

way trips, counting only the fuel it takes to get to each facility.  Also,

I assume that all semi-trucks use fossil fuel exclusively.  I assume

that all the heat-intensive processes are powered by electricity

except in the case of the furnace.  Staying within the boundaries of

my research, all the energy used by all the facilities comes from

Virginian power plants.  I know not whether Radford uses energy

provided by renewable or non-renewable sources.  I said that TNT is

more often encountered in blends, but I did not know how that

would affect my product, so I chose to follow the lifecycle of pure

TNT.  I could find absolutely nothing on the National Guard Armory,

except that it was there.  The meaning of the word “energy”

changes based on context and made my writing about energy in

section 4 seem rather unclear, so I feel the need to clarify: the

energy needed to activate the TNT is explosive energy generated by

an initial explosion, not the same energy with which the rest of my

paper deals.  Finally, the largest assumption made is that the TNT

made here is created through what my Group and I refer to as the

old process.  The new process is slightly different, and was created

by Radford to reduce waste and become more environmentally

friendly.  My part is not tangibly affected depending on which

process is used, except that Oleum is not used in the new process,

and toluene is nitrated before becoming a raw material. We chose

the old process because there was more information about it.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Berg, Phil. “It’s Not Exactly a Prius, Folks – Popular

Mechanics”. Popular Mechanics. Popular Mechanics, n.d. Web.

7 Dec. 2014.

<http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/news/pictures/10-

things-you-didnt-know-about-semi-trucks-5#slide-5>.

“Company Name – About Us”. Dominion Chemical. Dominion

Chemical Company, n.d. Web. 7 Dec 2014.

<http://www.dominionchemical.com/sys-tmpl/faqaboutus/index

.html>.

Emission Estimation Technique Manual for Explosives

Manufacturing. N.p.: National Pollutant Inventory, Aug. 1999.

PDF.

“Google Maps”. Google, n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.

“Industrial Chemicals”. Dominion Chemical. Dominion

Chemical Company, n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.

<http://www.dominionchemical.com/index.php?

sPage=industrial_chemicals>.

“List of power stations in Virginia”. Wikipedia. N.p. n.d. Web. 7

Dec. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Virginia

>.

“Nitric Acid”. The Essential Chemical Industry Online. The

University of York, 18 March 2013. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.

<http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/nitric-

acid.html>.

“Nitric Acid”. Wikipedia. N.p. n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid>.

“Oleum”. Wikipedia. N.p. n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleum>.

 “Radford Army Ammunition Plant”. Wikipedia. N.p. n.d. Web. 7

Dec. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radford_Army_Ammunition_Plant

>.

Radford Army Ammunition Plant Pollution Prevention

Team. N.p.: Pollution Prevention Team, 5 Dec. 2014. PDF.

“Sulfuric Acid”. The Essential Chemical Industry Online. The

University of York, 20 Dec. 2013. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.

<http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/sulfuric-

acid.html>.

“Sulfuric Acid”. Wikipedia. N.p. n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid>.

“Toluene”. Wikipedia. N.p. n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluene>.

“Trinitrotoluene”. Wikipedia. N.p. n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitrotoluene>.

Dorothy Enomoto

December 9, 2014

DES 40A

Professor Christina Cogdell

Wastes and Emissions of TNT

Trinitrotoluene, most commonly referred to as TNT, is known for

being an explosive. TNT is mostly associated with war and the

military. Radford, a production facility of TNT, emits thousands of

toxic chemicals into the environment ever year in order to keep

producing TNT. The emissions released from making TNT are far

more harmful than regular green house gases. Not only are toxic

chemicals released into the air, but they can also spread by water

and land. It is highly important to take precaution when dealing with

TNT or even living in an environment near an area exposed to this

product. Exposure to high levels of these emissions can result in

serious health problems. Many people know the main purpose of

TNT, but they rarely know how much waste and emissions are

created in order to produce TNT.   

Along with any production process, there is usually some type of

output whether it is waste or byproducts that come out of extracting

raw materials. In this case, Radford does not make their raw

materials. They actually get their raw materials from other

manufacturing facilities. The assumption was made that no toxic

byproducts were extracted since raw materials do not primarily

come from Radford. Although, there is pollution emitted into the air

through the transportation of these materials from one destination

to another. The assumption is made that the transportation of these

materials takes place in a semi-truck. It was hard finding information

on Radford’s raw materials. Most sites only talked about how the

process started and what chemicals were needed. There were not

any sources that stated if Radford made their raw materials from

scratch or if they get them transported to their facility. 

            Within the last seventy years, a community developed within

five miles of the manufacturing facility. This exposed thousands of

people in the community to the toxic emissions released by Radford,

whether it was air emissions or emissions released into “surrounding

waters” (Wikipedia). Emissions to the air come from leaks in

equipment and valves, vents, open doors in the building and spills

and material handling. Emissions to water occur when toxic

substances reach sources of water such as “dams, lakes, rivers, and

coastal waters” (NPI).  In the old process, one of the first steps to

form TNT is nitration. This is when toluene and a mixed acid are

nitrated together to form crude TNT. Nitration is a chemical process

that takes a nitro group and combines it to an organic chemical

compound. From this nitration, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and

spent acid are produced as byproducts. Spent acid is a

“regeneration and production” of sulfuric acid (Wikipedia). This

spent acid is the only byproduct that is recycled back into the entire

process. It is only recycled back into the nitration step. The other

byproducts offer no other use in this process. There is not much

recycling of chemicals or products that get used for anything else

for the manufacturing and production of TNT.

Products travel many miles to reach consumers whether it involves

boat, train, plane, or automobile and produce greenhouse gases.

With the assumption that Radford uses semi-trucks to distribute

their TNT to consumers, the conclusion can be made that green

house gasses are in fact emitted into the air. Semi-trucks use diesel

gasoline, which release several pollutants into the air. The pollutants

emitted into the air include: volatile organic compounds, THC, CO,

NOX (nitrogen oxides), PM10 (regulated pollutant), and PM2.5 (fine

particulate) (EPA2008). By looking at table 1 provided, it is clear to

see the comparison of emission rates between gasoline and diesel

fuel. Heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDV) do not seem to release as

much green house gases into the environment as heavy-duty

gasoline-fueled vehicles do (HDGV). For certain gases though,

heavy-duty diesel vehicles do emit more. Table 2 shows the average

emission rates of vehicles based on different weight classifications

and the type of fuel. In summary, the level of pollution released into

the environment reflects on the type of transportation used.

Transportation is not the only thing that emits pollutions into the air.

There are other things to consider especially when it comes to

thinking about the consumers and the precautions they should take.

Every explosion will have a reaction. Many people correlate energy

as the ability to do work. Explosions from TNT occur as large

amounts of stored energy convert to heat in a “confined” space (Ni).

A significant amount of energy is necessary for this process to

occur. In fact, one pound of TNT consists of 2723J of energy (Ni). The

gas expansion and extreme build up of pressure causes the

explosion and forces debris to fly everywhere in its surroundings.

The handling of a product like TNT should be handled with caution

due to the effects caused by exposure. People expose themselves to

TNT simply through breathing, eating, touching, and drinking

(DHSS). When exposure occurs, the bloodstream absorbs TNT which

then travels to the organs” within the body (DHSS). For humans with

high levels of TNT exposure, the chances of developing blood

disorders and liver problems increase. This also shows to be true for

animals, and unfortunately male animals appeared to experience

reproductive problems in addition to the other health issues.

Radford’s primary consumer is the military. That makes sense

considering the uses for TNT.

The recycling process of TNT regarding chemical, water, and air

pollution outputs do not involve many things. No recycling actually

takes place after the use of TNT. The old process involves no

recycling after the use of TNT. On the other hand, due to yearly

enormous amounts of nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide emitted

into the air, Radford created a new system that decreases the

amount of toxic airborne emissions by “ten tons”. In order to make

this decrease in emissions every year, they started capturing the

emissions in an “effective weak nitric acid crystallization process”

(Elliott). This change became know as the new process. The main

reason for the new process was because they needed a more cost

effective way to produce TNT and a way to be more eco-friendly.

The emissions created end up sent through a fume abatement tower

and carbon monoxide oxidizer, which completely eradicated the

step responsible for the “significant quantities” of nitrous oxide

(Elliott).

Degradation of TNT occurs mostly in surface soil found in bomb

ranges or areas of military and war. For the next step to occur, it

needs to reach surface water. The surface water allows the TNT to

undergo photolysis at a vast rate. Photolysis is a chemical reaction

that breaks down chemical compounds by photons or by the

absorption of light (EPA). In this reaction, photodegradation occurs

to several degradation products and 1,2,5-trinitrobenzene is the

primary one. In addition to degradation, TNT also exhibits

biodegradation, but at a less hastily rate in water (EPA). The main

products for biodegradation include: 2-amino-4, 6-dinitrotoluene,

2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene, and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (EPA).

TNT contributes to environmental hazards due to the waste

produced throughout the formation process. TNT enters the

environment through: spills, firing of munitions (war weapons),

disposal of ordnance (military weapons and ammunitions), leaks

from inadequately sealed impoundments, demilitarization of

munitions, and manufacturing and processing facilities (EPA). TNT

emissions can be categorized into three sections: air, water, and

land. There is no dump for the old process, but there are nitrator

vessel dumps in the new process. The nitrator vessel dumps store

emissions from the fume abatement tower and the carbon monoxide

oxidizer stated earlier. Once they are full, maintenance tanks collect

the dumps. There was a failure on finding information on what

Radford does with the maintenance tanks after they do their

collecting. There was no information that could be found about it,

the sources only said that the dumps were collected.

The overall process to produce something like TNT is complex and

has many steps to it. Most of the steps are chemical processes. It is

interesting that Radford does not make their own raw materials,

especially when their starting chemicals need to be pure. It was

hard finding information about this part, which is why the

assumption was made that semi-trucks are probably used to

transport the needed raw materials to Radford, from wherever they

order from. The emissions that Radford releases definitely impact

the surrounding environment. The amounts released from the old

process were way too high, therefore they needed to find a new

process to decrease the emissions and become more eco-friendly.

That is very important because they are affecting people’s lives.

Exposure to these toxins can really damage a person’s health. The

new process was better because it proved to be more cost

effective.  Radford was able to recycle a byproduct as well as

market it towards mining manufacturers. There was difficulty in

finding information relating to this because most sources were not

specifying which process they were referring to, either the old or the

new. TNT requires huge amounts of energy to get an explosion. The

debris from the explosions go into surrounding areas and

contaminate water sources. The only thing recycled from the

production process is a form of sulfuric acid. Most byproducts are

just waste. The hardest part about this product was the fact that the

life cycle of TNT is short.  There is not much left TNT does after it is

used by the consumer. Most of it is just emitted into the

environment and nothing gets recycled.  There are a lot of things

that go into making TNT that many people do not realize. They do

not think about the amount of waste and emissions that are

produced and released, the recycling if anything, and what happens

after it is used.