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http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter1.html
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DNA StructureDNA consists of two molecules that are
arranged into a ladder-like structure called a Double Helix.
A molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called Nucleotides.
Each nucleotide consists of:1. Phosphate group2. Pentose sugar3. Nitrogenous base
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http://i-biology.net/ahl/07-nucleic-acids-and-proteins/
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Nucleotides
Phosphate
Pentose
Sugar
Nitrogenous
Base
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NucleotidesThe phosphate and sugar form the
backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the bases form the “rungs”.
There are four types of nitrogenous bases.
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AnalogiesStrengths of
Ladder AnalogyWeaknesses ofLadder Analogy
• double-helix shape is well represented
• location of sugar-phosphate backbone is accurate
• location of nucleotides is accurate
• individual nucleotides (A, T, C, G) are not represented
• individual sugars and phosphates are not shown
• base pairing (A-T, C-G) is not represented
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Nucleotides
A
Adenine
T
Thymine
G
Guanine
C
Cytosine
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NucleotidesEach base will only bond with one
other specific base.
Adenine (A)Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)Guanine (G)
Form a base pair.
Form a base pair.
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DNA StructureBecause of this
complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand determines the order of the bases in the other strand.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_gWQaU40PH24/S7J-tYkvibI/AAAAAAAAGas/-_raVWK4zx4/s1600/dna%5B1%5D.gif
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Complementary base pairingPurines Pyramidines
Adenine ThymineAdenine Uracil
Guanine Cytosine
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G
G
A
T
T
A
A
C
T
G
C
A
T
C
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DNA StructureTo crack the genetic code found in
DNA we need to look at the sequence of bases.
The bases are arranged in triplets called codons.
A G G - C T C - A A G - T C C - T A GT C C - G A G - T T C - A G G - A T C
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DNA StructureA gene is a section of DNA that codes
for a protein.
Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases.
This unique sequence of bases will code for the production of a unique protein.
It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us a unique phenotype.
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Protein
DNA
Gene
Trait
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Nature of the Genetic MaterialProperty 1 - it must contain, in a
stable form, information encoding the organism’s structure, function, development and reproduction
Property 2 - it must replicate accurately so progeny cells have the same genetic makeup
Property 3 - it must be capable of some variation (mutation) to permit evolution
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Your TaskDraw a flow chart to
show how to get from:
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http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/24/menu.swfNova-Cracking the Code of LifeThe Structure of DNA