HSPA-LTE NETWORK

PLANNING

Vitalis Olunga

ICT Strategy Consultant

Nyanga: 22nd – 26th February, 2016

LTE-Introduction

Agenda

◦ LTE Drivers

◦ LTE Requirements

◦ 3GPP Standard Evolution

◦ LTE Key Features

◦ LTE Comparison

2

Global Total Mobile Traffic

3

Mobile Data Global Traffic :

Forecasts

4

Bandwidth Drivers - Applications

Proliferation of mobile apps via app

online stores - 10+ billion app downloads

Mobile Internet - 10% internet traffic now

mobile

Media-rich social networks - 50%+

facebook time now mobile

Mobile Video download & upload - 25%

youtube traffic now mobile

Machine-to-machine – strong growth of

video applications

5

The Gigabyte Generation

6

Source: Alcatel-Lucent

LTE Value Proposition

Costs per Bit Reduction

Reduced Latency

Increased System Capacity

Higher User Data Rate

Better Quality of Service

7

LTE – Traffic & User-Experience

Management

8

Speed-based Pricing: maximum speed limit

per end-user

Unlimited Data Plan with speed dropping

after exceeding a monthly data volume

(e.g. 1 GB)

Traffic shaping vs Net Neutrality

1Gbps Throughput

USB 2.0: max 480 Mbit/s (USB 3.0 4.6

Gbit/s) Real writing speed is around: 50

Mbit/s

Real reading speed is around: 215 Mbit/s

Typical hard drive: measured speed when

copying file: 500 Mbit/s

3.0 Gbit/s maximum transfer rate

9

Maximum vs Average Speed

Factors Impacting Maximum Speed:

◦ Size of Spectrum Band (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz)

◦ MIMO Configurations (1X1, 2X2, 4X4)

Factors Impacting Average Speed:

◦ Device categories/capabilities (5 categories)

◦ Distance from cell centre

◦ Network Load (RF & transport)

◦ Radio conditions

Average speed can typically be 10%-30% of

maximum speed

10

LTE Requirements

Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment and

transmission latency (a prerequisite for CS replacement);

Increased user data rates;

Increased cell-edge bit-rate, for uniformity of service provision;

Reduced cost per bit, implying improved spectral efficiency;

Greater flexibility of spectrum usage, in both new and pre-existing

bands;

Simplified network architecture;

Seamless mobility, including between different radio-access

technologies;

Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal

11

LTE Performance Requirements

Metric

Requirements

Spectral

Flexibility

1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

Peak data

rate

1. Downlink (2 Ch MIMO): 100 Mbps

2. Uplink (Single Ch Tx): 50 Mbps (20

MHz ch)

Supported

antenna

configuratio

ns

Downlink: 4x2, 2x2, 1x2, 1x1

Uplink: 1x2, 1x1

12

LTE Performance Requirements

Metric

Requirements

Spectrum

efficiency

Downlink: 3 to 4 times HSDPA Rel. 6

Uplink: 2 to 3 times HSUPA Rel. 6

Latency

Control-plane: Less than 100 msec to establish

U-plane

User-plane: Less than 10 msec from UE to server

Mobility

Optimized for low speeds (0-15 km/hr)

High performance at speeds up to 120 km/hr

Maintain link at speeds up to 350 km/hr

Coverage

Full performance up to 5 km

Slight degradation 5 km – 30 km

Operation up to 100 km should not be

precluded by standard 13

3GPP - Third Generation

Partnership Project The standardization process:

Requirements, where it is decided what is

to be achieved by the standard.

Architecture, where the main building

blocks and interfaces are decided.

Detailed specifications, where every

interface is specified in detail.

Testing and verification, where the

interface specifications are proven to

work with real-life equipment

14

3GPP - Third Generation

Partnership Project

15

3GPP Organization

16

Organizations Around LTE

3GPP : Established in 1989, collaboration

between standards bodies: ARIB, CCSA, ETSI,

ATIS, TTA, and TTC: www.3gpp.org

NGMN : a group of mobile operators, to provide

a coherent vision for technology evolution

beyond 3G for the competitive delivery of

broadband wireless services. www.ngmn.org

LTE/SAE Trial Initiative. Founded in 2007 by

leading telecommunications companies aiming

is to prove the potential and benefits of LTE.

http://www.lstiforum.com

17

3GPP Market Representation

18

Organizations www.4gamericas.or

g

4G Americas www.4gamericas.or

CDMA Development Group www.cdg.org

Cellular Operators Association of

India (CO

www.coai.com

GSA www.gsacom.com

IMS Forum www.imsforum.org

InfoCommunication Union www.icu.org.ru

3GPP Market Representation

19

Organizations www.4gamericas.

org

IPV6 Forum www.ipv6forum.co

NGMN Alliance www.ngmn.org

Small Cell Forum (formerly Femto

Forum)

www.smallcellforum.

org

TD SCDMA Industry Alliance www.tdscdma-

alliance.org

TD-Forum www.tdscdma-

forum.org

UMTS Forum www.umts-

forum.org

Terminology

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the 3GPP quantum leap

project to evolve the UMTS technology towards 4G

SAE (System Architecture Evolution) is the corresponding

evolution of the GPRS/3G packet core network evolution

Key element delivered by LTE/SAE is the EPS (Evolved Packet

System) consisting of the New air interface E-UTRAN

(Evolved UTRAN)

The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network

EPS = LTE + SAE

The term LTE is typically used to represent both LTE and SAE

LTE/SAE standards are defined in 3GPP Rel. 8 specifications

20

3GPP Specifications Subject of specification series 3G and beyond /

GSM (R99 and

later)

Service aspects ("stage 1") 22 series

Technical realization ("stage 2") 23 series

Signalling protocols ("stage 3") – UE to

network

24 series

Radio aspects 25 series

CODECs 26 series

Data 27 series

Signalling ("stage 3") OAM&P and

Charging (overflow from 32.- range)

28 series

Signalling protocols ("stage 3") - intra-

fixed-network

29 series

21

3GPP Specifications Subject of specification series 3G and beyond /

GSM (R99 and

later)

Programme management 30 series

SIM / USIM, IC Cards. Test specs. 31 series

OAM&P and Charging 32 series

Security aspects 33 series

UE and (U)SIM test specifications 34 series

Security algorithms 35 series

LTE and LTE-Advanced radio

technology

36 series

Multiple radio access technology

aspects

37 series

22

3GPP Standard Specifications E-

UTRAN/LTE Specificati

on Index

Description of contents

Some Key

Specifications

TS 36.1xx

Equipment requirements:

Terminals, base stations,

and repeaters.

36.101: UE radio

transmission and reception

36.104: BS radio

transmission and reception

TS 36.2xx Layer 1: Physical layer. 211. PHY Channels and

Modulation

312. Multiplexing and

Channel Coding

313. Physical layer

Procedures

214. Physical Layer

Measurements.

23

3GPP Standard Specifications E-

UTRAN/LTE Specificatio

n Index

Description of contents Some Key Specifications

TS 36.3xx

Layers 2 and 3: Medium

access control, radio link

control, and radio resource

control.

36.300 Overall Description

36.331 RRC Spec

321. MAC Spec

322. RLC Spec

323. PDCP Spec

TS 36.4xx

Infrastructure

communications including

base stations and mobile

management entities.

TS 36.5xx

Conformance testing.

TR 36.8xx

/9xx

Technical reports containing

background information.

36.801 Measurement

Requirements

36.803 UE radio transmission

and reception 36.804 BS radio

transmission and reception

24

3GPP Standard Specifications

SAE Specification Index Description of

contents

Some Key

Specifications

TS 23.4xx High-level

architecture of the

SAE

23.401 GPRS

enhancements for LTE

access

23.402 SAE

enhancements for

non-3GPP accesses

TR 23.8xx Technical reports

containing background

information.

23.882 3GPP SAE:

Report on technical

options and

conclusions

TR 29.8xx Technical reports

containing

background

information.

29.803 3GPP SAE: CT

WG4 aspects .

29.804 3GPP SAE: CT

WG3 aspects 25

3GPP Standard Releases

Releases

Functional

Freeze

Radio Features

Rel-99 March 2000

Basic 3.84 Mbps WCDMA (TDD

and FDD), First deployable

version of UMTS. EDGE

Rel-4 March 2001

Low chip rate TDD (1.28 Mcps),

Multimedia messaging support, Initial

step towards IP Core Network.

Rel-5 June 2002

HSDPA, IMS Phase-1, Full ability

to use IP-based transport instead

of ATM.

Rel-6 March 2005

HSUPA, WCDMA/WLAN

internetworking, MBMS, IMS

Phase-2, Initial VoIP capability. 26

3GPP Standard Releases

Releases

Functional

Freeze

Radio Features

Rel-7 December 2007

GPRS enhancements with evolved

EDGE, HSPA+ (64-QAM DL, 16-

QAM UL, MIMO), LTE & SAE

basic study items.

Rel-8 December 2008

LTE (OFDMA based air

interface), SAE (New IP core

network), EDGE Evolution,

Enhancements to HSPA+.

Rel-9 December 2009

HSPA and LTE enhancements

including HSPA multi-carrier

operation.

Rel-10 March 2011

LTE Advanced specifications to

meet requirements of IMT-

Advanced. 27

3GPP Release Comparison

WCDMA

(UMTS)

HSPA

HSDPA /

HSUPA

HSPA+

LTE

LTE

Advanced

(IMT

Advanced)

Max

downlink

speed

bps

384 k

14 M

28 M

100M

1G

Max uplink

speed

bps

128 k 5.7 M 11 M

50 M 500 M

Latency

round trip

time

approx

150 ms 100 ms

50ms

(max)

~10 ms

less than 5

ms

28

3GPP Release Comparison

WCDMA

(UMTS)

HSPA

HSDPA /

HSUPA

HSPA+

LTE

LTE

Advanced

(IMT

Advanced)

3GPP

releases

Rel 99/4

Rel 5 / 6

Rel 7 Rel 8

Rel 10

Approx

years of

initial roll

out

2003 / 4

2005 / 6

HSDPA

2007 / 8

HSUPA

2008 / 9

2009 /

10

2012/2013

Access

methodolo

gy

CDMA

CDMA

CDMA

OFDMA

/ SC-

FDMA

OFDMA /

SC- FDMA

29

Network Evolution

An all-IP network

Simplified and flatter network

architecture

Reduced number of nodes

Low-latency network

30

LTE Enabling Features

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing)

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA)

Adaptive Modulation Schemes: QPSK, 16QAM,

64QAM

MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output)

Frequency Selective Scheduling

Fractional Frequency Reuse

Self-Organizing Networks

31

CATEGORIES OF SON FEATURES

Self-Configuration

◦ Autonomous configuration of

parameters during commissioning

Self-Optimisation

◦ Continuous improvement of service

quality, network performance, and

network capacity

Self-Healing Detection

◦ Analysis, and mitigation of network

outages

32

Frequency Scheduling

33

Fractional Frequency Reuse

34

Multi-antenna Schemes

Directivity :

◦ Beamforming Gain

◦ One signal transmitted in the best directions

based on channel Knowledge

Diversity :

◦ Reduce Fading

◦ One signal transmitted in all directions

Multiplexing :

◦ Capacity Multiplication

◦ Different signals transmitted in all directions

35

Directivity

36

Diversity :

37

Multiplexing :

38

LTE Key Parameters

Channel

Bandwit

h (MHz)

1.4

3

5 10 15 20

Number

of

Resource

Blocks

6 15 25 50 75 100

Modulati

on

Schemes

DL: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

UL: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Optional)

Access

Schemes

DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) UL:

SC-FDMA (Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)

MIMO

Schemes

DL: Wide choice of options (up to 4X4 MIMO) UL: MU-MIMO

Peak

Data

Rates

DL: 150 Mbps (2X2 MIMO; 20 MHz)

300 Mbps (4X4 MIMO; 20 MHz)

UL: 75Mbps (20 MHz) 39

LTE Spectral Efficiency Comparison

Joint analysis by 3G Americas’ members:

5+5 MHz for UMTS-HSPA/LTE and

CDMA2000, and

10 MHz DL/UL=29:18 TDD for WiMAX.

Mix of mobile and stationary users

40

LTE Spectral Efficiency Comparison

41

DL Spectrum Efficiency

LTE Spectral Efficiency Comparison

42

UL Spectrum Efficiency

END

THANK YOU

43

44

LTE CHALLENGES

Main Challenges

Spectrum Fragmentation

Spectrum Availability

Support for Voice

Device Availability

Roaming

Integration with 2G/3G

HSPA+

Data Pricing

Backhauling

45

Spectrum Fragmentation

Per design, LTE can operate in many

different spectrum bands

No universal band among the key LTE

bands

◦ Digital Dividend (700MHz & 800 MHz)

◦ 2.6 GHz

◦ 2G/3G re-farmed spectrum: 1800 MHz, 900

MHz, 2.1 GHz

46

Spectrum Fragmentation

In addition, devices need to support

numerous 2G & 3G bands

Impacts device complexity, availability, and

costs

Seamless LTE roaming is also challenging

47

Spectrum Fragmentation

48

Spectrum Availability

Key spectrum bands for LTE yet to be

allocated in many countries

In some countries, refarming 2G/3G

spectrum may require regulator’s approval

Spectrum auctions can require significant

upfront investment

49

Support for Voice

LTE is focused on data

Voice is relegated to a simple data service status

The GSMA-driven VoLTE implementation is based on

IMS, a complex standard with little commercial footprint

The need to potentially support 2 voice options (CSFB

& VoLTE): impacts/complicates device availability,

network deployment plans, roaming agreements…

Over-The-Top players (e.g. Skype, Google voice…) may

erode voice revenues

50

Device Availability

The complexity of LTE with regards to

The LTE bands to support

The legacy Radio Access Technologies to

support & interwork with ; i.e. 2G/3G,

CDMA/EVDO, WiMax….

The multiple antennas of MIMO

The voice support (CSFB, VoLTE)

The proliferation of new form factors (routers,

tablets…) … contribute to delayed/limited

availability and increased costs of devices

meeting requirements for a given carrier/market

51

Roaming

LTE roaming entails a transition from SS7-

MAP to DIAMETER

Spectrum fragmentation and options for

voice support increase the number of

possible roaming scenarios

Roaming for IMS services still needs to be

put in place

The 2G/3G roaming agreements are likely

to remain the only agreement in force for

the near future

52

Integration with 2G/3G

End-user Expectations

Multi-core vs Single-core

PS-to-CS Domain Interworking

QoS Interworking

Site & Antenna Sharing

IPv4 vs IPv6

Spectrum re-farming

SON

53

HSPA+

The availability of HSPA+ as a legitimate

network evolution option complicates the

case for LTE, as

HSPA+ can provide significant data rate

improvements, blurring the differentiation

of LTE

HSPA+ doesn’t require new spectrum

The investment required for HSPA+

upgrade reduce funds available for LTE

54

Data Pricing

“All-you-can-eat” data plan can

significantly impact the profitability of LTE

Speed-based vs Volume- based Data Plans

Until VoLTE is fully deployed, LTE doesn’t

generate voice revenues, and rely mainly

on data revenues

55

Backhauling

With LTE, the capacity bottleneck is shifting

from the air interface to the backhaul link

With its high-throughput capability, LTE requires

significant backhauling capacity (100+ Mbps)

The introduction of small cells (i.e. femtocell,

pico-cells, micro cells) complicate the

backhauling plans further

56

END

THANK YOU

57