HSP2401HumanAnatomyandPhysiologyI

Instructor: Dr.KristiWhite,ATCOffice: ArcherBuilding222EPhone: 325-486-6179(office)E-Mail: kristi.white@angelo.eduOfficeHours: Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday2:00-3:00pmandbyappointmentCourseDescription:Thiscourse,whichprovidesacomprehensivestudyoftheanatomyand

physiologyofthehumanbodywithanemphasisonhealthandmedicalissues,isdesignedforstudentspreparingforcareersinthehealthprofessions.Itwillincludeanoverviewoforgansystems,basicchemicalorganization,cellstructureandfunction,andtissues;followedbythestudyoftheskeletal,muscular,andnervoussystems.

CourseObjectives: Seeendofthesyllabus.RequiredTexts: McKinley,MP,O’Loughlin,VD,Bidle,TS.AnatomyandPhysiology:An

IntegrativeApproach.McGrawHill.978-1-259-39862-9.STUDENTRESPONSIBILITYANDATTENDANCEItisthestudent’sresponsibilitytobeontimeforclass,participateinclassdiscussions,andbeactivelyengagedinthelearningprocess.Instructionsandassignmentswilloftenbeengivenduringclass,thereforeitisinyourbestinteresttoattend.Ifyouhavetomissclassduetoanunforeseenevent/accidentorillness,pleasecontacttheinstructorpriortothestartofclass.Pendingthereasonforyourabsence,theinstructormayinformyouofanymissedhomeworkassignedduringclass.Notacceptablereasonsforabsencesincludebutarenotlimitedto:oversleeping,work,wantingtoleaveearlyorcomebacklatefromtheweekend,andcelebratingafriend,relativeorpet’sbirthday.Ifyouaresick,lettheinstructorknowandbringaphysician’snotewhenyoucomebacktoclass.LATEWORKORMISSEDASSIGNMENTSPOLICYLateworkwillnotbeacceptedunlessyouhavereceivedpermissionfromtheinstructorpriortotheduedate.Ifyoumissanassignmentduetoanunexcusedabsence,youareoutofluck.Showupforclass!ACADEMICHONESTYAcademichonestyisexpectedonallwork.Studentsareexpectedtomaintaincompletehonestyandintegrityintheironlineexperiences.AnystudentfoundguiltyofanyformofdishonestyinacademicworkissubjectofdisciplinaryactionandpossibleexpulsionfromASU.TheDepartmentofHealthScienceProfessionsadherestotheacademichonestystatementassetforthintheAngeloStateUniversityStudentHandbook(2011-2012)http://www.angelo.edu/content/files/17358-university-honor-code.TheUniversity"facultyexpectsallstudentstoengageinallacademicpursuitsinamannerthatisabovereproachandtomaintaincompletehonestyandintegrityintheacademicexperiencebothinandoutoftheclassroomsettingandmayinitiatedisciplinaryproceedingsagainstastudentaccusedofanyformofacademicdishonesty,includingbutnotlimitedto,cheatingonanexaminationorotheracademicwork,plagiarism,collusion,andtheabuseofresourcematerials."

PLAGIARISM PlagiarismatASUisaserioustopic.TheAngeloStateUniversity’sHonorCodegivesspecificdetailsonplagiarismandwhatitencompasses.Plagiarismistheactionorpracticeoftakingsomeoneelse'swork,idea,etc.,andpassingitoffasone'sown.Plagiarismisliterarytheft. Inyourdiscussionsand/oryourpapers,itisunacceptabletocopywordforwordwithoutquotationmarksandthesourceofthequotation.WeusetheAPAStyleManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationasaguideforallwritingassignments.Quotesshouldbeusedsparingly.Itisexpectedthatyouwillsummarizeorparaphraseideasgivingappropriatecredittothesourcebothinthebodyofyourpaperandthereferencelist.PapersaresubjecttobeevaluatedfororiginalityviaBbTurnitin.ResourcestohelpyouunderstandthispolicybetterareavailableattheASUWritingCenterhttp://www.angelo.edu/dept/writing_center/academic_honesty.php. STUDENTSWITHDISABILITIES 1.“AngeloStateUniversityiscommittedtotheprinciplethatnoqualifiedindividualwithadisabilityshall,onthebasisofdisability,beexcludedfromparticipationinorbedeniedthebenefitsoftheservices,programs,oractivitiesoftheuniversity,orbesubjectedtodiscriminationbytheuniversity,asprovidedbytheAmericanswithDisabilitiesActof1990(ADA),theAmericanswithDisabilitiesActAmendmentsActof2008(ADAAA),andsubsequentlegislation.”

2.TheOfficeofStudentAffairsisthedesignatedcampusdepartmentchargedwiththeresponsibilityofreviewingandauthorizingrequestsforreasonableaccommodationsbasedonadisability,anditisthestudent’sresponsibilitytoinitiatesucharequestbycontactingtheOfficeofStudentAffairs,UniversityCenter,Room112at(325)942-2047or(325)942-2211(TDD/FAX)orbye-mailatstudentservices@angelo.edutobegintheprocess.TheOfficeofStudentAffairswillestablishtheparticulardocumentationrequirementsnecessaryforthevarioustypesofdisabilities.Reasonableaccommodationswillbemadeforstudentsdeterminedtobedisabledorwhohavedocumenteddisabilities.

INCOMPLETEGRADEPOLICY(OP10.11GradingProcedures) Itispolicythatincompletegradesbereservedforstudentillnessorpersonalmisfortune.Pleasecontactfacultyifyouhaveseriousillnessorapersonalmisfortunethatwouldkeepyoufromcompletingcoursework.Documentationmayberequired.

STUDENTABSENCEFOROBSERVANCEOFRELIGIOUSHOLYDAYS “Astudentwhointendstoobserveareligiousholydayshouldmakethatintentionknowninwritingtotheinstructorpriortotheabsence.”PleaseseeASUOperatingPolicy10.19.

COPYRIGHTPOLICY Studentsofficiallyenrolledinthiscourseshouldmakeonlyoneprintedcopyofthegivenarticlesand/orchapters.Youareexpresslyprohibitedfromdistributingorreproducinganyportionofcoursereadingsinprintedorelectronicformwithoutwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightholdersorpublishers. SYLLABUSCHANGES Thefacultymemberreservestheoptiontomakechangesasnecessarytothissyllabusandthecoursecontent.Ifchangesbecomenecessaryduringthiscourse,thefacultywillnotifystudentsofsuchchangesbyemail,courseannouncementsand/orviaadiscussionboardannouncement.Itisthestudent’sresponsibilitytolookforsuchcommunicationsaboutthecourseonadailybasis.

ThiscourseisgradedstrictlyonpointsNOTpercentages.Theamountofpointsyouearndeterminesyourgradeinthecourse.IDONOTROUNDUPGRADESattheendofthesemester.Itisyourresponsibilitytokeeptrackofthetotalcoursepointsyouhaveaccumulatedandtakeadvantageofthebonuspointsavailableinthecourse.CourseEvaluationandGradingScale: 6Quizzes(100pointseach) 600pts A:1700.00–1530.00pointsFinalExam 200pts B:1529.99–1360.00points PhILSLabs(10ptseach) 180pts C:1359.99–1190.00points LearnSmartAssignments 400pts D:1189.99–1020.00pointsBodyVizLabs 124pts F:1019.99pointsandbelowWorksheets 196ptsTOTAL: 1700pts

TentativeClassScheduleDate Topic Chapter1-14-19 Introduction/Syllabus 1-15-19 TheSciencesofAnatomyandPhysiology 11-16-19 TheSciencesofAnatomyandPhysiology

Ph.I.L.SLab1Due 1

1-18-19 TheSciencesofAnatomyandPhysiologyLearnSmart1Due

1

1-21-19 NoClass 1-22-19 Atoms,Ions,andMolecules 21-23-19 Atoms,Ions,andMolecules

Ph.I.L.SLab2Due2

1-25-19 Atoms,Ions,andMoleculesLearnSmart2Due

2

1-28-19 Energy,ChemicalReactionsandCellularRespirations 3 1-29-19 Energy,ChemicalReactionsandCellularRespirations

Ph.I.L.SLab3Due3

1-30-19 Energy,ChemicalReactionsandCellularRespirationsLearnSmart3Due

3

2-1-19 Quiz1 2-4-19 BiologyoftheCell

Ph.I.L.SLab4Due4

2-5-19 BiologyoftheCell 42-6-19 BiologyoftheCell

LearnSmart4Due 4

2-8-19 TissueOrganization 52-11-19 TissueOrganization 5

2-12-19 TissueOrganizationLearnSmart5Due

5

2-13-19 IntegumentarySystem 6 2-15-19 IntegumentarySystem 6 2-18-19 IntegumentarySystem

LearnSmart6Due6

2-19-19 SkeletalSystem:BoneStructureandFunction 7 2-20-19 Quiz2 2-22-19 SkeletalSystem:BoneStructureandFunction 7 2-25-19 SkeletalSystem:BoneStructureandFunction

LearnSmart7Due7

2-26-19 SkeletalSystem:AxialandAppendicularSkeleton 82-27-19 SkeletalSystem:AxialandAppendicularSkeleton 83-1-19 SkeletalSystem:AxialandAppendicularSkeleton

LearnSmart8Due8

3-4-19 SkeletalSystem:ArticulationsPh.I.L.SLab5Due

9

3-5-19 SkeletalSystem:ArticulationsPh.I.L.SLab6Due

9

3-6-19 SkeletalSystem:ArticulationsLearnSmart9Due

9

3-8-19 Quiz3 3-11-19–3-18-19 SPRINGBREAK 3-18-19 MuscleTissue

Ph.I.L.SLab7Due 10

3-19-19 MuscleTissue 10 3-20-19 MuscleTissue

LearnSmart10Due10

3-22-19 MuscularSystem:AxialandAppendicularMusclesPh.I.L.SLab8Due

11

3-25-19 MuscularSystem:AxialandAppendicularMuscles

11

3-26-19 MuscularSystem:AxialandAppendicularMusclesPh.I.L.SLab9Due

11

3-27-19 MuscularSystem:AxialandAppendicularMusclesLearnSmart11Due

11

3-29-19 Quiz4 4-1-19 NervousSystem:NervousTissue

Ph.I.L.SLab10Due 12

4-2-19 NervousSystem:NervousTissuePh.I.L.SLab11Due

12

4-3-19 NervousSystem:NervousTissueLearnSmart12Due

12

4-5-19 NervousSystem:BrainandCranialNervesPh.I.L.SLab12Due

13

4-8-19 NervousSystem:BrainandCranialNervesPh.I.L.SLab13Due

13

4-9-19 NervousSystem:BrainandCranialNervesLearnSmart13Due

13

4-10-19 NervousSystem:SpinalCordandSpinalNerves 144-12-19 NervousSystem:SpinalCordandSpinalNerves

Ph.I.L.SLab14Due14

4-15-19 NervousSystem:SpinalCordandSpinalNervesLearnSmart14Due

14

4-16-19 Quiz5

4-17-19 NervousSystem:AutonomicNervousSystemPh.I.L.SLab15Due

15

4-19-19 NoClass–GOODFRIDAY

4-22-19 NervousSystem:AutonomicNervousSystemPh.I.L.SLab16Due

15

4-23-19 NervousSystem:AutonomicNervousSystemLearnSmart15Due

15

4-24-19 NervousSystem:SensesPh.I.L.SLab17Due

16

4-26-19 NervousSystem:SensesPh.I.L.SLab18Due

16

4-29-19 NervousSystem:SensesLearnSmart16Due

16

4-30-19 Review

5-1-19 Quiz6

5-3-19 Review

CumulativeFinalExam-

AssignmentsPh.I.L.S.Labs:18labsworth10pointseachforatotalof180pointsThesephysiologyinteractivelabsimulationsaredesignedtohelpyoubetterunderstanddifferentphysiologicalconceptsdiscussedthissemester.Thereare18labscoveredthissemester.Eachlabisworth10pointsforatotalof180points.Eachlabconsistsofanactivityandthenapost-labquiz.Toreceiveall10points,youmustcompletetheactivitycompletelyandcorrectly.Youmustthensaveacopyofyourlabresultsandemailthemtomebytheindicatedduedatefoundinthecourseschedule.Whenyousaveyourlabresultsyoumustusethefollowingformat:PhILS,theLabNumber,theSemesterandYear,Yourfirstinitialandlastname.Soforexample:PhILS1_F2018_KWhite.LearnSmartAssignments:25pointseachforatotalof400pointsEachchaptercoveredthissemesterhasaLearnSmartassignmentassociatedwithit.Eachassignmentisworth25points.Theseassignmentsshouldbedoneindividuallyandwilltakeonaverage60-90minutestocomplete.Thesequestionswilltestyourknowledgeonthetopicsdiscussedinclassandwillreferyoutoreadingsinthetextthatwillhelpyoubettercomprehendtopicsinclassthatarechallengingforyou.TheLearnSmartassignmentstypicallygiveyoua

windowof3-4daystocomplete.Nolateassignmentswillbeacceptedandeachassignmentclosesat11:59oftheassigneddate.PracticeQuestions–Chapters1-16–160BonusPointsPossibleThesepracticequestionsareoptionaltohelpyoureviewandprepareforyourquizzes.Thisisyourchancetoreceivebonuspointsinthecourseforcompletionofthequestions.Eachchapterisworthupto10bonuspoints(160totalbonuspointspossible).Thenumberofquestionsyoucorrectlycompletedetermineshowmanybonuspointsyoureceive.Allpracticequestionsaredueby8:00AMonthedayofthecorrespondingquiz.Forexample,thepracticequestionsforchapters1,2,and3aredueon2/1/19at8:00AM.Therewillbenoexceptionsandtherewillbenootherbonuspointsawardedduringthesemester.

ChapterObjectives

• Chapter1o Describethescienceofanatomy.o Listthesubdivisionsinbothmicroscopicandgrossanatomy.o Describethescienceofphysiology.o Listthesubdivisionsinphysiology.o Describebestpracticesforstudyinganatomyandphysiologyeffectively.o Listthecharacteristicscommontoalllivingthings.o Describethelevelsoforganizationinthehumanbody.o Comparetheorgansystemsofthehumanbody.o Describetheanatomicpositionanditsimportanceinthestudyofanatomy.o Describetheanatomicsectionsandplanesthroughthebody.o Definethedifferentanatomicdirectionalterms.o Identifythemajorregionsofthebody,usingproperanatomicterminology.o Comparethetermsusedtosubdividetheabdominopelvicregioninto9regionsor4

quadrants.o Definethecomponentsofahomeostaticsystem.o Beabletorecognizeeachofthecomponentsinrepresentativesystems.o Definenegativefeedback.o Explainhowhomeostaticmechanismsregulatedbynegativefeedbackdetectand

respondtoenvironmentalchanges.o Definepositivefeedbackanddescribetheactionsofapositivefeedbackloop.

• Chapter2

o Definematter,andlistitsthreeforms.o Describeanddifferentiateamongthesubatomicparticlesthatcomposeatoms.o Explainthearrangementofelementsintheperiodictablebasedonatomicnumber.o Diagramthestructureofanatom.o Describeanisotope.o Explainhowradioisotopesdifferfromothertypesofisotopes.o Describehowelementsareorganizedintheperiodictablebasedonthevalence

electronnumber.o Statetheoctetrule.o Defineanionandlistsomecommonionsinthebody.o Differentiatebetweencationsandanions.o Describehowchargesareassignedorions.o Defineanionicbond.o DescribeanioniccompoundofNaCl.o Listotherexamplesofioniccompounds.o Defineamolecularformula.o Describeastructuralformula,andexplainitsuseindifferentiatingisomers.o Describeacovalentbond,andexplainitsformationbasedontheoctetrule.o Listthefourmostcommonelementsinthehumanbody.o Distinguishbetweensingle,double,andtriplecovalentbonds.o Explainpolarandnonpolarcovalentbonds.o Describethedifferencebetweenanonpolarmoleculeandapolarmolecule.

o Defineanamphipathicmolecule.o Describehydrogenbondingbetweenpolarmolecules.o Listanddefinetheintermolecularattractionsbetweennonpolarmolecules.o Describethemolecularstructureofwaterandhoweachwatermoleculecanformfour

hydrogenbonds.o Listthedifferentpropertiesofwater,andprovideanexampleoftheimportanceofeach

propertywithinthebody.o Comparesubstancesthatdissolveinwaterwiththosethatbodydissolveanddissociate

inwater.Distinguishbetweenelectrolytesandnonelectrolytes.o Describethechemicalinteractionsofnonpolarsubstancesandwater.o Explainhowamphipathicmoleculesinteractinwatertoformchemicalbarriers.o Describewhatisformedwhenwatermoleculesdissociate.o Explainthedifferencebetweenanacidandabase.o DefinepH,andexplaintherelativepHvaluesofbothacidsandbases.o Explainneutralization,anddescribehowtheneutralizationofbothanacidandabase

occurs.o Describetheactionofabuffer.o Compareandcontrastthethreedifferenttypesofwatermixtures.o Explainhowanemulsiondiffersfromothertypesofmixtures.o Explainthedifferentwaystoexpresstheconcentrationofsoluteinasolution.o Identifythesixchemicalelementsthatgenerallycomposebiologicalmacromolecules.o Describeahydrocarbonanditschemicalproperties,andexplainandgiveexamplesof

functionalgroupsandtheirchemicalproperties.o Definethetermsmonomer,dimer,andpolymer.o Describetheroleofwaterinbothdehydrationandhydrolysisreactionsinaltering

biologicalmacromolecules.o Describethegeneralcharacteristicsofalipid.o Identifythefourtypesoflipidsandtheirphysiologicroles.o Describethedistinguishingcharacteristicsofcarbohydrates.o Explaintherelationshipbetweenglucoseandglycogen.o Namesomeothercarbohydratesfoundinlivingsystems.o Describethegeneralstructureofanucleicacid.o Describethestructureofanucleotidemonomer.o DistinguishbetweenDNAandRNA.o Nameotherimportantnucleotides.o Listthegeneralfunctionsofproteins.o Describethegeneralstructureofaminoacidsandproteins.o Namethecategoriesofaminoacids.o Distinguishbetweennonpolar,polar,andchargedaminoacids.o Giveexamplesofaminoacidswithspecialcharacteristics.o Describethedifferenttypesofintramolecularattractionsthatparticipateinbothfolding

aproteinandmaintainingitsthree-dimensionalshape.o Distinguishbetweenthefourstructuralhierarchylevelsofproteins.o Explainwhatismeansbydenaturation,andlistfactorsthatcancauseit.

• Chapter3o Describethetowclassesofenergy.o Describechemicalenergyandthevariousformsofkineticenergy.o Listthethreeimportantmoleculeswithinthebodythatfunctionprimarilyinchemical

energy.o Statethefirstlawandsecondlawofthermodynamics.o Explainwhyenergyconversionisalwayslessthan100%.o Explainwhatoccursinachemicalreaction.o Distinguishbetweenreactantsandproducts.o Describethethreeclassificationsofchemicalreactions.o Distinguishbetweencatabolismandanabolism.o Discusstheexchangethattakesplaceinanoxidation-reductionreaction.o ExplainATPcycling.o Definechemicalreactionrate.o Explainactivationenergy.o Describethegeneralfunctionofenzymes.o Describethekeystructuralcomponentsofenzymes.o Identifyplacesinthebodywhereenzymesmaybefound.o Explainthestepsbywhichanenzymecatalyzesareaction.o Describecofactorsandtheirroleinreactions.o Identifythesixmajorclassesofenzymesandthegeneralfunctionsofenzymesineach

class.o Describethenamingconventionsforenzymes.o Definehowenzymeandsubstrateconcentrationaffectreactionrates.o Explaintheeffectoftemperatureonenzymes.o DescribehowpHchangesaffectenzymes.o Describehowcompetitiveandnoncompetitiveinhibitorscontrolenzymeactionso Distinguishbetweenametabolicpathwayandamultienzymecomplex.o Explaintheroleofnegativefeedbackinenzymeregulation.o Identifyandexplaintheprocessesinvolvingphosphatethatcommonlyareusedto

regulateenzymes.o Writetheoverallformulaforglucoseoxidation.o NamethetowpathwaysthatgenerateATP.o Listthefourstagesofglucoseoxidationandwhereeachstageoccurswithinacell.o Summarizethemetabolicpathwayofglycolysis,includingwhereitoccursinacellifit

requiresoxygen,theinitialsubstrateandfinalproduct,andthemoleculesformedduringenergytransfer.

o Explaintheenzymaticreactionoftheintermediatestage,includinga)whereitoccursinacell,b)ifitrequiresoxygen,c)theinitialsubstrateandfinalproduct,andd)themoleculesformedduringenergytransfer.

o DescribetheimportanceofNADHandFADH2inenergytransfer.o Explaintheactionsthattakeplaceintheelectrontransportsystem.o CalculatethenumberofATPmoleculesproducedincellularrespirationifoxygenisnot

availableandifoxygenisavailable.o Explainthefateofpyruvatewhenoxygenisinshortsupply.o DescribetheimpactonATPproductionifthereisinsufficientoxygen.o Describetheentrypointinthemetabolicpathwayofcellularrespirationforbothfatty

acidsandaminoacids.

• Chapter4o Distinguishamonglightmicroscopy,scanningelectronmicroscopy,andtransmission

electronmicroscopy.o Describetherangeinsizeofhumancells.o Identifysomeoftheshapescellsmayexhibit.o Describethethreemainstructuralfeaturesofacell.o Identifythemembrane-boundandnon-membrane-boundorganelles.o Distinguishbetweenorganellesandcellinclusions.o Explainthegeneralfunctionsthatcellsmustperform.o Listthelipidcomponentsoftheplasmamembrane,andexplaintheactionsofeach

component.o Differentiatebetweenthetwotypesofmembraneproteinsbasedupontheirrelative

positionintheplasmamembrane.o Namethesixmajorrolesplayedbymembraneproteins.o Summarizethegeneralconceptofdiffusion.o Distinguishbetweenthecellularprocessesofsimplediffusionandfacilitateddiffusion.o Defineosmosisandosmoticpressure.o Describetherelationshipofosmosisandtonicity.o Compareandcontrastprimaryandsecondaryactivetransport.o Explainthedifferencebetweenexocytosisandendocytosis.o Describetheendocytoticprocessesofphagocytosis,pinocytosis,andreceptor-mediated

endocytosis.o Definearestingmembranepotential.o Describethecellularconditionsthataresignificantforestablishingandmaintaininga

restingmembranepotential.o ExplaintheroleofbothK+andNa+isestablishinganRMP.o DiscusshowNA+/K+pumpsarenecessaryinmaintaininganRMP.o Explainhowcellscommunicatethroughdirectcontact.o Describethethreegeneralmechanismsofresponsetothebindingofaligandwitha

receptor.o Listthemembrane-boundorganellesofatypicalhumancell.o Describethestructureandmainfunction(s)ofeach.o Listthenon-membrane-boundorganellesofatypicalhumancell.o Describethestructureandmainfunction(s)ofeach.o Distinguishbetweenciliaandflagellaintermsofbothstructureandfunction.o Describethestructureandfunctionofmicrovilli.o Compareandcontrastthestructureandfunctionofthethreemajortypesofmembrane

junctions.o Describethenuclearenvelope.o Explainthestructureandfunctionofanucleolus.o DescribetherelationshipofDNA,chromatin,andgenes.o Listtherequiredstructuresfortranscription.o Explainthethreestepsoftranscription.o Listtherequiredstructuresfortranslation.o NamethethreefunctionalformsofRNA,explainwhatismeantbycodon,andidentify

threetypesofcodonsequences.o Describethethreestepsoftranslation.o ExplainwhyDNAisconsideredthecell’scontrolcenter.

o Explainthestructureandfunctionofcentriolesincelldivision.o Describethestructuraldifferencebetweenchromatinandchromosomes,andnote

wheneachispresentinacell.o Summarizethephasesofthecellcycleandtheactivitiesthatoccurineachphase.o Nameandexplainthefourmainstagesofmitosis.o Explainthefunctionofcytokinesis.o Defineapoptosis.o Listtheactionsthatoccurinacellduringapoptosis.

• Chapter5

o Describethecommonfeaturesofepithelialtissue.o Explainthefourfunctionsofepithelialtissues.o Nametheclassesofepitheliabasedoncelllayersandcellshapes.o Giveexamplesofeachtypeofepithelium.o Defineglands.o Distinguishbetweenendocrineandexocrineglands.o Listexocrineglandtypesbasedonbothanatomicformandphysiologicmethodof

secretion.o Describethethreecomponentsofconnectivetissue.o Giveexamplesofresidentcellsandwanderingcellsinconnectivetissueproper.o Namethreetypesofproteinfibersfoundinconnectivetissue.o Identifythreetypesofmoleculesthatmaybefoundingroundsubstance.o Describethefunctionofconnectivetissue.o Compareandcontrastmesenchymeandmucousconnectivetissue.o Distinguishthetypesofconnectivetissueandthelocationswhereeachtypeisfound.o Describethestructureofskeletal,cardiac,andsmoothmuscle.o Comparethefunctionsofeachtypeofmuscleandwhereeachtypeisfound.o Describethestructureofnervoustissue.o Listthefunctionsofnervoustissue.o Defineanorgan.o Explaintherolesofdifferenttissuesinanorgan.o Explainthestructureandfunctionsofmucous,serous,cutaneous,andsynovial

membranes.o Identifythelocationsofthesemembranes.o Explainthestagesoftissuedevelopmentintheembryo.o Describethethreeprimarygermlayersandthetissuestowhichtheygiverise.o Describehowtissuesmaychangeinform,size,ornumberofcells.o Listsomechangesthatoccurintissueswithage.

• Chapter6

o Describethefivelayers(strata)oftheepidermis.o Differentiatebetweenthickskinandthinskin.o Explainwhatcausesdifferencesinskincolor.o Characterizethetwolayersofthedermis.o Explainthesignificanceofcleavagelines.o Describehowdermalbloodvesselsfunctionintemperatureregulation.o Listthefunctionsofthesubcutaneouslayer.o Namewaysinwhichtheintegumentprotectsthebodyandpreventswaterloss.

o Describetheintegument’sinvolvementincalciumandphosphorusutilization.o Describetheintegument’sroleinsecretionandabsorption.o Identifytheimmunecellsthatresideintheintegument,anddescribetheiractions.o Explainhowtheskinhelpscoolthebodyorretainwarmth.o Listthesensationsdetectedbytheskin’ssensoryreceptors.o Describethefunctionofnails.o Listthemaincomponentsofthenail.o Describethestructureofahairandafollicle.o Listthefunctionsofhair.o Differentiatebetweenthetwotypesofsweatglands.o Describethefunctionofsebaceousglands.o Nametwoothermodifiedintegumentaryglands.o Distinguishbetweenregenerationandfibrosis.o Describetheprocessofwoundhealing.o Describehowintegumentdevelopsfromtwogermlayers.o Explainthedevelopmentaloriginsofnails,hair,andglands.o Explainchangestotheskinwithage.o Listfactorsthatcontributetoskinaging.

• Chapter7

o Listthestructuresoftheskeletalsystem.o Compareandcontrastcompactandspongybone.o Identifythetypesandlocationsocartilagewithintheskeletalsystem.o Describethegeneralfunctionsofbone.o Describethefourmajorclassesofbonesasdeterminedbyshape.o Describethestructuralcomponentsofalongbone.o Comparethegrossanatomyofotherbonestothatofalongbone.o Explainthegeneralfunctionofbloodvesselsandnervesthatserveabone.o Compareandcontrastthestructureandlocationofthetwotypesofbonemarrow.o Namethefourtypesofbonecellsandtheirfunctions.o Describethecompositionofbone’smatrix.o Explainbonematrixformationandresorption.o Comparethestructureofcompactboneandspongybone.o Analyzethestructureofhyalinecartilageandthecellsinitsmatrix.o Identifybonesthatareproducedbyintramembranousossification.o Explainthefourmainstepsinintramembranousossification.o Explainthestepsinendochondralossificationofalongbone.o Differentiatebetweenintramembranousossificationandendochondralossification.o Compareandcontrastthefivezonesoftheepiphysealplate,anddescribehowgrowth

inlengthoccursthere.o Describethestepsofappositionalgrowth.o Defineboneremodelingandgiveexamplesofhowitvariesindifferentbonesand

differentportionsofthesamebone.o Explaintheeffectofmechanicalstressonboneremodeling.o Identifythehormonesthatinfluencebonegrowthandboneremodelinganddescribe

theireffects.o ExplaintheactivationofvitaminDtocalcitriol.o Discussthereleaseofparathyroidhormone.

o Explainhowparathyroidhormoneandcalcitriolfunctiontogethertoregulatebloodcalciumlevels.

o Discussthehomeostaticsysteminvolvingthehormonecalcitoninanditseffectonbloodcalciumlevels.

o Describehowageinfluencesbonestructure.o Explainthefourstepsbywhichfracturesheal.

• Chapter8

o Compareandcontrastthecompositionandfunctionsoftheaxialandappendicularskeletons.

o Becomefamiliarwithterminologyforcommonbonemarkings.o Distinguishbetweenthecranialandthefacialbones.o Identifythelocationsofcranialandfacialbonesinvariousviewsoftheskull.o Learnkeybonemarkingsandfeaturesofeachofthebonesinthecranium.o Compareandcontrastthelocationsandcontentsofthreecranialfossae.o Describethelocationsofthesuturesbetweenthecranialbones.o Listthebonesthatformtheorbitalandnasalcomplexes.o Describethelocationandfunctionoftheparanasalsinuses.o Locateandidentifytheauditoryossicles.o Describethestructureandfunctionofthehyoidbone.o Identifythesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenmaleandfemaleskulls.o Comparethestructureoffetal,child,andadultskulls.o Listthefontanellesandtheagesatwhichtheyclose.o Describethefunctionsofthevertebralcolumn.o Listthefivetypesofvertebrae.o Namethefourspinalcurvaturesofanadultvertebralcolumn.o Explainthesequenceofcurvaturedevelopment.o Identifythepartsofatypicalvertebra.o Compareandcontrastthedifferenttypesofvertebrae.o Identifythethreemaincomponentsofthesternumandtheirfeatures.o Describethefeaturesfoundonallribs.o Differentiatebetweentrueribsandfalseribs.o Identifyskeletalfeaturescommontotheupperandlowerlimbs.o Describethefunctionalreasonsfordifferencesbetweentheupperandlowerlimb

skeletons.o Identifyandlocatetheclavicleanditslandmarks.o Describethelandmarksandfeaturesofthescapula.o Describethearticulationsofthehumerus.o Listlandmarksandfeaturesofthehumerus.o Compareandcontrastthefeaturesoftheradiusandtheulna.o Explainhowtheradius,ulna,andhumerusarticulate.o Differentiatebetweensupinationandpronationoftheforearm.o Locateandidentifythecarpalsandmetacarpals.o Describethephalangesandtheirrelativelocations.o Namethethreebonesthatmakeupeachoscoxae.o Describehowtheossacoxaearticulatewitheachfemurandsacrum.o Describelandmarksandfeaturesofanoscoxae.o Differentiatebetweenthetrueandfalsepelves.

o Compareandcontrastthepelvicinletandpelvicoutlet.o Compareandcontrasttheanatomyofmaleandfemalepelves.o Describethechangestotheossacoxaeasapersonages.o Describethearticulationsofthefemur.o Identifykeylandmarksandfeaturesofthefemur.o Describethelocationandfunctionofthepatella.o Describethefeaturesofthetibiaandfibula.o Explainhowthefunctionofthetibiadiffersfromthatofthefibula.o Describehowthetibiaandfibulaarticulate.o Locateandidentifythetarsalsandmetatarsals.o Describethephalangesandtheirrelativelocations.o Describethethreearchesofthefootandtheirfunctions.o Describehowthelimbbudsform.o Compareandcontrastupperandlowerlimbbuddevelopment.

• Chapter9

o Defineajoint.o Comparethestructuralandthefunctionalclassificationofjoints;o Explaintheinverserelationshipbetweenmobilityandstabilitywithinajoint.o Explainthelocationandcharacteristicsofgomphoses.o Describethelocationandfunctionsofsutures.o Listthelocationsofsyndesmoses,anddescribetheirfunction.o Describethelocationsandfunctionsofsynchondroses.o Namethelocationssymphysesandtheirfunctionsintheselocations.o Identifythecharacteristicscommontoallsynovialjoints.o Listthebasicfeaturesofasynovialjoint.o Describethecompositionandfunctionofsynovialfluidinatypicalsynovialjoint.o Explainthemovementofajointwithrespecttothethreeperpendicularaxesofspace.o Compareandcontrastthesixtypesofsynovialjoints.o Describeglidingmotion,andnamejointsinwhichitoccurs.o Describeangularmotion.o Namethespecifictypesofangularmotion.o Giveexamplesofjointsthatexhibitangularmotion.o Explainrotationalmotion,andnamejointsinwhichitoccurs.o Explainwhatismeantbyspecialmovements,andgiveexamplesofjointsatwhichthey

occur.o Devinealever.o Discriminatebetweentheeffortarmandtheresistancearminalever.o Compareandcontrastthethreetypesofleversinthehumanbody.o Describethefeaturesofthetemporomandibularjoint.o ListthemovementsoftheTMJ.o Describethethreeindividualjointsthatmakeuptheshoulderarticulation.o Explainwhytheglenohumeraljointisrelativelyunstable.o Describetheelbowjointanditsmotion.o Explainwhytheelbowjointisrelativelystable.o Describethehipjointanditsmotions.o Explainwhythehipjointismorestablethantheglenohumeraljoint.o Describethekneejointanditsmotion.

o Nametheligamentsthatsupportthekneejoint.o Describethetalucruraljointanditsmotiono Explainhowthethreemajortypesofjointsformintheembryoandfetus.o Describesomeofthecommonage-relatedchangesinjoints.

• Chapter10

o Explainthefivegeneralfunctionsofskeletalmuscle.o Describethefivecharacteristicsofskeletalmuscle.o Identifyanddescribethethreeconnectivetissuelayersassociatedwithaskeletal

muscle.o Describethestructureandfunctionofatendonandanaponeurosis.o Explainthefunctionofbloodvesselsandnervesservingamuscle.o Explainhowaskeletalmusclefiberbecomesmultinucleated.o Describethesarcolemma,T0tubules,sarcoplasmicreticulum,andtriadofaskeletal

musclefiber.o Distinguishbetweenthickandthinfilaments.o Explaintheorganizationofmyofibrils,myofilaments,andsarcomeres.o Listanddescribethestructuresassociatedwithenergyproductionwithinskeletal

musclefibers.o Defineamotorunit,anddescribeitsdistributioninamuscleandwhyitvariesinsize.o Describethethreecomponentsofaneuromuscularjunction.o Describeaskeletalmusclefiberatrest.o ExplaintheeventsthatleadtoreleaseoftheneurotransmitterAchfromamotor

neuron.o Describethestepsinexcitation-contractioncoupling.o Summarizethechangesthatoccurwithinasarcomereduringcontraction.o Discusswhathappenstoeachofthefollowingtoallowforskeletalmusclerelations:

Ach,actionpotential,Ca2+concentrationinsarcoplasm,andtroponin-tropohyosincomplex.

o Explaintherelationshipofskeletalmuscleelasticityandmusclerelaxation.o DescribehowATPismadeavailablewithinskeletalmusclethroughmyosinkinase,

creatinekinase,glycolysis,andaerobiccellularrespiration.o ExplainhowthemeansofsupplyingATPisrelatedtointensityanddurationofexercise.o Defineoxygendebt,andexplainwhyitoccurs.o Explainthetwoprimarycriteriausedtoclassifyskeletalmusclefibertypes.o Compareandcontrastthethreeskeletalmusclefibertypes.o Describethedistributionofskeletalmusclefibertypesinamuscleandhowthis

distributionrelatestothemuscle’sfunction.o Describewhatoccursinaskeletalmuscleduringasingletwitch,andrelateeachevent

toagraphofatwitch.o Explaintheeventsthatoccurinmotorunitrecruitmentastheintensityofstimulationis

increased.o Distinguishbetweenwavesummation,incompletetetany,andtetanythatoccurwithan

increaseinfrequencyofstimulation.o Describemuscletone,andexplainitssignificance.o Distinguishbetweenisometricandisotoniccontractions,andgiveexamplesofboth.o Explainthelength-tensionrelationshipinskeletalmusclecontraction.o Definemusclefatigue,andexplainsomeofitscauses.

o Compareandcontrastthechangesinskeletalmusclethatoccurasaresultofthetwoprimarytypesofexerciseprogramsorfromthelackofexercise.

o Summarizetheeffectsofagingonskeletalmuscle.o Listanddescribethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenskeletalmuscleandcardiac

muscle.o Identifyorgansofvariousbodysystemswheresmoothmuscleislocated.o Comparethemicroscopicanatomyofsmoothmuscletoskeletalmuscle.o Explainthesequenceofstepsinsmoothmusclecontraction.o Brieflyexplainthedifferentmeansofcontrollingsmoothmuscles.o Explaintheprimaryfunctionaldifferencebetweenmultiunitandsingle-unitsmooth

muscle.o Comparethelocationandregulationofbothmultiunitandsingle-unitsmoothmuscle.

• Chapter11

o Compareandcontrastthesuperior(proximal)andinferior(distal)attachmentsofaskeletalmuscle.

o Describeanddifferentiatebetweentheorganizationalpatternsinmusclefascicles.o Differentiatebetweenagonists,antagonists,andsynergists.o Listthesevencharacteristicsofmusclesthatmaycontributetotheirnames.o Giveexamplesofmuscleswhosenamescontainanindicationofaction,specificbody

region,attachments,orientationofmusclefibers,shape,size,andmuscleheads.o Namethemusclesthatmovetheforehead,theskinaroundtheeyes,andthenose,and

describetheiractions.o Listthemusclesthatmovethemouthandcheeksandtheiractions.o Becomefamiliarwiththesixextrinsicmusclesoftheeye,anddescribehoweachaffects

eyemovement.o Namethethreecranianervesthatinnervatetheextrinsiceyemuscles,andidentify

whichmusclestheyactupon.o Describehoweachofthefourmusclesofmasticationaffectsmandibularmovement.o Describetheactionsoftheintrinsicmusclesandthefourpairedextrinsicmusclesofthe

tongue..o Explainwhatfunctionthethreeprimarymusclesofthepharynxaccomplish.o Contrasttheactionsofthefoursuprahyoidmusclesandthefourinfrahyoidmuscles.o Compareandcontrasttheactionsoftheanterolateralneckmusclesandtheposterior

neckmuscles.o Nameanddescribethethreegroupsoferectorspinaemuscles.o Describetheactionsofthetransversospinalisandquadratuslumborummuscles.o Listtheposteriorandanteriorthoracicmusclegroupsinvolvedinrespiration,and

describetheiractions.o Describetheroleofthediaphragminbreathingandinraisingintraabdominalpressure.o Listthefourpairsofabdominalmuscles.o Comparetheactionsoftherectusabdominismusclewiththeobliquemusclesand

transversusabdominis.o Describethefunctionsofthepelvicfloormuscles.o Identifytheboundariesoftheperineumo Compareandcontrasthowtheanteriorandposteriorthoracicmusclesmovethe

pectoralgirdle.o Listthemusclesthatextend,flex,adduct,andabducttheglenohumeraljoint.

o Comparetheactionsofthefourscapularmusclesontherotatorcuff.o Namethemusclesinthearm’santeriorandposteriorcompartments,andcontrasttheir

commonfunctions.o Describethemusclesthatpronateandsupinatetheforearm.o Describethemusclesoftheanteriorcompartmentandtheiractions,andidentifythe

layerinwhicheachresides.o Explaintheactionsofthemusclesoftheposteriorcompartment,andidentifythelayer

inwhicheachresides.o Comparetheactionsofthethreegroupsofintrinsicmusclesofthehand.o Compareandcontrastthefunctionsofthemusclesintheanterior,medial,lateral,and

posteriorcompartmentsofthethigh.o Describetheactionsofthethreeglutealmuscles.o Listthemusclesofthethigh’santeriorcompartmentthatmovethekneejoint.o Describethemusclesofthethighthatflexthekneejoint.o Compareandcontrastthemusclesofthethreecompartmentsofthelegandtheir

actions.o Distinguishbetweenthemusclesofthesuperficiallateranddeeplayeroftheleg’s

posteriorcompartment.o Identifythemusclesofeachgroupandtheiractions.

• Chapter12

o Describethethreegeneralfunctionsofthenervoussystem.o IdentifythestructuralcomponentsincludedintheCNSandthoseinthePNS.o Explainthefunctionalorganizationofthenervoussystem.o Describethestructureofanerve,includingthethreelayersofconnectivetissue

wrappings.o Explainhownervesareclassifiedstructurallyandfunctionally.o Describefivedistinguishingfeaturescommontoallneurons.o Describethethreebasicanatomicfeaturescommontomostneurons.o Identifyanddescribethestructuresuniquetoneurons.o Nameanddescribethefourstructuralcategoriesofneurons.o Identifythethreefunctionalcategoriesofneuronsandwhereeachisprimarilylocated.o Defineasynapse.o Describetheessentialstructuralandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenachemicalsynapse

andanelectricalsynapse.o Listthedistinguishingfeaturesofglialcells.o DescribethestructureandfunctionofthefourtypesofglialcellswithintheCNSandthe

twotypesofglialcellswithinthePNS.o Definemyelination,anddescribethecompositionandfunctionofamyelinsheath.o Distinguishbetweenthemyelinationprocesscarriedoutbyneurolemmocytesinthe

PNSandbyoligodendrocytesintheCNS.o IdentifyfactorsthatinfluenceregenerationofPNS,axons,andexplainwhyaxon

regenerationintheCNSislimited.o DescribetheeventsofWalleriandegenerationandaxonregrowth.o Distinguishbetweenapumpandachannel,anddescribethethreespecificstatesofa

voltage-gatedNA+channel.o Listthechannelsandpumpsthatarelocatedalongtheentireneuron,andidentifythe

generalfunctionofeach.

o Identifyanddescribethefourfunctionalneuronsegments,includingthedistributionofchannelsandpumpsineach.

o Describetheconditionsofaneuronatrest.o Definerestingmembranepotential,andstateitstypicalvalueforneurons.o Explainhowtherestingmembranepotentialisestablishedandmaintainedinneurons.o Definesummation,anddescribethetwotypesofsummationthatcanoccurintheinitial

segment.o Describeandgraphanactionpotential.o Explainpropagationofanactionpotentialinbothunmyelinatedandmyelinatedaxons.o Definerefractoryperiod,andexplainthedifferencebetweentheabsoluterefractory

periodandrelativerefractoryperiodassociatedwithtransmittinganactionpotential.o Describeeventsthatoccurwhenthepropagatedactionpotentialreachesthe

transmissivesegment.o ExplainthegeneralroleofCa2+inneurotransmitterrelease.o Comparegradedpotentialsandactionpotentials.o Describethetwoprimaryfactorsthatinfluencethevelocityofactionpotential

propagation.o Identifythecriteriausedtodistinguishthegroupsofnervefibers.o Describehowactionpotentialsvaryinfrequency.o Identifythefourclassesofneurtransmittersbaseduponchemicstructure.o Describehowneurotransmittersareclassifiedbaseduponfunction.o Describehowacetylcholinefunctionsasaneurotransmitter.o Discussthedifferentmechanismsforremovingneurotransmitterfromthesynaptic

cleft.o Defineneuromodulation,includingitsfunctioninfacilitationandinhibition.o Describehownitricoxideandendocannabinoidsfunctionasneuromodulators.o Identifythefourdifferenttypesofneuronalpools,andexplainhowtheyfunction.

• Chapter13

o Describethegeneralregionsofthebrain.o Describethegeneralprocessofnervoustissuedevelopmentandneurulation.o Providethescientificnamesfortheembryonicforebrain,midbrain,andhindbrain.o Namethefivesecondarybrainvesicles,describetheirembryonicorigins,andlistthe

adultbrainstructuresthatareformedbyeach.o Compareandcontrastthegeneralcomposition,function,anddistributionofgrayand

whitematterthroughouttheCNS.o Compareandcontrastthestructureandlocationsofthethreemeninges,andidentify

thespacesbetweenthemeninges.o Describethefourcranialduralsepta,andgivetheirlocations.o Describetheanatomyandlocationoftheventricles.o Explainthethreefunctionsofcerebrospinalfluid.o Tracethecirculationofcerebrospinalfluid,beginningwithitsoriginandendingwithits

removal.o Describethecomponentsthatformtheblood-brainbarrier.o Explainhowtheblood-brainbarrierprotectsthebrain.o Describetheanatomicstructureoftheleftandrightcerebralhemispheres,andexplain

theirgeneralfunctions.o Identifytheroleofthecorpuscallosum.

o Explainthephysicalboundaries,importantfeatures,andfunctionsofeachcerebrallobe.

o Locateandlistthefunctionsofthemotorcorticalregionsandtheirassociatedareas.o Differentiateamongthesensorycorticalregionsandtheirassociationareas.o Explainthefunctionsoftheprefrontalcortex,andhypothesizewhythisbrainregion

mayfunctiondifferentlyinadultsandteenagers.o DescribethemainactionsoftheWernickearea.o Identifythethreemaintractsofthecentralwhitematter.o Explainthephenomenonofcerebrallateralization.o Identifythefunctionsofleftandrighthemispheresinmostindividuals.o Describetheprimaryfunctionofthecerebralnuclei;identifythefourcerebralnuclei,

andexplainthespecificfunctionofeach.o Listcomponentslocatedintheepithalamus,anddescribetheirfunctions.o Explainhowcircadianrhythmisregulated.o Discusstheactionofthethalamusonsensoryinformation.o Describesevenfunctionsofthehypothalamus.o Listthemajorfeaturesofthemidbrain.o Identifythelocationsandfunctionsofstructuresthatarevisibleinacross-sectional

viewofthemidbrain.o Explaintheinvoluntaryactionsproducedbythesuperiorandinferiorcolliculiofthe

tectalplate.o Identifytherespiratorycenterlocatedinthepons.o Identifytheactionsofthesuperiorolivarycomplex.o Describethemainfeaturesofthemedullaoblongata.o Listtheautonomiccentersofthemedullaandthefunctionofeach.o Namethepartsandlandmarksofthecerebellum.o Identifythethreetractsthroughwhichthebrainstemislinkedtothecerebellum.o Explainthefunctionsofthecerebellum.o Describethemainfunctionsofthelimbicsystem.o Listthesevenstructuresthatcomposethelimbicsystem,andsummarizetheiractions.o Describethecomponentsandfunctionofthereticularformation.o Explaintheanatomyandfunctionofthereticularactivatingsystem(RAS).o Describetherelationshipbetweenageandhigher-orderbrainfunctioning.o Describehowanelectroencephalogramexaminesbrainactivity.o Describethemaincharacteristicsofsleep.o Compareandcontrastnon-REMandREMsleep.o Identifythebrainareasinwhichcognitionoccurs.o Explainhowlesionstodifferentregionsofthecortexaffectcognition.o Compareandcontrastshort-termandlong-termmemory,anddescribethepartsofthe

braininvolvedwitheach.o Namethetworegionsofthelimbicsysteminvolvedinconversionofshort-term

memorytolong-termmemory.o Explaintheinteractionsoftheprefrontalcortexandthelimbicsysteminexpressionof

emotions.o Listthecerebralcentersinvolvedinwrittenspokenlanguage,anddescribehowthese

centersworktogether.o Listthenamesandlocationsofthe12pairsofcranialnerves.o Comparethefunctionsofeachofthecranialnerves.

• Chapter14o Describethetwoprimaryfunctionsofthespinalcordandspinalnerves.o Describethegeneralstructureofthespinalcordanditsfouranatomicsubdivisions.o Discussthenamingofthe31pairsofspinalnerves,andprovideageneraldescriptionof

aspinalnerveanditscomposition.o Explainhowthecaudaequinearisesduringdevelopment.o Discusstherelationshipofthespinalcordandspinalnervestothevertebralcolumn.o Describethelocationsandfunctionsofthespinalcordmeninges,andcompareand

contrastthethreespacesassociatedwiththespinalcordmeninges.o Identifythefouranatomiclocationsofgraymatteroneithersideofthespinalcord.o Describethestructuresthatformeachgraymatterregion.o Tracesensoryinputtothespinalcordandmotoroutputfromthespinalcordo Identifythelocationsofwhitematterwithinthespinalcord.o Listthethreeanatomicdivisionsofthewhitematter,andexplaintheirgeneral

composition.o Describethegeneralcharacteristicsofthegeneralsensereceptors.o Listtheneuronsinthesensorypathwaychain.o Describethethreemajorsomatosensorypathways.o Defineamotorpathway,anddescribeitsactions.o Distinguishbetweenanuppermotorneuronandalowermotorneuron,basedupon

functionandcellbodylocation.o Compareandcontrastthedirectandindirectmotorpathways.o Foreachspinalnerve(exceptC1andCo1),identifytheopeningwherethatnerveexits

fromthevertebralcolumn.o Compareandcontrasttheanteriorandposteriorramiofaspinalnerve.o Defineadermatome,andexplainitsclinicalsignificance.o Defineanerveplexus.o Identifythedistributionoftheintercostalnerves.o Listthenervesofthecervicalplexuses.o Explaintheactionofthephrenicnerve.o Explainthestructureofthebrachialplexus,includingthethreetrunks,twodivisions,

andthreecords.o Describethedistributionofthefivemajornervebranchesthatarisefromthethree

cords.o Identifythespinalnervesthatmakeupthelumbarplexus.o Compareandcontrastthefemoralandobturatornervecompositionanddistribution.o Listthespinalnervesthatformthesacralplexus.o Describethecompositionofthesciaticnerve,andcompareitsbranches.o Describethepropertiesofareflex.o Explainthegeneralfunctionofareflex.o Listthestructuresinvolvedinareflexarc,andthestepsintitsaction.o Explainthefivewaysareflexmaybeclassifiedo Nameanddescribefourcommonspinalreflexes.o Explaintheindicationsofahypoactivereflexversusthoseofahyperactivereflex.o Describehowtheneuraltubeformsthegraymatterstructuresinthespinalcord.

• Chapter15o ListthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheSNSandtheANS.o CompareandcontrastlowermotorneuronsintheSNSandANS.o Describehowthetwo-neuronchainintheANSfacilitatescommunicationandcontrol.o DescribetheCNShierarchythatcontrolstheautonomicnervoussystem.o Describethegeneralfunctionoftheparasympatheticandsympatheticdivisionsofthe

autonomicnervoussystem.o Compareandcontrasttheanatomicdifferencesinthelowermotorneuronsand

associatedgangliaoftheparasympatheticandsympatheticdivisions.o Explainwhyparasympatheticactivationislocaldiscrete,andsympatheticactivationcan

resultinmassactivation.o Namethefourcranialnervesassociatedwiththeparasympatheticdivision,anddescribe

theiractions.o Explaintheactionsofthepelvicsplanchnicnerves.o Givethelocationofthesympatheticpreganglionicneuroncellbodies.o Describetheleftandrightsympathetictrunksandganglia.o Compareandcontrastwhiteandgrayramiregardingtheirlocationandcomposition.o Explainthedifferencesbetweenthesympathetictrunkgangliaandtheprevertebral

ganglia.o Describethefourpathwaysofsympatheticneurons.o Compareandcontrastwhichgeneraleffectororgansareinnervatedbyeachpathway.o Describethestructureandlocationofthefiveautonomicplexuses.o Explainthefunctionandlocationoftheentericnervoussystem(ENS).o IdentifythetargetsofthecholinergicandadrenergicnerutransmittersoftheANS.o Describethetwotypesofcholinergicreceptorsandtheactionofeachwhenthe

neurotransmitteracetylcholinebindstothem.o Listtheneurotransmitterscategorizedascatecholamineso Namethefouradrenergicreceptors,andgivethelocationofeach.o Discussthenatureofautonomictoneanditseffects.o Explaindualinnervation.o Describetheantagonisticandcooperativeeffectsofdualinnervation.o Describethesystemsinnervatedonlybythesympathetic,divisionandhowthey

function.o Discusshowautonomicreflexeshelpmaintainhomeostasis.o Describesomemajorexamplesofautonomicreflexes.

• Chapter16

o Describethegeneralfunctionofsensoryreceptorsastransducers.o Describethegeneralstructureofasensoryreceptor,andexplainthesignificanceofa

receptivefield.o Defineasensation.o Explainthevariouscharacteristicsofastimulusthatsensoryreceptorsprovidetothe

CNS.o Identifyanddescribethethreecriteriausedtoclassifyreceptors.o Classifythevarioustypesofsensoryreceptorsbaseduponeachofthethreecriteria.o Compareandcontrastunencapsulatedandencapsulatedtactilereceptors.o Definereferredpain,andexplainitssignificanceindiagnosis.o Namethecomponentsoftheolfactoryreceptors,anddiscusstheirmodeofaction.

o Describetheolfactorypathwaysthatrelaysensoryinputtothebrain.o Describethestructureandfunctionofpapillaeofthetongue.o Discussthestructureandlocationofgustatoryreceptors,anddescribethegustatory

pathwaysthatrelaysensoryinputtothebrain.o Describethefivetypesoftastes,andexplaintheassociationofsmellwithtaste.o Describetheaccessorystructuresoftheeye,andlisttheirfunctions.o Describethestructuresoftheeye.o Describerefractionoflight.o Discusshowlightisfocusedontheretina.o Definephototransduction.o Compareandcontrastthetwogeneraltypesofphotoreceptors,includingtheir

photopigments.o Explainthebleachingreactionandhowitrelatestodarkadaptationandlight

adaptation.o Describethevisualpathwayfromthephoreceptorstothebrain.o Explainhowstereoscopicvisionprovidesdepthperception.o Describethestructuresoftheouter,middle,andinnerear.o Nametheauditoryossicles,andexplainhowtheyfunctioninhearing.o Compareandcontrastthebonylabyrinthandthemembranouslabyrinth.o Explainthecomponentsofthecochleaandhowtheyfunctioninthesenseofhearing.o Tracethepathofasoundwavefromoutsidetheeartostimulationofthe

vestibulocochlearnerve.o Distinguishbetweenfrequencyandintensityofsound.o Describethestructuresofheinnerearinvolvedinequilibrium.o Explainhowtheutricleandsacculedetectstaticequilibriumandlinearmovementsof

thehead,andexplainhowthesemicircularductsfunctiontodetectrotationalmovementsofthehead.

o Summarizethenervepathwaysinvolvedinequilibrium.