HSE Process

8/9/2019 HSE Process

1/142

Basic HSE Process


2/142

Contents

Aims and objectives

Introduction to HSE Value

Major Disaster

HSE Management system (ILO)

Human FactorRisk Assessment

Accident Causation and investigation

Fire and Explosion Basics


3/142


4/142

Aims

To understand:

The requirements of Health and Safety Management Systems

The human factors that must be taken into account to

achieve a safe and health work environment

Risk assessment concepts for major hazards

Accidents and near misses causation and analysis to prevent

recurrence

The fire, explosion basics and the technology of fire and

explosion.


5/142

Introduction to HSE

Importance

Introduction to HSE

Importance


6/142

Introduction

What is Health and Safety?

◦ Health

Absence of disease

Physical and mental elements related to safety andhygiene at work

◦ Safety “Freedom from unacceptable risk”


7/142

Introduction

Welfare

◦ “Looking after people’s basic needs’”

Environmental Protection

◦ “The surroundings in which an organisation

operates, including air, water, land, natural

resources, human and their relationships”


8/142

Types of Accidents and Ill-health

Safety accidents include Occupational ill-health cases include

• Falls from height: death, brokenbones

• Slips trips falls: sprains, broken

bones

• Struck by vehicles: death, crush

injuries

• Struck by an object: crush injuries

• Electrical: burns, heart problems

• Crushed by a moving part of a

machine: broken bones, amputation

• Fire and explosions: burns,

asphyxiation and blast injuries

• Incorrect manual handling: backinjuries

• Exposure to chemicals: cancers

• Repeated assembly work: repetitive

strain injuries

•

Exposure to glass or sand dust:silicosis

• Working with hand held tools:

vibration white finger

• Exposure to asbestos dust / fibres:

asbestosis

• Exposure to dusts or chemicals:

asthma


9/142

Causes of Accidents and Ill-health

Safety Health

• Tends to affect individuals by contact

with the hazard

• Affects people by exposure to the

hazard

• Often an obvious danger • Often ‘hidden’ danger

• The results of an accident are

immediate

• Ill-health often builds up slowly

• Foreseeable or known ‘loss’ • ‘Loss’ is often difficult to assess

• Knowledge since the ‘industrial

revolution’

• Understanding lags behind, e.g. what

triggers an allergic reaction to some

substances

• Hardware or safe place solutions are

usually available, e.g. guarding,

protection of electrical systems

• Often rely on software or

behavioural safe person solutions,

e.g. use of personal protection, safe

systems of work


10/142

Why Manage Health and Safety?

Moral Reasonsoral Reasons

Legal Reasonsegal Reasons Financialinancial


11/142

1. Moral

Workplace Injuries

◦ Company work related LTI’s and injuriesstatistics

Work-related diseases

◦ Company records for illness

Graph for statistics


12/142

2. Legal

Law:

◦ “ a r u l e o f h u m a n b e h a v i o u r , c a r r y o u t u p o n a n d

r e q u i r e d b e t w e e n t h e m e m b e r s o f a g iv e n s t a t e”


13/142

3. Financial

Cost of accidents and ill-health

Insurance does not cover all losses suffered

◦ Insurance policies for employees:

–Workers’ Compensation, Employers’ Liability

◦ Other policies:–Fire, business interruption, Public Liability,

Product Liability


14/142

3. Financial

Uninsured or ‘hidden’ cost of failure:

◦ Lost time◦ Extra pay, overtime, temporary workers◦ Sick pay◦ Fines◦ Legal costs◦ Excess on any claim

◦ Damage or loss of product or services◦ Site cleaning◦ Investigation time◦ Plant and equipment repair◦ Delays◦ Loss of contracts

◦ Increased insurance premiums◦ Loss of business reputation

£1

£8 - £36

UK estimate (HSE)


15/142

Basic Aspect of Our Business

ProductionProduction

QualityQuality

CostCost

Employee

Relations

Employee

Relations

SafetySafety

Business

Success

Business

Success


16/142

Major DisasterMajor Disaster


17/142

Piper Alpha

• Summery

– The Piper Alpha was a North Sea oil production platform.

– Was operated by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd.

– 167 men died when an explosion and resulting fire destroyed it on July 6th, 1988.

• Video


18/142


19/142

HSE Management System

(ILO)

HSE Management System

(ILO)


20/142

H&S ManagementSystems

Value

◦ Align business and health and safety objectives

◦ Management framework

◦ Policies, procedures and objectives◦ Continuous improvement

◦ Auditable baseline


21/142

ILO-OSH, 2001 (ILO)

Policy

Organising

Planning and

Implementation

Evaluation

Action forimprovement

Policy

Organising

Planning &

implementationEvaluation

Action for

improvement

Audit

Continualimprovement

Continual

improvement


22/142

1. Policy

Business plan for safety

◦ Health and safety aims

◦ Health and safetyobjectives

◦ Management commitment


23/142

2. Organising

Promoting a positive culture

◦ Competence

–Recruitment, knowledge, ability training,experience, qualifications

◦ Commitment and control

–Allocating responsibility and accountability–Securing commitment

–Information, training instruction andsupervision (ITIS)

◦ Co-operation

–Internal and external

◦ Communication

–Oral, written, visible


24/142

3. Planning and Implementation

Set targets

Identify hazards, assess andcontrol risks

Standard setting and monitoring

Legal compliance Safe systems of work

Purchase policy

Control of contractors

Emergency procedures


25/142

4. Evaluation

Measuring performance

• Active monitoring

• Reactive monitoring


26/142

5. Action for Improvement

Learn from experience

• Audit

• Performance review

Active and reactivemonitoring

Benchmarking

Achievement of objectives

Continual improvement


27/142

StandardsStandards

PlanningPlanning

ExecutionExecutionMeasureMeasure

EvaluateEvaluate

PeoplePeople

ES&H is

Value

ES&H is

Value Leadership

Commitment

Belief


28/142

Human FactorsHuman Factors


29/142

Health and Safety Culture

“The product of individual and group values,

attitudes, competencies and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to,

and the style and proficiency of , an

organisation's health and safety programmes.

Organisations with a positive safety culture arecharacterised by communications founded on

mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the

importance of safety, and by confidence in the

efficiency of preventive measures”


30/142

Positive Health and Safety Culture

Positive outputs

Increased

levels of compliance

staff morale

Reduced

staff complaints

staff turnover

absenteeism

sickness and accident rates


31/142

Negative Health and Safety Culture

Promoted by:

Poor example of behaviour set by management

Poor management decision-making

Inadequate supervision Poor working conditions


32/142

Why do we need to

understand (safety)

culture?

Why do we need to

understand (safety)

culture?


33/142

Traditional Management Approach

(Different Safety Cultures’ Styles)

SWAMP (Safety Without Any Management Process)

NORM (Naturally Occurring R eactive Management)

World Class Safety Culture


34/142

SWAMP(Safety Without Any Management Process)

Safety Responsibility: Not recognized - rejected

Accidents are accepted - a fluke Autocratic style

Task oriented - production comprised

Planning minimal - reactive short term

Communications - fear based

Make do/make fit approaches

Minimal employee involvement

Adversarial

Management Characteristics

Organizational Impacts

High Excessive Poor Statutory

Insurance Losses Employee Ignorance

Cost Relations


35/142

NORM(Naturally Occurring Reactive Management)

Safety Responsibility: Not understood by staff Perceived: “A cost” driven by regulatory compliance

Accidents excused away/fault based

Recognizes problem - can’t solve

Is not quite sold - go half way (what’seasy)

Highly visibility - many labels - littleresults

Significant line/staff authority conflicts

Programs/campaigns short lived

Results (only) measured

Line accountability lacking

Employees lead “the actions” - see thecredibility gap - “do nothing”

Blood Symptoms Committees Quick-fix

Cycles (Basic Causes) Programs




36/142

World Class

Safety Responsibility: Owned and led by all employees at all levels

Perceived: “Good Business” - (a value)

Accidents are “intolerable”/prevented

Safety is management effectiveness

Long-term planning

Responsibilities/expectations clearlydefined

No “instant pudding” approaches

Employee centered/gain sharing

Communications - informal, open,and encouraged

Efforts measured and responded to

Zero Progressive “Walking

Accidents Employee the Talk”

Concept/Reality Involvement




37/142

Evaluate this projects safety culture

Swamp Norm World-Class

A. Explain Reason for your rating:

______________________________________________________ ____

______________________________________________________

____

B. In your opinion what will it take to make your portionof the project World-Class?

______________________________________________________ ____

Safety Culture Assessment


38/142

Health and Safety Performance

1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s

Technicalimprovements

(Hardware)

Process andprocedural safety

(Software)

Human factors


39/142

The History of Safety

N u m b e r & S e v e r i t

y o f I n j u r i e s No Formal InterestNo Formal Interest

Human Factor Era (BBS)Human Factor Era (BBS)

Time

Preventive Era (Process Based)Preventive Era (Process Based)

Reactive Era (Incident Based)Reactive Era (Incident Based)


40/142

Behaviour:

Any act can be seen

An unsafe Act (At risk Behaviour):

An act that contravenes accepted safe practice or procedure

that could result in injury either to the person doing the task

or to others

An unsafe Condition:

An unacceptable physical state (caused by an unsafe act)

that could result in injury

Definition of Terms


41/142

Cause of injuries


42/142

TITANIC1913

Iceberg Theory

Unsafe

Behaviors

Fatality

LTI’s

Med. Case

First Aid


43/142

Unsafe Behaviour

Near Miss

Minor Injury

Serious Injury

Fatality

Incident triangle


44/142

1

10

30

600

24,000

Relationship Triangle

Fatality

Serious Injuries

Minor Injuries

Near Miss

Unsafe Behaviours


45/142

98% of all Accidentsare due to

Unsafe Behavior

Safe Work PracticesSafe Work Practices

Accidents

Melt the Iceberg!


46/142

Factors Influence Behaviour

Behaviour are Influenced by the:

◦ Organisation

◦ Job

◦ Individual


47/142

The Organisation

Organisational factors have thegreatest influence on individual andgroup behaviour

◦ Planning

◦ Organising

◦ Control

◦ Monitoring

◦ Review and Audit


48/142

The Organisation

External influences

◦ Societal expectations

◦ Political priorities

◦ Legislation and enforcement

◦ National / international agencies (Labour Office,

OSHA, ILO)

◦ Pressure groups

◦ Insurers

◦ Worker Unions

◦ Stakeholders

◦ Economic conditions


49/142

The Job

Physical match

◦ Work equipment, work method and workplace

Psychological match◦ Individual capabilities


50/142

The Job

Ergonomics

◦ Interaction of humans with their:

– work equipment, work environment and work method


51/142

The Job

Extent of decision making

Procedures, information and instructions

Working environment

Maintenance

Working time


52/142

The Individual

Physical characteristics

Psychological attributes

Social and cultural differences


53/142

The Individual - Attitude

Attitude

◦ The way an individual believes they will respondin a given situation

behaviour often conflicts with attitude


54/142

The Individual - Perception

Perception

◦ The way in which aperson interpretssensory information


55/142


Ri k P i f


56/142

Risk Perception of getting Injured

O

100

( t )time


57/142

The Source of Injuriesat Worksites

Perception

Failure AccidentsOnly &Always Only &AlwaysUnsafeActs


58/142


Affected by:◦ Sensory defects

◦ Mental processing

◦ Hazard nature

◦ Previous experience

◦ Being in control◦ Training

◦ Peer group influence

◦ Confidence in others

◦ Personal characteristics

Managed by:◦ Increasing awareness of

hazards

◦ Involving people

◦ Identification of poorbehaviour

◦ Improving the workingenvironment


59/142

The Individual

Motivation

◦ The force which stimulates anindividual to do something

people are motivated by theirperceived wants and needs


60/142

ABC Model

Activatorsctivators

C

onsequencesonsequences

B

ehaviour

Direct

Motivate

We Understand Behaviour


61/142

We Understand BehaviourBy Looking at Activators andConsequences

Activators

: Safety Meetings Goal settingRules and Regulations Pledge signingPolicies and Procedure IncentivesDirective Feedback SignsTraining Modelling

Behaviors : Driving the speed limitPutting on PPELocking out powerUsing equipment guardsGiving a safety talkCleaning up spillsCoaching others about safe work practices

Consequences :Self-approval Reprimand

Peer approval Penalty

Feedback InjuryPrize InconvenienceThank-you Time savings

Safety is


62/142

Safety isThe Continuous Fight

with Human Nature

Unsafe behaviours are often …◦ more comfortable

◦ more convenient

◦ more time-efficient

… than safe behaviours.

• Unsafe behaviours rarely result in …– an injury

– disciplinary action

… or anything to discourage the

behaviours.


63/142

The Individual – UnsafeBehaviour

Lack of motivation

Unrealistic procedures

Management commitment

Over-familiarity with tasks

Boredom

Peer group pressure

Wilful disregard

Ineffective supervision

Fatigue / stress

Lack of information, training, etc.

Job insecurity


64/142


65/142

Reducing Human Failure

Skilled, competent workers

Well, motivated employees

Clear role and responsibilities

Adequate supervision

Clear information and instruction

Drugs and alcohol prevention policy

Good environmental conditions

Avoiding monotonous work


66/142

Human Behaviour

Influence of peers

Promoting safe behaviour

◦ Discipline

◦ Reward

◦ Inform◦ Facilitate

◦ Train

◦ Involving employees


67/142

INDIVIDUALCompetence, Skills

Personality, experience

Attitudes

Risk Perception

INDIVIDUALCompetence, Skills

Personality, experience

Attitudes

Risk Perception

Provide Training

Better Selection

Health monitoring

Coaching

etc

THE JOBTask, Workload

Environment,

Display & Controls

Procedures

THE JOBTask, Workload

Environment,

Display & Controls

Procedures

Improve workplace

layout

Reduce Noise

Improve Lighting

Provide proper

tools

ORGANISATIONCulture, Leadership

Resources

Work Patterns

Communications

ORGANISATIONCulture, Leadership

Resources

Work Patterns

Communications

Improve Safety

Culture via

demonstrable Safety

Leadership

HSEMS

Implementation

Look at the Big Picture !


68/142

Section 6

Risk Assessment

Section 6

Risk Assessment


69/142

Introduction

Risk assessment is a qualitative method of assessing therisks associated with a particular job, activity or taskin order

to identify the control and contingency measures thatshould be taken to manage the risks.


70/142

Definitions

ALARP

As Low As reasonably Practicable (ALARP), is determined

when it can be shown that no more measures can reasonably

be taken in order to reduce the risks further.

Hazard

A hazard is an article, substance or situation that has the

potential to cause harm. This can include materials,

machines, methods of work and other aspects of work

organization.

Risk

A risk is the likelihood that the harm from a particular hazard

will be realized. The product of this likelihood and the severityof the outcome determine the magnitude of risk.

A L A R bl


71/142

As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)

Unacceptable region

Broadly acceptable region

(No need for detailed working to

demonstrate ALARP)

ALARP or tolerability

region (Risk undertakenonly if benefit desired)

Risk can not be justified

except in extraordinary

circumstances

Tolerable only if risk reduction is

impracticable or its cost is

grossly disproportionate to the

improvement gained

Tolerable if cost of reduction

would exceed the improvement

gained

Necessary to maintain

assurances that risk remains atthis level

Negligible risk


72/142

Definitions

Risk =Likelihood (Probability) X Consequence

(Severity)

Likelihood (Probability)Is the description of how often an event will occur.

Usually based on historical data and statistics.

Consequence (Severity)

Is a description of how bad and how severe the eventmight be.

Risk Assessment


73/142

Risk AssessmentProcess

Five essential steps

Step 1 - Look for the Hazards

Step 2 - Decide who may be harmed and how

Step 3 - Evaluate the risks arising from the hazards

Step 4 - Record

Step 5 - Monitor and Review

Step 1


74/142

Step 1

Look for the Hazards

Look for what could reasonably be expectedto cause harm.

Ignore the trivial and concentrate only onsignificant hazards, considering:

the equipment and materials being used and

the environment where the work is being carriedout.

Manufacturer instructions or material data

sheets can also help you.

St 2


75/142

Step 2

Decide who may be harmed

Think about people who may not be at the work place atthe time, e.g. cleaner, visitors, contractors, and

members of the public, etc. Is there any chance that they might be harmed by your

activities?

Step 3


76/142

p

Evaluate the risksarising from the hazards

Risks reduction hierarchy: (ERICPD) Eliminate the hazard to remove the risk; e.g. use of intrinsically safe electrical equipment in a classified

area (elimination of sparks, which are ignition sources).

Reduce or substitute the hazard with an alternative; e.g. use of sodium hypochlorite solution in stead of free chlorine

gas for disinfection purposes.

Isolate the hazard from people; e.g. fencing of excavations.

Control the hazard by introducing suitable measures; e.g. Permit-to-Work system.

Personal protective equipment; e.g. use of safety harness when working at height.

Discipline - personal discipline which is competencebased (e.g. well trained staff) and organizational discipline which is rule

based (e.g. adherence to work procedures).

Step 4


77/142

Step 4

Record

Record the findings, write down the more significanthazards e.g. above ground power cables.

Step 5


78/142

Step 5

Monitor and Review

Review your assessment from time to time and reviseif necessary.

If there is any significant change, you should add to

the assessment to take account of the new hazards.


79/142

Severity

Slight Injury

First Aid

Minor/

Serious Injury

Major/

Lost Time

> 3 days

Single Fatality

/Permanent

Disability

Multiple

Fatalities

Likelihood 2 4 6 8 10

Certain 10 20 40 60 80 100

Very Likely 8 16 32 48 64 80

Likely 6 12 24 36 48 60

May Happen 4 8 16 24 32 40

Unlikely 2 4 8 12 16 20

The matrix shown can provide a breakdown of the Risk into categories:-

Risk Evaluation

Ri k E l ti


80/142

201612842Unlikely

4032241684May Happen

60483624126Likely

80644832168Very Likely

1008060402010Certain

108642Likelihood

Multiple

Fatalities

Single Fatality

/Permanent

Disability

Major/

Lost Time

> 3 days

Minor/

Serious Injury

Slight Injury

First Aid

Severity

201612842Unlikely

4032241684May Happen

60483624126Likely

80644832168Very Likely

1008060402010Certain

108642Likelihood

Multiple

Fatalities

Single Fatality

/Permanent

Disability

Major/

Lost Time

> 3 days

Minor/

Serious Injury

Slight Injury

First Aid

Severity

4 - 8

12 - 24

32 - 48

60 - 100

Trivial Risk; No further improvements. Necessary control measures are provided and maintained.

Adequately Controlled Risk; Risk is tolerable when control measures are implemented.

Moderately Controlled Risk; Further Risk Reduction Measures should be considered.

Intolerable Risk; Seek specialist advice / support.

Risk Evaluation


81/142

Section 7

Accident causation and

Investigation

Section 7

Accident causation and

Investigation

Wh I i ?


82/142

Why Investigate?

Prevent future accidents

Demonstrate concern

Identify management system weaknesses

Prevent business loss

Best practice compliance

Collate data and establish trends

Defend civil claims

Defend a criminal case

D fi iti


83/142

Definitions

Accident

“ An unplanned, unwanted event whichresults in loss”

Incident / near-miss

“ An unplanned, unwanted event that hasthe potential to result in loss”

Occupational ill-health

Any acute or chronic ill-health (disease)caused by physical, chemical, biological,ergonomic or psychological hazards

D i Th


84/142

E

DCB

A

A = Root causes - Lack of management control

B = Basic causes - Individual and job factorsC = Immediate causes - Unsafe acts and conditionsD = AccidentE = Loss

Domino Theory

Active And Latent


85/142

Active And LatentFailures

Active

Failures

Controls

SupervisionRoles & ResponsibilitiesDesignCommunication / Info.Risk Assessment

Procedures / methodsTrainingEquipmentInspection / maintenanceAudit

Skil ls based

behaviour

Wilful violationErrorAt-risk behaviour

Guards

PPE

Rules

Methods

etc

Local management

create these Then it only takes oneof these...

IncidentLatent

failures

Decisions

OrganisationStaffingBudgetTiming

Work FlowDesignPriority conflicts

The Swiss cheese model of


86/142

accident causation

Some holes dueto active failures

Other holes due tolatent conditions

(resident ‘pathogens’)

Hazards

Losses

Managementdecisions

Latentfailures

Activefailures

How and why defences


87/142

yfail?

Unsafe acts

Local workplace factors

Organisational factors

Hazards

Defences/ Barriers/ Controls

Latentconditionpathways

Causes

Investigation

HOW?

WHY?

Losses

Accident Categories /


88/142

Accident Categories /Types

Slips / trips / falls onsame level

Falls from height

Falling objects

Collision with objects

Trapping / crushing

Manual handling

Machinery contact

Electricity

Transport

Chemical contact

Asphyxiation /drowning

Fire and explosion

Animals

Violence

Actions Following An


89/142

Actions Following AnIncident

Emergency response

Initial report

Initial assessment and investigation

Gather information

Accident Investigation


90/142


What should be investigated?

Do not only consider severity of loss

Also consider the potentialconsequences and likelihood of recurrence



91/142


Four steps

1. Gather the information

2. Analyse the information3. Identify the risk control measures

4. Take action



92/142


1. Gather the information Questionnaire

Interviews

Documents, Records



93/142


2. Analyse the information Determine:

The type of accident

The immediate causes (unsafe actsand conditions)

The basic causes (individual and jobfactors)

The root causes (lack of managementcontrol



94/142


3. Identify the risk control measures Measures which eliminate risk

Measures which combat risks at source

Measures that minimise the risk byrelying on human behaviour



95/142


4. Take action Action plan

Apply control measures

Investigation report

Records Review

Risk Assessment. Were the risks identifiedbefore the accident?

Risk control. Why did management systemsfail?

How effective were the emergencyprocedures?


96/142

Section 9

Fire and Explosion

Basics

Section 9

Fire and Explosion

Basics


97/142

Introductionntroduction

• Fire kills over 1.000 people every year and injuries many more.

• Fire destroys jobs and property and costs millions of pounds in

the payment of insurance claims .• Every fire, no matter how large the end result, starts from small

beginnings,

But certain fundamentals are common to every incident.

Knowledge of these will help to prevent or control a fire.

Fire and ExplosionFire and Explosion


98/142

TechnologyTechnology

To understand how to avoid creating the conditionsleading to a fire or explosion, it will help if we

explore how these chemical reactions take place atthe molecular level.

For a Fire or Explosion to occur, molecules of fuel andoxidizer must meet and electrons must be changed

A fuel is any substance that can donate electron to theoxidizer, which is any substance that can accept thedonated electron.

This reaction releases heat and is self-sustaining.



99/142


To have these electrons exchanged, there must be amotive force to push molecules sufficiently close for thereaction (exchange of electrons)

This motive force is called the “Activation energy” .

In case of the fire or explosion reaction, the activationenergy is called the “Source of Ignition”



100/142


Once the fuel and oxidizer meet and react, they form newcompound, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide, andalso release great amount of heat.

This energy is greater than the amount needed for initialreaction.

That excess energy is then available to cause the nextmolecules in line to come together to react.

This continues in what is known as “chain reaction”.

Chain reaction will not stop until either fuel or oxidizer isused up, or something else is put into the mix that siphons

off the energy until there is too little lift to initiate any morereaction.



101/142


The difference between the reaction we call a fire and onewe call an explosion is the speed at which the reaction frontmoves through the mixture of fuel and oxidizer molecules.

Fire moves at subsonic speed, while the explosion flame frontmoves at supersonic speed.

Some times is five to six times the sound speed

”The sound speed is 1220 km/H or 339 m/sec”

The relationship of the elements needed for a fire or an

explosion is most often represented by the Fire Triangle


102/142

Chemistry Of Combustionhemistry Of Combustion

Atomic structure

Combustion of Methane

CH 4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H 2O - 890kJ


103/142

Fire Triangleire Triangle

• Oxidizer A substance that will accept an electron from a fuelmolecule as part of chain reaction called fire orexplosion.Oxygen is typically an oxidizer, either in theatmosphere or introduced by oxyacetylene set.

• Fuel Any substance that can donate an electron to anoxidizer. In practical terms, any material that can burn.

• Ignition source Any source of energy capable to of

producing an incendiary spark, heat, or flame.


104/142

Heat Sourceseat Sources

To reach ignitionTemperature

Open flame – The Sun - Hotsurfaces - Sparks and Arcs

Friction – Chemical ActionElectrical Energy -

Compression of Gases

Fire Triangleire Triangle

xygen Sourcesxygen Sources

Approximately 16%required

Normal air contain 21% O2.

Some fuel material materialcontain sufficient oxygen

within their make-up tosupport burning

Solidsolids

Coal – Wood – Paper – Cloth – Wax –Grease – Plastic –

Surge – Grain – Hay – Cork, and Others

Gasesases

Natural Gas –Propane – Butane –

Hydrogen – Acetylene Carbon

Monoxide, andOthers

Liquidsiquids

Gasoline – Kerosene – Turpentine –

Alcohol – Paint – Varnish – Benzene –Olive oil, and Others

Fuel Physical State

Fire


105/142

• Flash Point The temperature to which a combustible orflammable liquid must be raised so that enough vapor formsabove the surface of the liquid to enter the flammablerange. A liquid below its flash point temperature does not

produce enough vapor to burn.• Note: This concept does not apply when the liquid is

atomized into a fine mist, such as when in an airliner crashesor paint solvent is applied using a sprayer, creating a mist.Liquids at temperatures below their flash point can igniteunder such circumstances.

Flash Pointlash Point


106/142

Fire point

• The minimum temperature where sufficient flammablevapour is produced to support continuous combustiononce ignited by an outside source of heat

Auto-ignition

• The temperature where a flammable vapour will ignitewithout an external source of ignition

Definitionsefinitions


107/142

• Combustible Refers to material with a flash pointat or above 100 F ( 37.8 C.)

• Flammable A material with a flash point less than

100 F ( 37.8 C.)

• Flammable Range The range of ratios of fuel tooxidizer in a mix that can be ignited by an energysource; between LFL and UFL. A concentration of fuel vapor or gas outside of this range will not burnor explode.

Definitionsefinitions


108/142

0% 100%

Flammable Rangelammable Range

LFLLFL UFLUFL

1.4% 7.6%

Too reach

Too lean

Flammable Range

(Percent Gasoline Fuel Vapor)


109/142

100%

Oxygen

100%

Fuel

0%

Oxygen

0%

Fuel

UFLUFL

LFLLFL

Flash pointFlash point

F u e l /

A i r c o n

c e n t r a t i o n

F u e l /

A i r c o n

c e n t r a t i o n

Temperature oCTemperature oC

Auto-ignitionAuto-ignition

Flammable Rangelammable Range

Flammable range


110/142


111/142

Fire Spreadire Spread

1.

Direct contact

2. Conduction


112/142


3. Convection

4. Radiation


113/142


Open burning fires Enclosed fires


114/142


Enclosed fires

• Thermal layering

• Flash-over

• Back draught

Fire damage

Explosionxplosion


115/142

Deflagration

• Subsonic velocity

• Relatively slow pressure build up

• Fireball

Detonation

• Supersonic velocity• Rapid pressure build up

• Destructive

Explosionxplosion


116/142

Classification

• Physical explosions

• Chemical explosions

• Escape of flammable fluids• Electrical explosions

Explosionxplosion


117/142

AtmosphericPressure

AtmosphericPressure

PressurePressure

Over Pressure Zone

Under Pressure

Zone

TimeTime

MEPMEP

Explosionxplosion


118/142

Explosive limits

• LEL• UEL

BLEVELEVE


119/142

Overpressure caused by external

fire

• Worst case flame impinging onvapour space

Relief valve operates liberating

fuel

• Containment fails as internaltemperature rises above criticaltemperature

• Results in secondary explosion andfireball (radiation hazard),fragmentation and blast pressurewave (destructive)


120/142

Flash Fireslash Fires


121/142

Fire in premixed region

Rapid flame propagation

Thermal radiation

Flame decay

Pool Firesool Fires


122/142

Ignition of evaporatingliquid

Heat produced causesliberation of vapour and

steady burning Less dangerous to human

life than flash fires

Structural and equipment

damage

Pool Firesool Fires


123/142

Sources

• Spillage

Onto water

Onto land

Into a bund

Pool Firesool Fires


124/142

Sources

• Tanks which have losttheir roof after an

explosion

Pool Firesool Fires


125/142

Duration

• Depends on depth of fuel

Thermal energy release

• Incomplete combustion(smoke)

• (W/m3)

Fireballireball


126/142

A fire that risesinto the air as aball or sphere

Jet Fireset Fires


127/142

Pressurised release of flammable liquid or gas

Gravity release frompunctured vessel or pipe

Jet Fireset Fires


128/142

Produces a long flame

Diffusion flame

• fuel and air not initially mixed

Liquid ‘rain’ causes pool fire Flame length proportional to flow rate

• A pressurised release of 8 kg/s wouldhave a length of 35 m

Fire Hazards To Plantire Hazards To Plant


129/142

Radiation Smoke (products of

combustion)

Loss of mechanical

strength• Tanks, pipework,

supporting structures,Building may fail

Fire Hazards To Plantire Hazards To Plant


130/142

Bunds• Confines and limits areaof spillage

• Reduces

Pool size, therefore surface

area for evaporation Extent of flammable cloud

Probability of ignition


131/142

Natural Gas, IntroductionNatural Gas, Introduction


132/142

What is Natural Gas?

Natural gas is a highly efficient form of energy.

It's a colorless, odorless gas that is lighter thanair.

Its most abundant component is methane (about95% by volume.) The remaining 5% consists of ethane, nitrogen, propane, other heavierhydrocarbons, and trace contaminants such as sulfurcompounds and water.

and Overviewand Overview

Natural Gas, IntroductionNatural Gas, Introduction


133/142

Natural gas facts

Natural gas is lighter than air, it dissipates quickly inwell-ventilated areas – unless it becomes trapped in an

enclosed space.Given the right concentrations of natural gas and air, natural

gas can ignite from sparks from electrical switches or

appliances and from open flames such as matches,cigarettesand hot works. Fire or explosions can result.

Natural gas is not poisonous, but it can causeunconsciousness in high concentrations when it displaces air.

Natural gas is odorless

and Overviewand Overview

Natural Gas Hazardsatural Gas Hazards


134/142

Health Hazard

Eye and Skin Contact; It is documented that is notan eye or skin irritant.

Inhalation (Breathing); Asphyxiant – High

concentration may limit oxygen available for breathing.

Signs and Symptoms; Drowsiness, Confusion,Visual disturbance, Vomiting, Unconsciousness, and canlead to Death.

Natural Gas Hazardsatural Gas Hazards


135/142

Fire Explosion Hazard

Flammable gas;Can cause flash fire;Keep away from Heat, Sparks, Flames, or other

lit sources; e.g Static electricity,Hot work operation,cigarettes, mobile phone and mechanical/electrical

equipment.

Vapors may travel considerable distance;Has the potential to create vapor/air explosion

hazard (indoor and out door)Closed containers, like pipes, exposed to

extreme heat can rupture due to pressure build up

Control Measuresontrol Measures


136/142

Risk control:• Maintain high levels of inherent safety

• Manage hazards effectively during production andmaintenance activities

Objectives:

• Minimise the likelihood of hazard release events(inventory control)

• Minimise the risk of fires and explosions occurring(ignition source control)

Control Measuresontrol Measures


137/142

Safe operating procedures

Maintenance activities

Reduce potential hydrocarbon leak sources

Control of other flammable hazards Control of ignition sources (for minor and

major releases

Ignition Source Controlgnition Source Control


138/142

Identification and assessment

Area classification and environmental control

Segregation

Access control

Control Measures

–

Access Limitation

Control Measures

–

Access Limitation


139/142

Access Limitation

Personnel Access

Designated Areas

Competent persons

Area Pass

Permit to Work (PTW)

Personal Properties

(Lighters, Matches and Heaters)

Non-intrinsic equipment

(Mobile phone, Laptop, Camera, Pagers and Non-intrinsic Radio,,…etc.)

Control Measures

–

Access Limitation

Control Measures

–

Access Limitation


140/142

Access Limitation

Vehicles and Equipment

Inspection and Certification by Authorized Person

Diesel motor vehicles ONLY ! –No petrol motorGas proof – Spark Arrestor

STOP

Control Measures

–

Tools and Equipment

Control Measures

–

Tools and Equipment


141/142

Tools and Equipment

Inspection and Maintenance by Authorized Person

Gas Proof

Color Code

(Hand Power Tools –Rigging Hard Ware)

أص

YELLOW

GREENأخض

أحم

RED

أز ق

BLUE

First Quarter(January, February and March)

Second Quarter(April, May and June)

Third Quarter(July, August and September)

Fourth Quarter(October, November and December)


142/142

HSE Process

Documents

Transcript of HSE Process