Review, Review, Review Scientific Method, Metrics, Temperature.
H.S.A . REVIEW
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Transcript of H.S.A . REVIEW
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H.S.A. REVIEW
FOR STUDENTS NEEDIN
G
TO PASS THE TEST
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GOAL 1: SKILLS AND PROCESSES
SCIENTIFIC METHOD1. KNOW THE PARTS OF THE
SCIENTIFIC METHOD: PROBLEM, HYPOTHESIS, EXPERIMENT (VARIABLE AND CONTROL)
2. GRAPH INTERPRETATION3. PARTS OF A GRAPH a. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE b. DEPENDENT VARIABLE
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SAFETY AND EQUIPMENTGRADUATED CYLINDERMICROSCOPEAPRONGLOVESGOGGLES OR SAFETY GLASSES
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BIOCHEMISTRYORGANIC MOLECULESEXAMPLES 1. LIPIDS (FATS) 2. PROTEINS (MADE OF
AMINO ACIDS) 3. NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA AND
RNA) 4. CARBOHYDRATES (GIVE
ENERGY)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS• ALL HAVE CARBON• FATS STORE ENERGY• NUCLEIC ACIDS GIVE GENETIC INFORMATION• CARBOHYDRATES GIVE ENERGY• PROTEINS CAN BE ENZYMES AND HELP
WITH CHEMICAL REACTIONS• NUCLEIC ACIDS CODE OR CARRY THE
MESSAGE FOR PROTEINS
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TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATESMONOSACCARIDE – SIMPLE SUGARDISACCARIDE – DOUBLE SUGARMADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN,
OXYGEN BONDSALL OF THESE ARE SUGARS GIVING
ENERGY
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POLAR VS NONPOLAR COMPOUNDS• POLAR DISSOLVE IN WATER.• WATER IS A POLAR MOLECULE.• NONPOLAR DO NOT DISSOLVE IN
WATER• LIPIDS DO NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER• LIPIDS ARE THE ONLY NONPOLAR
ORGANIC COMPOUND THAT WE ARE CONCERNED WITH
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WHAT MAKES A MOLECULE POLAR? WATER IS POLAR. WATER IS WRITTEN
H2O. THE OXYGEN HAS A SLIGHT NEGATIVE
CHARGE AND THE HYDROGEN HAS A SLIGHT POSITIVE CHARGE.
THEREFORE, ONE SIDE OF THE MOLECULE IS SLIGHTLY POSITIVELY CHARGE AND THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MOLECULE IS SLIGHTLY NEGATIVELY CHARGED.
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WHAT VITAMINS DO FOR USVITAMIN C = HEALS
WOUNDSVITAMIN D = HELPS BONE
GROWTHVITAMIN K = HELPS BLOOD
CLOTTING
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ENZYMES• SPEED UP CHEMICAL
REACTIONS• ALL ARE PROTEINS SO THEY
ARE MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS• THEY HAVE A CERTAIN FIT OR
SHAPE SO A SUBSTRATE FITS IN IT TO MAKE A PRODUCT
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TWO THING MESS UP ENZYMES SO THEY DON’T WORK CHANGE THE PH CHANGE THE TEMPERATURE ENZYMES HAVE A CERTAIN
SHAPE TO THEM THAT ALLOWS ITEMS TO ATTACH TO THEM
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DIFFUSIONMOLECULES GO FROM AN AREA
OF HIGH CONCENTRATION (LOTS OF MOLECULES) TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION (VERY FEW MOLECULES).
SUGAR IN WATERSALT IN WATERGASES IN A ROOM
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OSMOSISMOVEMENT OF MOLECULES OF
WATER FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION THROUGH A MEMBRANE.
HOW WATER GETS INTO A CELL.
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TYPES OF OSMOSIS SOLUTIONS• HYPERTONIC SOLUTION – HIGH
IN PARTICLES, LOW IN WATER• HYPOTONIC SOLUTION – HIGH
IN WATER, LOW IN PARTICLES• ISOTONIC SOLUTION – BALANCE
OF WATER AND PARTICLES
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CELL PARTS CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES MITOCHONDRIA
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CELL MOVEMENT FLAGELLA OR FLAGELLUM –
WHIP LIKE TAIL PSEUDOPOD OR
PSEUDOPODIA – FALSE FOOT. CYTOPLASMIC PROJECTION. A BLOB COMING FROM THE CELL’S SIDE.
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CILIA OR CILIUM – MICROSCOPIC , TINY HAIR LIKE STRUCTURES.
FLAGELLA ARE LONGER THAN CILIA.
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CHLOROPLASTS NEEDED FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS MAKES OXYGEN AND SUGAR NEEDS CARBON DIOXIDE,
LIGHT, WATER
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MITOCHONDRIA NEEDED FOR ENERGY (ATP) USES OXYGEN, SUGAR MAKES CARBON DIOXIDE,
ATP, WATER. OPPOSITE OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS VS RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS MAKES
OXYGEN AND SUGAR RESPIRATION MAKES ENERGY,
WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE THEY ARE OPPOSITE OF EACH
OTHER
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RESPIRATION – OXYGEN PLUS SUGAR MAKES ENERGY, WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS – ENERGY, WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE MAKES OXYGEN PLUS SUGAR
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MITOSIS THIS IS CELL DIVISION OF BODY
CELLS, NOT SEX CELLS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS
MITOSIS. NEW BODY CELLS ARE MADE BY
THIS PROCESS. MAKES THE FULL NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOMES
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MEIOSISo THIS PROCESS MAKES SEX
CELLSo MAKES EGG AND SPERMo CELLS HAVE ONE HALF THE
CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN EGG OR SPERM
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MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
M I T O S I S
FULL NUMBER OF CHROMOSOME
ASEXUAL REPROSTART WITH 46
CHROMSOMES, END WITH 46 CHROMOSOMES
M E I O S I S
HALF THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES
SEXUAL REPROSTART WITH 46
CHROMOSOMES, END WITH 23 CHROMOSOMES
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ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
A S E X U A LNO NEW GENE
COMBINATIONONE CELL MAKES
THE SAME CELL
S E X U A LNEW GENE
COMBINATIONSTWO CELLS MEET
TO MAKE A DIFFERENT CELL
EGG MEETS SPERM
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GENETICSDNA – FOUND IN NUCLEUS.
CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL.. IT’S SHAPE IS A DOUBLE HELIX.
• NUCLEOTIDE – PART OF MAKING UP DNA
MADE OF SUGAR, PHOSPHATE AND NITROGEN BASE
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NUCLEOTIDE THE BASES ARE G, A, T, C.A ALWAYS BONDS OR MATCHES WITH
TG ALWAYS BONDS OR MATCHES WITH
CIF THIS DOESN’T HAPPEN, MUTATIONS
CAN OCCUR.MUTATION – CHANGE IN THE DNA.
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MATCH THE SIDE OF DNA WITH ITS OPPOSITE COMPLIMENTARY BASEAGGACTTC
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RNA IS ANOTHER NUCLEIC ACID DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA RNA HAS ONE SIDE, DNA HAS TWO SIDE RNA HAS U (URACIL) REPLACING T
(THYMINE) RNA HAS A, U, G, C DNA IS A DOUBLE SUGAR, RNA IS A
SINGLE SUGAR
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MATCH DNA WITH ITS COMPLIMENTARY STRAND OF RNA: DNA IS BELOWA –T –G –C –C –A –A –T -
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TERMS FOR MAKING DNA AND RNAo REPLICATION – DNA MAKES DNAo TRANSCRIPTION – RNA IS MADE FROM
DNA. MESSENGER RNA IS MADE FROM DNA AND GOES TO THE RIBOSOME TO MAKE PROTEIN
o TRANSLATION – THE MESSENGER RNA ON THE RIBOSOME CODES FOR TRANSFER RNA TO BRING THE AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME
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CODON – A THREE (3) NITROGEN BASE SEQUENCE TO MAKE A PROTEIN DNA MAKES RNA: THE DNA (TAC) WILL
MAKE WHICH RNA? THIS MESSENGER RNA WILL THEN MOVE
TO THE? WHAT WILL TRANSFER RNA BRING TO
THE RIBOSOME?
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REMEMBERDNA CODES FOR PROTEINS.THE PROTEINS MADE CAN ACT AS ENZYMES.ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND ARE IMPORTANT FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
WHAT TWO INFLUENCES CAN AFFECT HOW ENZYMES DO THEIR JOBS?
ENZYMES ARE PROTEINS.
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PUNNETT SQUARE P.S. SHOW GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS SHOW DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE
GENES WORK WITH ALLELES (T, t) OR (w, W),
ETC. SHOWS GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE
RELATIONSHIPS SHOWS RATIOS
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TERMS USED WITH PUNNETT SQUARES HETEROZYGOUS BOTH ALLELES ARE DIFFERENT SUCH AS Tt
OR Ss HOMOZYGOUS ALLELES ARE THE SAME SUCH AS TT, tt, SS,
ss BE ABLE TO WORK OUT PUNNETT SQUARES
AND INTERPRET PUNNETT SQUARES
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SEX-LINKED TRAITS FOUND ON THE SEX CHROMOSOMES WHAT ARE THE SEX CHROMOSOMES? WHICH TWO GIVE US A MALE? WHICH TWO GIVE US A FEMALE? SEX-LINKED TRAITS ARE RECESSIVE
TRAITS WHO SHOWS MORE SEX-LINKED TRAITS
AND WHY?
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WORK OUT SEX-LINKED COLORBLIND PROBLEMMOM IS A NORMAL.. DAD IS
COLORBLIND. GIVE THE GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE
RATIO USING A PUNNETT SQUARE. WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE BOYS
WILL BE COLORBLIND? WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE GIRLS
WILL BE COLORBLIND?
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ANOTHER SEX LINKED PROBLEM MOM IS A CARRIER FOR
COLORBLINDNESS. DAD IS COLORBLIND. GIVE THE GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE
RATIO USING A PUNNETT SQUARE. WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE BOYS WILL
BE COLORBLIND? WHAT PERCENTAGE OF THE GIRLS WILL
BE COLORBLIND?
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ECOLOGYTERMS: SUCCESSION PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SUCCESSION. DO YOU
KNOW THE DIFFERENCE? ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTIONS DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO? FOOD WEBS DO YOU KNOW HOW TO INTERPRET A FOOD WEB?
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PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THOSE TWO WORDS? GIVE EXAMPLES OF EACH IN A FOOD WEB. WHAT PROCESS ENABLES PRODUCERS TO MAKE
THEIR FOOD?
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SYMBIOSIS: LIVING TOGETHER RELATIONSHIPSTHREE TYPES OF LIVING TOGETHER RELATIONSHIPS PARASITE OR PARASITISM MUTUALISM COMMENSALISM DO YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
3 OF THOSE? CAN YOU GIVE EXAMPLES OF EACH?ANSWERS ARE ON THE NEXT PAGE
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ANSWERS: PARASITE – LIVING OFF A HOST AND IT CAUSES HARM
TO THE HOST. EXAMPLES, TICKS, FLEAS, TAPEWORMS. MUTUALISM – BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT FROM
LIVING TOGETHER. EXAMPLES, HONEY BEES POLLINATE THE FLOWER AND THE FLOWER GIVES THE BEE S FOOD. A SHRIMP CAN CLEAN THE MOUTH OF AN EEL AND THE EEL CAN GIVE THE SHRIMP PROTECTION.
COMMENSALISM – A PILOT FISH SWIMS WITH A GREAT WHITE SHARK. THE PILOT FISH EATS THE LEFTOVERS THAT THE SHARK DOESN’T EAT. THE PILOT FISH GETS A FREE MEAL AND DOES NOTHING TO HELP THE SHARK.