HRW/ACLU: "With Liberty to Monitor All"

8/12/2019 HRW/ACLU: "With Liberty to Monitor All"

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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOT LJJ@ow Jlrha-Sclja QS Survagjjleca gs @lrbgeh Ioureljgsb, Jlw lef Lbargcle Fabocrlcy

@ Q B L E

T G H @ V S

X L V C @


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Xgt` Jgdarty to Boegtor Ljj@ow Jlrha-Sclja QS Survagjjleca gs @lrbgeh Ioureljgsb,

Jlw, lef Lbargcle Fabocrlcy


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Copyrgh`t 4;


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IQJW 4;


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Gbplct oe Eaws Covarlha ............................................................................................... 6;

Gbplct oe tà [rasss Ldgjgty to Sarva ls l Càcm oe Hovarebaet Ldusa ........................... 63

GGG. Và Gbplct on Survagjjleca oe Jlwyars lef Vàgr Cjgaets .......................................... 67

Qecartlgety lef Coenusgoe lboeh Jlwyars ovar @ow to Taspoef to Jlrha-Sclja

QS Survagjjleca ...................................................................................................................... 1;

Và Gbpjgcltgoes on Survagjjleca nor tà [ronassgoelj Taspoesgdgjgtgas on Jlwyars .................... 16

Flblha to Lttoreay-Cjgaet Vrust .............................................................................................. 17

Gbplct oe Lttoreays Ldgjgty to Annactgvajy Taprasaet Cjgaets ................................................... >;

C`lehgeh Jahlj [rlctgcas ........................................................................................................ >>

Và Jlwnujeass on Curraet Survagjjleca [rohrlbs ................................................................... >>

Xàtàr tà [rohrlbs Lra Eacasslry nor Eltgoelj Sacurgty lef Sunngcgaetjy Vlrhataf ............. >7

Xàtàr tà [rohrlbs @lva l C`gjjgeh Annact oe tà Tgh`ts on Ioureljgsts, Jlwyars, or Otàrs ... 8

^. Và Tgh`ts lt Stlma .................................................................................................... 88

Tgh`ts Lnnactaf dy Survagjjlecas Gbplct oe Ioureljgsts ........................................................... 88

Getareltgoelj @uble Tgh`ts Jlw lef Stleflrfs oe Nraafob on Axprassgoe, Lssocgltgoe, lef

Lccass to Genorbltgoe ....................................................................................................... 80

QS Coestgtutgoelj Jlw ...................................................................................................... 08

Tgh`ts Gbpjgcltaf dy Survagjjlecas Gbplct oe Lttoreays ........................................................ 7;

Getareltgoelj @uble Tgh`ts Jlw lef Stleflrfs ................................................................ 7

Fgscjosa Lffgtgoelj Genorbltgoe ldout Survagjjleca [rohrlbs to tà [udjgc ............................ 70

Tafuca Hovarebaet Sacracy lef Tastrgctgoes oe Onngcglj Coetlct wgt` tà Bafgl .............


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< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4; ioureljgsts lef 64 jlwyars, ldout tàgr

coecares lef tà wlys ge w`gc` tàgr da`lvgor `ls c`lehaf ge jgh`t on ravajltgoes on jlrha-

sclja survagjjleca. Xa ljso spoma to curraet lef norbar saegor hovarebaet onngcgljs wò

`lva meowjafha on tà survagjjleca prohrlbs to uefarstlef tàgr parspactgva, saam

lffgtgoelj genorbltgoe, lef tlma tàgr coecares geto lccouet ge our leljysgs.

Xàtàr raportgeh vljuldja genorbltgoe to tà pudjgc, raprasaetgeh leotàrs jahlj

getarasts, or vojuetlrgjy lssocgltgeh wgt` otàrs ge orfar to lfvoclta nor c`lehas ge pojgcy,

gt gs ontae crucglj to maap cartlge genorbltgoe prgvlta nrob tà hovarebaet. Ge tà nlca on l

blssgvajy powarnuj survagjjleca lpplrltus blgetlgeaf dy tà QS hovarebaet, òwavar,

t`lt prgvlcy gs dacobgeh gecralsgehjy sclrca lef fgnngcujt to aesura. Ls l rasujt, ioureljgsts

lef tàgr sourcas, ls wajj ls jlwyars lef tàgr cjgaets, lra c`lehgeh tàgr da`lvgor ge wlys

t`lt uefarbgea dlsgc rgh`ts lef corrofa fabocrltgc procassas.

Tavajltgoes on Jlrha-Sclja SurvagjjlecaVà Qegtaf Stltas hovarebaet tofly gs gbpjabaetgeh l wgfa vlrgaty on survagjjleca

prohrlbs t`lt, t`lems to favajopbaets ge gts tacèojohgclj clplcgty, ljjow gt to scoop up

parsoelj genorbltgoe lef tà coetaet on parsoelj cobbuegcltgoes oe le uepracafaetaf

sclja. Bafgl raports dlsaf oe ravajltgoes dy norbar Eltgoelj Sacurgty Lhaecy (ESL)


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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 4

coetrlctor Afwlrf Seowfae `lva racaetjy sàf jgh`t oe bley on tàsa prohrlbs. Vày

`lva ravaljaf, nor axlbpja, t`lt tà QS cojjacts vlst quletgtgas on genorbltgoemeowe

ls batlfltlldout pòea cljjs blfa to, nrob, lef wgt`ge tà QS. Gt ljso routgeajy

cojjacts tà coetaet on getareltgoelj c`lts, ablgjs, lef vogca cljjs. Gt `ls aehlhaf ge tà

jlrha-sclja cojjactgoe on blssgva lbouets on cajj pòea jocltgoe fltl. Taports `lva ljsoravaljaf l sgeca-fgscoetgeuaf annort to trlcm getareat uslha lef ablgj plttares ge tà QS=

tà cobpraàesgva getarcaptgoe on ljj on pòea cljjs blfa wgt`ge, geto, lef out on

Lnh`legstle lef tà Dl`lbls= tà flgjy cojjactgoe on bgjjgoes on gblhas so tà ESL cle

rue nlcglj racohegtgoe prohrlbs= tà lcqugsgtgoe on ùefrafs on bgjjgoes on ablgj lef

c`lt coetlct jgsts lrouef tà worjf= lef tà ESLs fajgdarlta walmaegeh on hjodlj

aecryptgoe stleflrfs.

Ge raspoesa to pudjgc coecare ovar tà prohrlbs getrusgoe oe tà prgvlcy on bgjjgoes on

paopja ge tà QS lef lrouef tà worjf, tà QS hovarebaet `ls lt tgbas lcmeowjafhaf

tà eaaf nor ranorb. @owavar, gt `ls tlmae naw balegehnuj staps ge t`lt fgractgoe.

Oe tà coetrlry, tà QSplrtgcujlrjy tà getajjghaeca cobbuegty`ls norcanujjy

fanaefaf tà survagjjleca prohrlbs ls assaetglj to protactgeh QS eltgoelj sacurgty. Ge l

worjf on coestletjy s`gntgeh hjodlj t`ralts, onngcgljs lrhua t`lt tà QS sgbpjy cleeot

meow ge lfvleca w`gc` hjodlj cobbuegcltgoes bly da rajavlet to gts getajjghaeca

lctgvgtgas, lef t`lt ls l rasujt, gt eaafs tà lutòrgty to cojjact lef boegtor l drolf

swlt` on cobbuegcltgoes. Ge our getarvgaws wgt` tàb, QS onngcgljs lrhuaf t`lt tà

prohrlbs lra annactgva, pjuhhgeh oparltgoelj hlps t`lt usaf to axgst, lef provgfgeh tà

QS wgt` vljuldja getajjghaeca. Vày ljso gesgstaf tà prohrlbs lra jlwnuj lef sudiact to

rghorous lef bujtg-jlyaraf ovarsgh`t, ls wajj ls rujas ldout òw tà genorbltgoe

odtlgeaf t`rouh` tàb gs usaf. Và hovarebaet `ls abp`lsgzaf t`lt gt foas eot usa tà

genorbltgoe hjaleaf nrob tàsa prohrlbs nor gjjahgtgblta purposas, suc` ls parsacutgeh

pojgtgclj oppoeaets.

Và quastgoes rlgsaf dy survagjjleca lra cobpjax. Và hovarebaet `ls le odjghltgoe to

protact eltgoelj sacurgty, lef ge soba clsas, gt gs jahgtgblta nor hovarebaet to rastrgct

cartlge rgh`ts to t`lt aef. Lt tà slba tgba, getareltgoelj ùble rgh`ts lef coestgtutgoelj

jlw sat jgbgts oe tà stltas lutòrgty to aehlha ge lctgvgtgas jgma survagjjleca, w`gc` `lva

tà potaetglj to uefarbgea so bley otàr rgh`ts.


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3 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;


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spalmgeh wgt` bujtgpja sourcas to coengrb lef pgaca tohatàr tà fatlgjs on l story t`lt

bly da on trabaefous pudjgc getarast.

Ge ture, ioureljgsts gecralsgehjy naaj tà eaaf to lfopt ajldorlta staps to protact sourcas

lef genorbltgoe, lef ajgbgelta ley fghgtlj trlgj on tàgr gevastghltgoesnrob usgeh `gh`-aefaecryptgoe, to rasortgeh to durear pòeas, to ldlefoegeh ljj oejgea cobbuegcltgoe lef

trygeh axcjusgvajy to baat sourcas ge parsoe.

Ioureljgsts axprassaf coecare t`lt, rltàr t`le dageh traltaf ls assaetglj càcms oe

hovarebaet lef plrtears ge aesurgeh l àljt`y fabocrltgc fadlta, tày eow naaj tày bly

da vgawaf ls suspact nor fogeh tàgr iods. Oea probgeaet ioureljgst subbaf up w`lt

bley saabaf to da naajgeh ls nojjows9 G foet wlet tà hovarebaet to norca ba to lct jgma

l spy. Gb eot l spy= Gb l ioureljgst.

V`gs sgtultgoe `ls l fgract annact oe tà pudjgcs ldgjgty to odtlge gbportlet genorbltgoe

ldout hovarebaet lctgvgtgas, lef oe tà ldgjgty on tà bafgl to sarva ls l càcm oe

hovarebaet. Bley ioureljgsts slgf gt gs tlmgeh tàb sghegngcletjy joehar to hltàr

genorbltgoe (wàe tày cle hat gt lt ljj), lef tày lra ujtgbltajy ldja to pudjgs` nawar

storgas nor pudjgc coesubptgoe. Ls suhhastaf ldova, tàsa annacts stlef out bost

stlrmjy ge tà clsa on raportgeh oe tà getajjghaeca cobbuegty, eltgoelj sacurgty, lef jlw

aenorcabaetljj lrals on jahgtgbltagefaaf, axtrabajy gbportletpudjgc coecare.

Gbplct on Survagjjleca oe Jlwyars

Jlwyars nlca l fgnnaraet c`ljjaeha. Vày `lva l pronassgoelj raspoesgdgjgty to blgetlge

tà coengfaetgljgty on genorbltgoe rajltaf to tàgr cjgaets oe plge on lfbgegstrltgva

fgscgpjgea. Vày ljso rajy oe tà ldgjgty to axc`leha genorbltgoe nraajy wgt` tàgr cjgaets ge

orfar to dugjf trust lef favajop jahlj strltahy, w`gc` gs aspacgljjy gbportlet ge tà raljb

on crgbgelj fanaesa. Gecralsaf hovarebaet survagjjleca uefarcuts tàsa joehstlefgeh

lef caetrlj ajabaets on tà prlctgca on jlw, craltgeh uecartlgety ls to wàtàr jlwyars

cle avar provgfa trua coengfaetgljgty w`gja cobbuegcltgeh ajactroegcljjy wgt` cjgaets.

Jlwyars wa getarvgawaf nor t`gs raport axprassaf tà hraltast coecare ldout sgtultgoes

wàra tày `lva ralsoe to t`gem tà QS hovarebaet bgh`t tlma le getajjghaeca getarast

ge l clsa, wàtàr gt rajltas to tà lctgvgtgas on noraghe hovarebaets or l fruh or


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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ >

straehtàe tà protactgoes provgfaf dy tlrhatgeh lef bgegbgzltgoe procafuras=

fgscjosa lffgtgoelj genorbltgoe ldout survagjjleca prohrlbs to tà pudjgc=

rafuca hovarebaet sacracy lef rastrgctgoes oe onngcglj coetlct wgt` tà bafgl= lef

ae`leca protactgoes nor eltgoelj-sacurgty w`gstjadjowars.


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@owavar, tàsa rastrgctgoes probptaf Coehrass to drolfae NGSL, gecjufgeh dy ljjowgeh

prohrlbbltgc survagjjleca wgtòut court ovarsgh`t ovar spacgngc tlrhats.8Nurtàr eawsraports surnlcaf, suhhastgeh tà ESLs survagjjleca lctgvgtgas coetgeuaf to drolfae ge

scopa, potaetgljjy to l prodjabltgc fahraa.0Eavartàjass, tà pudjgc fadlta fgaf fowe

sghegngcletjy.

Và curraet c`lptar ge tà ESL slhl dahle oe Iuea 1, 4;


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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ


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Getajjghaeca Cobbgttaa C`lgrble Fgleea Nagestage `ls ljso eotaf t`lt tà getajjghaeca

cobbuegty `ls nlgjaf nujjy to genorb tà cobbgttaa ldout gts survagjjleca lctgvgtgas.38

Và Curraet Survagjjleca Fadlta

Và Seowfae ravajltgoes `lva probptaf fobastgc lef getareltgoelj fadltas ldout

wàtàr lef òw to ranorb QS survagjjleca prlctgcas. Lboeh QS pojgcyblmars, bost on

t`lt fadlta `ls nocusaf oe tà gbplct on survagjjleca oe prgvlcy rgh`ts on QS parsoes. Và

QS hovarebaets parspactgva gs t`lt gts survagjjleca lctgvgtgas lra jlwnuj lef eacasslry to

protact QS eltgoelj sacurgty.

Avae so, ge raspoesa to pudjgc prassura, dot` [rasgfaet Dlrlcm Odlbl lef tà QS

Coehrass `lva axprassaf soba wgjjgeheass to coesgfar ranorbs. Ge Luhust on 4;


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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 4;

Và prohrlb raqugras trlgegeh on nafarlj abpjoyaas to dawlra on gesgfar t`ralts

cojjalhuas wò bly da gecjgeaf to jalm cjlssgngaf genorbltgoe.10Nlgjura to raport

suspgcgous lctgvgty dy cojjalhuas cle rasujt ge ànty paeljtgas, gecjufgeh joss on sacurgty

cjalrleca lef crgbgelj c`lrhas.17Oea hugfa oe gesgfar t`ralts, praplraf dy tà Fanaesa

Sacurgty Sarvgcale lhaecy on tà Faplrtbaet on Fanaesa t`lt provgfas sacurgty support tovlrgous fanaesa lef nafarlj lhaecgasjgsts l hovarebaet wormars axpjogtldja da`lvgor

trlgts lef lttabptgeh to worm ge prgvlta ls potaetglj aspgoelha gefgcltors.>;

X`gja tà poget on tà prohrlb gs ostaesgdjy to jgbgt jalms on cjlssgngaf genorbltgoe,>4Lhaecgas tùs `lva njaxgdgjgty to crlcm fowe wgfajy, wgt` potaetglj

gbpjgcltgoes nor tà ldgjgty on abpjoyaas slnajy to fgscuss avae uecjlssgngaf blttars wgt`

tà prass. Gefaaf, BcCjltc`yraportaf t`lt savarlj lhaecgas `lva ljralfy lppjgaf tà

pojgcy to iustgny protactgeh suc` genorbltgoe.>3

Ge raportgeh oe saesgtgva lrals, ioureljgsts ontae worm wgt` genorbltgoe t`lt gs eot gtsajn

cjlssgngaf. Smgjjaf ioureljgsts ontae lssabdja nrlhbaets on l story dgt dy dgt wgtòut avar

raqugrgeh l sourca to provgfa protactaf genorbltgoe. Ls l rasujt, gecralsaf rastrgctgoes oe

tà fgscussgoe on avae uecjlssgngaf genorbltgoe blma gt `lrfar nor ioureljgsts to hltàr tà

pgacas on genorbltgoe t`lt cobposa tà wòja pgctura.

10Vlyjor lef Jlefly, Odlbls crlcmfowe vgaws jalms ls lgfgeh aeabgas on Q.S., BcCjltc`y,

`ttp9//www.bccjltc`yfc.cob/4;/4;/


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4< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;8

>6@lfls Hojf lef Ios` Harstage, Cjlppar sghes strgct eaw bafgl fgractgva, [ojgtgco, Lprgj 4


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GG. Và Gbplct on Survagjjleca oe Ioureljgsts

Avary eltgoelj sacurgty raportar G meow woujf sly t`lt tà ltbospàra ge

w`gc` pronassgoelj raportars saam gesgh`t geto pojgcy nlgjuras ]lefR dlf

bgjgtlry facgsgoes gs iust buc` touhàr lef buc` c`gjjgar.

Stava Cojj, stlnn wrgtar nor Và Eaw Wormarlef Fale on tà Hrlfulta

Scòoj on Ioureljgsb lt Cojubdgl Qegvarsgty, Nadrulry 7Lccorfgeh to Mlt`jaae Clrrojj, saegor vgca prasgfaet lef axacutgva afgtor on

Và Lssocgltaf [rass, Xa sly t`gs avary tgba tàras l eaw occuplet ge tà X`gta @ousa,

lef gts trua avary tgba9 alc` gs bora sacratgva t`le tà jlst.8;Ioureljgsts lra struhhjgeh

`lrfar t`le avar danora to protact tàgr sourcas, lef sourcas lra bora rajuctlet to spalm.

V`gs aevgroebaet blmas raportgeh dot` sjowar lef jass nrugtnuj.

Ioureljgsts getarvgawaf nor t`gs raport fascrgdaf tà fgnngcujty on odtlgegeh sourcas lef

covargeh saesgtgva topgcs ge le ltbospàra on uecartlgety ldout tà rleha lef annact on tà

hovarebaets powar ovar tàb. Dot` survagjjleca lef jalm gevastghltgoes joobaf jlrha ge

t`gs coetaxtaspacgljjy to tà axtaet t`lt tàra bly da l rajltgoes`gp datwaae tà two.

Bora spacgngcljjy, bley ioureljgsts saa tà hovarebaets powar ls baelcgeh daclusa tày

meow jgttja ldout wàe vlrgous hovarebaet lhaecgas s`lra lboeh tàbsajvas genorbltgoe

cojjactaf t`rouh` survagjjleca, lef wàe tày fapjoy t`lt genorbltgoe ge jalm

gevastghltgoes.80@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` Ioelt`le Jlefly, eltgoelj sacurgty lef getajjghaeca corraspoefaet nor BcCjltc`y

Eawsplpars, Xls`gehtoe FC, Facabdar


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43 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;L eltgoelj sacurgty raportar subblrgzaf tà

sgtultgoe ls nojjows9 Fo wa trust ]tà getajjghaecaR portgoe on tà hovarebaets meowjafha

to da wljjaf onn nrob jalm gevastghltgoes? V`lts eot l hoof pjlca to da.88

X`gja bost ioureljgsts slgf t`lt tàgr fgnngcujtgas dahle l naw yalrs lho, plrtgcujlrjy wgt`

tà gecralsa ge jalm prosacutgoes, our getarvgaws coengrbaf t`lt nor bley ioureljgsts jlrha-

sclja survagjjleca dy tà QS hovarebaet coetrgdutas sudstletgljjy to tà eaw c`ljjaehas

tày aecouetar. Và hovarebaets jlrha-sclja cojjactgoe on batlfltl lef cobbuegcltgoes

blmas gt sghegngcletjy bora fgnngcujt nor tàb to protact tàbsajvas lef tàgr sourcas, to

coengrb fatlgjs nor tàgr storgas, lef ujtgbltajy to genorb tà pudjgc.

Ge tà


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fglheosas, lef tà axgstaeca on prgvlta rajltgoes`gps. Balew`gja, ls bora trleslctgoes

`lva dacoba fghgtljgzaf, tà hovarebaet `ls lcqugraf l buc` hraltar tacègclj clplcgty

to hltàr, stora, leljyza, lef sgnt t`rouh` ajactroegc fltl.

Avae wgt` rlpgfjy avojvgeh tacègquas nor coefuctgeh rasalrc` lef coetlctgeh sourcas,ioureljgsts axprassaf coecare t`lt wgfaspralf hovarebaet survagjjleca coestrlges tàgr

ldgjgty to gevastghlta lef raport oe blttars on pudjgc coecare, lef ujtgbltajy uefarbgeas

fabocrltgc procassas dy `gefargeh opae, genorbaf fadlta.

Josgeh Sourcas

Oea on tà bost cobboe coecares ioureljgsts axprassaf to us wls t`lt tàgr sourcas wara

frygeh up.80Lccorfgeh to Ilbas Lsàr, ]DanoraR youf stlrt pujjgeh tà curtlge dlcm lef

bora paopja woujf coba norwlrf. Bley nawar paopja lra cobgeh norwlrf eow.87

Ioureljgsts axprassaf fgvarsa vgaws ls to wàe lef w`y raportgeh coefgtgoes dahle to

fatargorlta. Soba pogetaf to tà lttlcms on Saptabdar


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41 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;Scott @ortoe, wò wrgtas oe eltgoelj sacurgty nor

@lrpars Blhlzgea, saas tà rgsms to sourcas ls l vary ralj lef tlehgdja t`ralt to tàgr

wgjjgeheass to spalm to raportars lef to aesura annactgva raportgeh9

Tavalj fatlgjs ldout hovarebaet lctgvgty lef you bly josa ljbost

avaryt`geh9 your cjalrleca, your posgtgoe, lef your paesgoe. Wou bly `lva

to `gra le lttoreay, lef you bly `lva your raputltgoe fastroyaf ge tà

prass dy tàgr owe couetar-jalms, blmgeh gt gbpossgdja to hat l eaw iod.08

Wat w`gja joss on oeas sacurgty cjalrleca, iod, or paesgoe cle da sargous aeouh`, tà rgsm

on prosacutgoe nor jalmgeh `ls eavar daae `ghàr.00Gt gs eot jost oe us, or oe our sourcas,

t`lt tàra `lva daae agh`t crgbgelj clsas lhlgest sourcas ]uefar tà curraet

lfbgegstrltgoeR varsus t`raa danora ]uefar ljj pravgous lfbgegstrltgoes cobdgeafR,

odsarvaf C`lrjga Slvlha, l [ujgtzar [rgza-wgeegeh raportar nor tà Eaw Worm Vgbas.07V`lt

Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` le gevastghltgva ioureljgst bost racaetjy covargeh (lboeh otàr t`gehs) stlta-javaj pojgtgcs,

Xls`gehtoe FC, Ileulry


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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ 4>

spgma saefs l basslha, avae wàe prosacutgoes fo eot aef ge coevgctgoes. G uefarstlef

w`y tày fo gt, eotaf leotàr [ujgtzar [rgza-wgeegeh raportar.7;Avae tà clsas t`lt djow

up ge ]tà hovarebaetsR nlca `lva tà getaefaf annact.7


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48 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;Dlrt Hajjble, saegor najjow lt Và Caetury Nouefltgoe, leftà wgeear on bujtgpja [ujgtzar [rgzas, lrhuaf t`lt onngcglj, slectgoeaf jalms ravalj buc`

bora cjlssgngaf genorbltgoe t`le ueonngcglj oeas.78

Wat, dayoef tà jalm gevastghltgoes lef lfbgegstrltgva

annorts to pravaet jalms, bley ioureljgsts slgf t`lt tà

hovarebaets gecralsaf clplcgty to aehlha ge survagjjleca

lef tà meowjafha t`lt gt gs fogeh so oe le uepracafaetaf

sclja`ls blfa tàgr coecares ldout òw to protact

sourcas buc` bora lcuta lef ralj.

Ge nlct, soba dajgavaf t`lt survagjjleca bly da l fgract

clusa on tà spgma ge jalm gevastghltgoes. Gt usaf to da t`lt

jalm gevastghltgoes fgfet hat nlr daclusa gt wls too `lrf to

uecovar tà sourca, dut wgt` fghgtlj toojs gt's iust buc` alsgar, lef sourcas meow t`lt.

odsarvaf Dlrt Hajjble.70[atar Bllss, l saegor wrgtar lt Và Getarcapt, coecurraf9 Jalm

gevastghltgoes lra l jot alsgar daclusa you jalva l fltl trlgj cljjgeh, swgpgeh ge lef out on

dugjfgehs, ]lefR wljmgeh fowe l straat wgt` clbarls. Gts l jot alsgar nor paopja to meow

wàra youra hogeh lef òw joeh youra tàra.77C`lrjga Slvlha rlgsaf l sgbgjlr poget9

]ARjactroegc trlgjs blm]aR gt alsgar to nghura out wòs tljmgeh to raportars. V`lt `ls blfa gt

raljgstgc ]to gevastghlta jalmsR ge l wly t`lt gt wlset danora.@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` Drgle Toss, C`gan Gevastghltgva Corraspoefaet nor LDC Eaws, Eaw Worm, Eaw Worm,

Nadrulry


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Sacurgty Afgtor lt tà Xls`gehtoe [ost, axprassaf coecare t`lt tà hovarebaets ldgjgty

to ngef tà sourca wgjj oejy hat dattar.


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lccorfgeh to [atar Ngee, dot` plrtgas wlet to bova nlstar towlrf l bora fgract

rajltgoes`gp t`lt raqugras jass ajactroegc coetlct.


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3< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;


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Ioureljgsts ljso raportaf usgeh spacglj favgcas or sontwlra to aecrypt lef stora fltl

sacurajy.


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jlcm t`a tac`egclj slvvy to lpprolc` ioureljgsts slnajy,


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fobastgc cljjs. G foudt tà ESL cle hat coetaet on fobastgc cljjs wgtòut le lctgva

gevastghltgoe, eotaf oea eltgoelj sacurgty raportar, wò slgf à `ls àlrf ls buc` nrob

hoof sourcas.


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Ioureljgsts ljso `lva blfa annorts to dattar protact tàgr genorbltgoe. Fua to tà

trlcaldgjgty on H[S genorbltgoe nrob cajj pòeas, lef tà possgdgjgty on turegeh cajj

pòeas geto jgstaegeh favgcas (avae gn tày lra onn),


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L eltgoelj sacurgty raportar put gt t`gs wly9 Gts fgnngcujt, gn youra usgeh ley ajactroegc

cobbuegcltgoes, to fo sobat`geh t`lt FOI wgt` l sudpoael or tà ESL coujfet nghura out.

Dut you wlet to blma tà gegtglj jalm gevastghltgoe bora fgnngcujt to pracjufa l bora

swaapgeh gequgry.4;;Nor axlbpja, durear pòeas woet t`wlrt tà ESL, à lrhuaf. 4;[lrt on tà fajly rasujts nrob usgeh bora

lfvlecaf prgvlcy lef sacurgty tacèojohgas, w`gc` bly gevojva trlfa-onns wgt`

coevaegaeca, lef aesurgeh t`lt sourcas fo tà slba. [lrt on tà fajly ljso cobas nrob

tà scljaf dlcm usa on ajactroegc cobbuegcltgoes or fghgtlj tacèojohy. Blgj gs sjow,

4;;@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` l eltgoelj sacurgty raportar, Xls`gehtoe, FC, Ileulry


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Wat t`a annact gs stgjj drolfar. Ls l [ujgtzar [rgza-wgeegeh raportar put gt, [aopja lra

gecralsgehjy sclraf to tljm ldout leyt`geh.4


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Qjtgbltajy, tà hovarebaets owe gevastghltgoes geto tà getajjghaeca cobbuegty ge tà

bgf-


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61 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;Gts eot iust t`lt

gts `lrfar nor ba to fo by iod, tòuh` gt gs. Gt ljso blmas tà

couetry jass slna. Gestgtutgoes worm jass wajj, lef gt gecralsas

tà rgsm on corruptgoe. Sacracy worms lhlgest ljj on us.438C`lrjga Slvlha lffaf, Eltgoelj sacurgty ioureljgsb gs

aspacgljjy gbportlet nor l nuectgoegeh, fabocrltgcljjy

lccouetldja systab.430Stava Cojj lhraaf ls wajj, eotgeh,

Vàras l ralj joss to tà pudjgc, tà votars.437

Nor Ilbas Lsàr, Và roja on tà prass gs to da c`ljjaehgeh

lef crgtgclj.46;Gt gs tùs geàraetjy gbportlet nor ioureljgsts

to saam out cartlge genorbltgoe t`lt tà hovarebaet tralts ls

saesgtgva lef, wàe lpproprglta, s`lra gt wgt` tà pudjgc.

Mlt`jaae Clrrojj ljso abp`lsgzaf tà raspoesgdgjgty typgcljjy faboestrltaf dy ioureljgsts

wò worm oe eltgoelj sacurgty topgcs. V`gs gs eot l duec` on drltty ioureljgsts trygeh to

uefarbgea jahgtgblta hovarebaet oparltgoes, sà lrhuaf. Boraovar, tòuh` sà dajgavas

t`lt l hovarebaets lctgoes oe da`ljn on tà paopja gt sarvas sòujf da pudjgc, ]bRost eaws

orhlegzltgoes ]gecjufgeh àr outjat, tà Lssocgltaf [rassR wgjj racohegza t`lt cartlge t`gehs

tà hovarebaet gs fogeh eaaf to rablge sacrat, lt jalst nor eow. Và fgsputas tlma pjlca

daclusa tà hovarebaet gfal on w`lt sòujf rablge sacrat gs buc` bora swaapgeh.46@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` Flel [rgast, eltgoelj sacurgty raportar lt tà Xls`gehtoe [ost, Xls`gehtoe, FC,

Facabdar


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L coupja on ioureljgsts ljso axprassaf prgecgpjaf rasgstleca to tà prospact on uefartlmgeh

so bley avlsgva bleauvars to fo tàgr worm. Scott S`lea lrhuaf t`lt ]lRs le Lbargcle

raportar, G sòujf eot da uealsy ldout tà hovarebaet tlrhatgeh ba to nghura out by

sourcas.463Leotàr raportar, wò covars jlw aenorcabaet

lef eltgoelj sacurgty, eotaf t`lt tà eaaf nor lffgtgoeljsacracy `ls norcaf `gb to stlrt to lct jgma l crgbgelj.466

Drgle Toss lrtgcujltaf l sgbgjlr saetgbaet9 Vàras

sobat`geh ldout usgeh ajldorlta avlsgoe lef sacurgty

tacègquas t`lts onnaesgva to bat`lt G sòujf `lva to

oparlta ls jgma l crgbgelj, jgma l spy.461Lflb Hojfble,

tòuh` à wls jass gecjgeaf to coeeact survagjjleca lef

jalm gevastghltgoes, ljso s`lraf t`lt vgaw9 G foet wlet tà

hovarebaet to norca ba to lct jgma l spy. Gb eot l spy= Gb l

ioureljgst.46>@a lffaf, X`lt lra wa supposaf to fo? Qsa

bujtgpja durears? Eo ablgj? Falf frops? G foet wlet to fo

by iod t`lt wly. Wou clet da l ioureljgst lef fo your iod

t`lt wly.468

Cartlge stltabaets dy hovarebaet onngcgljs `lva, gefaaf,

suhhastaf t`lt ioureljgsts wò raport jalmaf genorbltgoe

lra aehlhaf ge crgbgelj da`lvgor. Ge Ileulry on 4;


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Iorfle.41>L eltgoelj sacurgty raportar eotaf t`lt tà QS hovarebaet eow clusas

`gb bora coecare t`le otàr hovarebaets t`lt wa axpact to fo survagjjleca. L

yalr lho, ge our jgea on dusgeass, wa wara bora worrgaf ldout tà C`geasa

hovarebaet seoopgeh to hat le afha dy cojjactgeh w`lt wa waraet raportgeh. Eow

gts l fgstlet sacoef to our owe hovarebaet.418

41>@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` getarvgaw wgt` Ioelt`le Jlefly, Facabdar


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Jgma ioureljgsts, lttoreays lra uecartlge ldout wàtàr gt gs avae possgdja to protact tàgr

cobbuegcltgoes nrob hovarebaet survagjjleca, lef lra coenusaf ldout w`lt staps tày

clelef bly avae da odjghltafto tlma. Và rasujt gs l jass rodust rajltgoes`gp datwaae

soba lttoreays lef tàgr cjgaets, lef l jahgtgblta coecare ldout tà gbplct oe fua

procass rgh`ts ge tà crgbgelj coetaxt.

Qecartlgety lef Coenusgoe lboeh Jlwyars ovar @ow to Taspoef to

Jlrha-Sclja QS Survagjjleca

Và jahlj cobbuegty, par`lps avae bora so t`le tà bafgl, gs pjlhuaf dy uecartlgety lef

coenusgoe ovar tà gbpjgcltgoes nor tàgr worm on survagjjleca on tà scopa ravaljaf furgeh

tà jlst yalr. [lrt on t`lt uecartlgety fargvas nrob tà wgfaspralf saesa t`lt wa `lva yat

to jalre tà nujj axtaet on tà hovarebaets survagjjleca powars, lef w`lt staps tà

getajjghaeca cobbuegty gs tlmgeh to lvogf scoopgeh up lttoreay-cjgaet cobbuegcltgoes.4>;

[lrt bly ljso ranjact tà uesattjaf jahlj jlefsclpa rahlrfgeh wàtàr lttoreays wò lra

survagjjaf lva jahlj racoursa.4>4Gefaaf, soba on tòsa procafurasw`gc` lppalr to

jgbgt ESL boegtorgeh on cobbuegcltgoes uefar Sactgoe 8;4, gn tày lra datwaae sobaoea

uefar gefgctbaet ge tà QS lef tàgr jlwyarwara blfa pudjgc ge Iuea 4;3

4>;Ls oea Lbargcle Dlr Lssocgltgoe (LDL) pudjgcltgoe put gt, ]HRgvae tà sacratgva eltura on tà ESL, ls wajj ls tà Qegtaf

Stltas Noraghe Getajjghaeca Survagjjleca Court t`lt ovarsaas gts survagjjleca wlrrlets, jlwyars clet avae da sura on w`lt gs

lef w`lt gs eot jahlj. ^gctor Jg, LDL Iourelj, Voojs nor jlwyars worrgaf t`lt ESL gs alvasfroppgeh oe tàgr coengfaetglj

coevarsltgoes, Blrc` 3;, 4;


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1< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;6Gefaaf, ge Nadrulry 4;1Vàe-ESL Fgractor Haearlj Magt` Ljaxlefar raspoefaf,

assaetgljjy rastltgeh pudjgc genorbltgoe coecaregeh tà ESLs rujas.4>>Nor axlbpja,

Ljaxlefar eotaf t`lt tà ESL stops boegtorgeh cobbuegcltgoes wàe tày lra fgscovaraf

to da datwaae sobaoea meowe to da uefar crgbgelj gefgctbaet ge tà Qegtaf Stltas lef

le lttoreay wò raprasaets t`lt gefgvgfulj ge tà blttar uefar gefgctbaet (tòuh` gt

maaps tà portgoe on tà axc`leha gt `ls ljralfy hltàraf).4>8Và ESL ljso saams

gefgvgfuljgzaf ravgaw dy tà Onngca on Haearlj Couesaj danora fgssabgeltgeh to otàr

lhaecgas or onngcas genorbltgoe coestgtutgeh Q.S. parsoe prgvgjahaf cobbuegcltgoes ]suc`

ls tòsa t`lt lrgsa datwaae l parsoe lef `gs lttoreayR.4>0

L eubdar on jlwyars gefgcltaf t`lt gt gs fgnngcujt to meow w`lt to blma on tà curraet

jlefsclpa, lef tày lra oejy dahgeegeh to coenroet tà gbpjgcltgoes on jlrha-sclja

ajactroegc survagjjleca nor tàgr worm. Ge ranjactgeh ldout tà rgsms posaf dy survagjjleca,

Vob Furmge, l jalfgeh eltgoelj sacurgty fanaesa lttoreay, dahle to axprass worrgas ldout

4>6Egcojls Eglrcòs, @ls tà ESL Xgratlppgeh ^gojltaf Lttoreay-Cjgaet [rgvgjaha?, Và Eltgoe, Nadrulry 6, 4;


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`gs batlfltl racorfs nor tà ngrst tgba furgeh le getarvgaw wgt` us9 G eavar tòuh`t ldout

wàtàr G wletaf to jalva l batlfltl trlgj uetgj à hlva gt soba coesgfarltgoe lt t`lt

bobaet.4>7@a lrhuaf t`lt gt gs too sooe to cobpraàef tà nujj rleha on gbpjgcltgoes on

tà Seowfae ravajltgoes nor tà prlctgca on jlw.48;Oe tà otàr `lef, leotàr jgtghltor,

wò rues l prgvlta prlctgca raprasaetgeh getareltgoelj cjgaets, eotaf òw sghegngclet tàravajltgoes `lva daae nor `gb9 G t`gem avaryoea gs stlrtgeh to t`gem ldout t`gs.48

4>7@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` tajapòea getarvgaw wgt` Vob Furmge, eltgoelj sacurgty fanaesa lttoreay, Blrc` >, 4;


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Crgbgelj Fanaesa Jlwyars (ELCFJ),40X`gja jlwyars `lva joeh daae axpactaf eot to fgscjosa

40


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Court orfarswgratlppaf fanaesa lttoreays raprasaetgeh gefgvgfuljs lccusaf on tarrorgsb

c`lrhas.476Avae tòuh` tà cobbuegcltgoes wara prgvgjahaf, tà elrrow bgegbgzltgoe

rujas fgf eot lppjy, so tà hovarebaet wls ldja to jgstae to tà racorfgehs on tà cljjs.471

Và slba boet`, ls eotaf ldova, leotàr raport dlsaf oe l focubaet provgfaf dy

Afwlrf Seowfae ravaljaf t`lt l QS-dlsaf corporlta jlw ngrb, Blyar Drowe, wlsboegtoraf w`gja raprasaetgeh ]tà GefoeasgleR hovarebaet ge trlfa fgsputas wgt` tà

Qegtaf Stltas.47>Bora spacgngcljjy, tà Lustrljgle Sgheljs Fgractorlta, tà Lustrljgle

leljoh nor tà ESL, survagjjaf cobbuegcltgoes datwaae tà Gefoeasgles lef tàgr

Lbargcle jlwyars, lef tàe onnaraf to s`lra w`lt gt `lf cojjactaf wgt` tà ESL.478

[arjble abp`lsgzaf t`lt tà eaw ruja jlys out l ralsoeldjaeass tast=470lef tà

cobbaetlry ajldorltgeh oe tà LDL ruja gfaetgngas savarlj nlctors t`lt jlwyars bust wagh`

ge fgscaregeh tà balsuras tày lra ralsoeldjy axpactaf to uefartlma to protact tàgr

cobbuegcltgoes.477Vòsa nlctors gecjufa (dut lra eot jgbgtaf to)9

tà saesgtgvgty on tà genorbltgoe, tà jgmajgòof on fgscjosura gn lffgtgoelj

slnahulrfs lra eot abpjoyaf, tà cost on abpjoygeh lffgtgoelj slnahulrfs,

tà fgnngcujty on gbpjabaetgeh tà slnahulrfs, lef tà axtaet to w`gc` tà

slnahulrfs lfvarsajy lnnact tà jlwyars ldgjgty to raprasaet cjgaets (a.h., dy

blmgeh l favgca or gbportlet pgaca on sontwlra axcassgvajy fgnngcujt to usa).3;;

Lttoreays `lefjgeh cartlge typas on clsassuc` ls tòsa raprasaetgeh fanaeflets ge

tarrorgsb-rajltaf clsas, noraghe sovaraghes, or blior corporltgoes wòsa dusgeass `ls

sghegngclet gbpjgcltgoes nor QS acoeobgc getarasts`lva jahgtgblta ralsoe nor t`gemgeh tà

hovarebaet bly da aspacgljjy getarastaf ge tàgr cobbuegcltgoes. Và rgsm on tà

cojjactgoe lef ravgaw on coengfaetglj clsa genorbltgoe dy QS hovarebaet lhaets lppalrs

476Eglrcòs, @ls tà ESL Xgratlppgeh ^gojltaf Lttoreay-Cjgaet [rgvgjaha? Và Eltgoe,

`ttp9//www.tàeltgoe.cob/lrtgcja/

Ilbas Tgsae lef Jlurl [ogtrls, Spygeh dy E.S.L. Ljjy Aetlehjaf Q.S. Jlw Ngrb, Eaw Worm Vgbas, Nadrulry


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Hgjjars clutgoeaf jlwyars ldout tà usa on pòea, ablgj, lef taxt cobbuegcltgoes, eotgeh

t`lt wàe gt cobas to ajactroegc fltl, gt foaset blttar w`lt tà va`gcja gs.3;1Le

axpargaecaf crgbgelj fanaesa lttoreay odsarvaf sgbgjlrjy t`lt, dlsaf oe w`lt wa meaw

ldout QS hovarebaet survagjjleca prohrlbs danora tà Seowfae jalms, ovarsals trlvaj

(gestalf on getareltgoelj ajactroegc cobbuegcltgoe) wls jgmajy at`gcljjy raqugraf norlttoreays `lefjgeh cartlge typas on clsas.3;>Eow, à lrhuaf, Jlwyars `lva to lssuba ley

ajactroegc cobbuegcltgoe tày `lva gs hogeh to da getarcaptaf.3;8Ljtòuh` tà rgsm t`lt

posas wgjj vlry wgt` tà eltura on tà cobbuegcltgoes, lef bgh`t da bgtghltaf ge soba

gestlecas dy sacurgty balsuras, jlwyars eaaf to tralt tà jgmajy cojjactgoe on ajactroegc

cobbuegcltgoes ls l nlct on jgna.3;0

[arjble fgf eot ho qugta ls nlr. Ge l Blrc` 4;


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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ >;

bgstrust lboeh `gs cjgaets wgtòut jygeh.34;Jlrha-sclja survagjjleca lctuljjy jgcaesas

plrleogl lboeh outsgfars, sghegngcletjy lnnactgeh òw tày getarlct wgt` tà jahlj systab,

gecjufgeh tàgr owe fanaesa lttoreay. Vày lra jass jgmajy, nor axlbpja, to s`lra assaetglj

genorbltgoe wgt` tàgr jlwyars.34Xa lra nalrnuj t`lt our

cobbuegcltgoes wgt` wgteassas ldrolf lra boegtoraf, lef tùs t`lt lttabpts to dugjf

34;Gdgf.

34


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>< @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;


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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ >4

raprasaetaf t`lt tà hovarebaet `lf lccass to bley on `gs coevarsltgoes.333Lef ablgj ge

plrtgcujlr gs prodjabltgc daclusa gt cle so alsgjy da norwlrfaf to t`grf plrtgas.336

Eavartàjass, l sghegngclet eubdar on tà jlwyars wò spoma to us `lva rafucaf tàgr

rajgleca oe ajactroegc bales on cobbuegcltgeh or storgeh fltl spacgngcljjy ge raspoesa tocoecares ldout oehogeh survagjjleca prohrlbs. Savarlj abp`lsgzaf lvogfgeh puttgeh

genorbltgoe geto ablgjs or fgscussgeh blttars ovar tà pòea.331Ls Jgefl Boraeo put gt,

Oe tà pòea, wa lra coestrlgeaf ge our fgscussgoes wgt`

wgteassas lef avae co-couesaj oe clsas, bgefnuj on

hovarebaet boegtorgeh.33>Oea cjgegclj jlw pronassor wò

`lefjas eltgoelj sacurgty blttars gesgsts t`lt stufaets

wormgeh oe tòsa clsas oejy parnorb worm nrob gesgfa l

sacura cjgegc onngca, bgegbgzgeh tà c`leca t`lt tày wgjj

slva or trlesbgt coengfaetglj genorbltgoe gesacurajy.338

Lccorfgehjy, jlwyars nlca l cògca sgbgjlr to tà oea

coenroetgeh ioureljgsts. Soba `lva lttabptaf to gecralsa

tà sacurgty on tàgr ajactroegc toojs= otàrs `lva trgaf to

norho fghgtlj cobbuegcltgoes or storlha toojs ljtohatàr=

lef stgjj otàrs `lva lttabptaf to cobdgea dot`

lpprolcàs. X`ltavar tà pranarraf strltahy, l eubdar on

lttoreays gefgcltaf t`lt tày bust try to fo sobat`geh. Oejy l noojgs` parsoe

uefarstlefs your cobbuegcltgoes cle da getarcaptaf lef foas eot`geh ldout t`lt,

odsarvaf Tod Nagtaj, l norbar nafarlj prosacutor wò spaet 44 yalrs ge tà Faplrtbaet on

Iustgca lef wò eow spacgljgzas ge fanaesa worm lrgsgeh nrob getareltgoelj lef

cobpjgcltaf fruh clsas. Gts eo fgnnaraet nrob jocmgeh your onngca foor.330

333@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` tajapòea getarvgaw wgt` Vob Furmge, Blrc` >, 4;


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>3 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;


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couesaj wò jlcm tà lpproprglta rasourcas or tacègclj sop`gstgcltgoe.360Bley lttoreays

dajgava t`lt tà oejy sacura wly to `lefja suc` cobbuegcltgoes gs nlca-to-nlca.

Bley jlwyars ljso raportaf coefuctgeh bora baatgehs ge parsoesobatgbas sghegngcletjy

bora, lef eot iust wgt` cjgaets, dut wgt` co-couesaj lef wgteassas ls wajj.367L jlwyarspacgljgzgeh ge getareltgoelj fgsputa rasojutgoe lt le getareltgoelj ngrb eotaf t`lt

survagjjleca `ls getgbgfltaf soba on àr noraghe cjgaets, wò, ls l rasujt, pranar eot to

cobbuegclta rabotajy, lef gestalf wgjj oejy axc`leha saesgtgva genorbltgoe ge sacura

roobs ge abdlssgas or outsgfa tà QS.31;Sà raportaf `lvgeh to trlvaj bora to

lccobboflta t`lt pranaraeca.31


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>1 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;X`gja

t`gs gs jass cubdarsoba t`le trlvajgeh ldrolf bgh`t da, gt

gs yat leotàr durfae t`lt fgsproportgoeltajy lnnacts tà

fanaesa.

Oe tà otàr `lef, l eubdar on crgbgelj fanaesa lttoreays

axprassaf prgecgpjaf rasgstleca to bofgnygeh tàgr prlctgcas

to protact lhlgest possgdja getrusgoe dy tà QS hovarebaet.

Gjj da flbeaf gn G `lva to stlrt lctgeh jgma l fruh faljar ge

orfar to protact by cjgaets coengfaetgljgty, lssartaf Vob

Furmge. Leotàr jlwyar fascrgdaf tà sorts on balsuras eacasslry to lvogf soba norbs on

hovarebaet survagjjleca ls tà mgefs on tacègquas t`lt woujf stlef out to ba gn G

wletaf to fo sobat`geh gjjgcgt.318Jgefl Boraeo gfaetgngaf oea possgdja dlsgs nor suc`

naajgehs, eotgeh, Eodofy prlctgcaf jlw jgma t`gs


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XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOTLJJ >>

G^. Và Hovarebaets Tltgoelja nor Survagjjleca

[rasgfaet Odlbl `ls fanaefaf `gs lfbgegstrltgoes jalm gevastghltgoes ls assaetglj to

pravaetgeh jalms t`lt coujf aeflehar QS bgjgtlry lef getajjghaeca onngcgljs,3>;

lef tàhovarebaet gesgsts t`lt tà survagjjleca prohrlbs lt tà caetar on tà Seowfae ravajltgoes

dot` cobpjy wgt` tà jlw lef protact eltgoelj sacurgty. G coetgeua to dajgava t`lt tàra `ls

daae eot`geh t`lt `ls coba out ge tà jlst egea boet`s t`lt gs ge ley wly gecoesgstaet wgt`

]tà cjlgb t`lt avaryt`geh wa fo gs jlwnujR, eotaf oea saegor getajjghaeca onngcglj, wò ljso

lrhuaf t`lt dy lef jlrha tà prohrlbs lra vljuldja nor protactgeh eltgoelj sacurgty.3>4L saegor NDG onngcglj

coecurraf, lffgeh, X`lts daae ravaljaf lra getajjghaeca-cojjactgoe prohrlbs t`lt wara

gegtgljjy lef orghgeljjy nocusaf oe fanaefgeh tà couetry ge l tgba on wlr wgt` raspact to tà

aeaby t`lt wara uefartlmae ge l bleear pursulet to tà jlw.

Xa getarvgawaf ngva curraet or norbar QS onngcgljs wgt` meowjafha on tà prohrlbs. Vày

haearljjy fanaefaf tà prohrlbs ls jahlj lef gbportlet nor eltgoelj sacurgty. Vày ljso

sòwaf vlrygeh fahraas on coecare nor or getarast ge tà gbplct t`lt tà prohrlbs bgh`t lva

oe tà worm on ioureljgsts lef lttoreays. Bost wara smaptgclj t`lt tà prohrlbs lva lnnactaf

ioureljgsts lef fgf eot lppalr to lva coesgfaraf sargousjy tà possgdja annact oe lttoreays.

Và Jlwnujeass on Curraet Survagjjleca [rohrlbs

Onngcgljs wa getarvgawaf lrhuaf t`lt tà Seowfae ravajltgoes fgf eot uecovar hovarebaet

ldusa on gts survagjjleca powars. Và saegor NDG onngcglj odsarvaf, Wou foet `lva

]avgfaeca onR rlbplet fgsrahlrf nor tà jlw. @a cjlgbaf t`lt tà prohrlbs ravaljaf dy

3>;Oe Bly , 4;


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>8 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;6Fagtz assaetgljjy lhraaf, gesgstgeh t`lt à

woujfet `lva spaet agh`t to egea yalrs ovarsaageh jlwjasseass.

Và quastgoe on wàtàr tà prohrlbs nljj wgt`ge tà jattar on QS stltutory jlw `ls daae

fgscussaf ajsawàra.3>1Lef wàtàr getajjghaeca onngcgljs `lva aehlhaf ge wgjjnuj

bgscoefuct3>>or wàtàr ovarsgh`t `ls daae lfaqulta3>8lra quastgoes t`lt nljj outsgfa

tà scopa on t`gs raport. @owavar, our rasalrc` stroehjy suhhasts t`lt tà QS fgf eot

fasghe tà prohrlbs wgt` protactgoe on ùble rgh`ts norabost ge bgef.

Xàe lsmaf ldout tà roja on ùble rgh`ts jlw ge s`lpgeh tà survagjjleca lctgvgtgas on tà

QS getajjghaeca cobbuegty, onngcgljs suhhastaf gt axgsts, dut gs jgbgtaf. Và saegor NDG onngcglj

lcmeowjafhaf tà sghegngcleca on tralty-dlsaf ùble rgh`ts jlw, eotgeh t`lt ]tRraltgas lra

tà supraba jlw on tà jlef, lef lffgeh, ]gRn gts tà jlw, lef gt lppjgas, wajj aenorca gt.3>0

Wat à ljso pogetaf to c`ljjaehas oparltgoeljgzgeh coecapts nrob getareltgoelj jlw,3>7lef

tà cobbaets on otàr onngcgljs suhhastaf t`lt l fobastgc jahlj leljysgs prafobgeltas.

3>3Nor bora oe t`gs saquaeca on avaets, saa H. Ljax Sge`l, ESL Survagjjleca Sgeca 7/


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G foet t`gem t`lt wa `lva `gstorgcljjy joomaf to getareltgoelj ùble rgh`ts jlw ls `lvgeh

l sudstletglj wagh`t on gts owe, ls opposaf to tà mgef on prgecgpjas on nraafob lef

fghegty lef gefgvgfuljgty t`lt gts balet to gecorporlta, eotaf tà saegor getajjghaeca

onngcglj.38;L norbar FOI onngcglj slgf t`lt bost on tà getarelj jahlj lssassbaets woujf tlma

tà norb on l prgblrgjy coestgtutgoelj leljysgseot le leljysgs t`lt axpjgcgtjy tlmasgeto lccouet tà jlehulha on lppjgcldja ùble rgh`ts traltgas.38


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>7 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;


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joomgeh nor or w`lt wara joomgeh nor= wa bly eot avae meow tà typa on t`geh wara

joomgeh nor.304

Lffgtgoeljjy, Lj-\lafl cobbuegcltgoes lra njowgeh ljoeh axlctjy tà slba pgpas ls your

cobbuegcltgoes lra. So tacèojohgcljjy, wa eaaf to da ldja to ]gfaetgny lef sort t`rouh`tòsa cobbuegcltgoesR. Elturljjy, ]gRn youra jgstaegeh nor coevarsltgoes on dlf paopja,

you lra hogeh to jgstae to lef getarcapt soba coevarsltgoes on paopja wò lraet dlf

paopja. Lef t`lts wàra tà bgegbgzltgoe cobas ge.303

Ls eotaf ge tà Dlcmhrouef sactgoe, lhaecgas t`lt coefuct survagjjleca, jgma tà ESL, wgjj

haearljjy oparlta uefar l sat on bgegbgzltgoe procafurasdrolf hugfajgeas s`lpgeh tà

wly tày cle lcqugra, ratlge, fgssabgelta, or usa genorbltgoe tày `lva tà powar to

cojjact.306Nor axlbpja, tà lhaecy bgh`t sat procafuras t`lt gestruct abpjoyaas, ge cartlge

cgrcubstlecas, to raflct parsoeljjy gfaetgnygeh genorbltgoe on QS parsoes nouef ge

getarcaptaf cobbuegcltgoes. Vòsa hugfajgeas cle da gbportlet daclusa, ls tà saegor

getajjghaeca onngcglj gbpjgaf, tà hovarebaet cojjacts l jot on genorbltgoe ldout paopja wò

lra eot suspactaf on fogeh leyt`geh wroeh. Gt tàe sgnts t`rouh` buc` on t`lt genorbltgoe,

dlsaf ge plrt oe tà tarbs on gts bgegbgzltgoe procafuras. @owavar, tà hovarebaet

oparltas l jlrha eubdar on fgnnaraet survagjjleca prohrlbs, lef wa fo eot meow tà

fatlgjs on bost on tà bgegbgzltgoe procafuras t`lt coestrlge tàb. Suc` procafuras ljso

saab to provgfa slnahulrfs oejy nor QS parsoeslef avae tòsa lppalr to da vary walm.

X`lt jgttja gs pudjgc ldout tà procafuras suhhasts t`lt tày pjlca avae nawar coestrlgets

oe w`lt tà hovarebaet bly fo wgt` genorbltgoe lef cobbuegcltgoes on eoe-QS parsoes.

Bora haearljjy, G prodldjy coujfet fanaef avary sgehja ]dgt onR survagjjleca t`lt gs foea

out tàra ls assaetglj to eltgoelj sacurgty. G t`gem dy lef jlrha tòuh` gts le lpplrltus

t`lt gs sat-up to ]sarva t`lt nuectgoeR, slgf tà saegor getajjghaeca onngcglj.301Ls nor tà

dujm batlfltl prohrlb uefar Sactgoe 4


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dageh lsslssgeltaf dy tà CGL, or ioureljgsts wò suhhast t`lt tày `lva to da coecareaf

t`lt tàgr coevarsltgoes lra hogeh to da boegtoraf daclusa on tàgr ioureljgsb, t`lts iust

l nletlsy. @a lffaf, Gts our lssassbaet t`lt ]tàsa prohrlbsR lra eot `lvgeh lef

sòujf eot `lva le uefua c`gjjgeh annact, lef t`lt nrlemjy, to tà axtaet t`lt paopja lra

parcagvgeh tà c`gjjgeh annact eow, gts jlrhajy fua to bgsparcaptgoe, sobatgbasgetaetgoeljjy nostaraf, ldout òw tà prohrlbs worm.37;

Fagtz blfa l rajltaf dut fgnnaraet fgstgectgoe, fgvgfgeh jahgtgblta lef gjjahgtgblta

c`gjjgeh.37


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Và Gbplct oe Ioureljgsts

Và onngcgljs wara smaptgclj t`lt survagjjleca `ls uefarbgeaf raportgeh, or gefaaf, t`lt

leyt`geh ajsa `ls agtàr. ][aopja lrhua t`ltR t`gs blss survagjjleca lpplrltus gs hogeh to

clusa w`gstjadjowars to fry up lef eot da wgjjgeh to tljm to raportars lef tàras

ldsojutajy eo gefgcltgoe on t`lt ge tà prass lt ljj. Vàras l stalfy stralb avary fly on

cjlssgngaf genorbltgoe cobgeh out.370Bora drolfjy, à odsarvaf, Xa `lvaet raljjy

saae ley balsurldja c`leha ge tà ioureljgstgc output.377Ls tà saegor NDG onngcglj put

gt, Và Ngrst Lbaefbaet saabs qugta ljgva lef wajj ge Lbargcl tofly.6;;

Vwo onngcgljs suhhastaf t`lt ioureljgsts `lva ljwlys cobpjlgeaf ldout tà c`ljjaehas on

raportgeh. Lccorfgeh to Fagtz, Vàsa t`gehs rotlta t`rouh` Xls`gehtoe avary naw yalrs.

Egxoe `lf le aeabgas jgst. Gt wls l blttar on prastgha to da oe gt.6;


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81 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4;Gefaaf, soba on tà ioureljgsts wa spoma wgt` gefgcltaf t`lt javygeh ànty

paeljtgas lhlgest suspactaf sourcas waafs out ljj dut tà bost cobbgttaf sourcas,craltgeh le aevgroebaet bora sugtldja nor occlsgoelj, blssgva jalms on `gh`jy saesgtgva

genorbltgoe rltàr t`le bora eubarous, sbljjar fgscjosuras on jass saesgtgva

genorbltgoe.6;8Ls C`lrjga Slvlha eotaf, ioureljgsts `lvgeh bora coesgstaet lccass to l

wgfar rleha on hovarebaet lhaecgas bly da dattar nor sàf]fgehR jgh`t oe fabocrltgc

procassas t`le `lvgeh l sbljj eubdar on coecaetrltaf jalms.6;0Và hovarebaet bgh`t

pranar t`lt sgtultgoe ls wajj.

Và Gbplct oe Jlwyars lef Vàgr CjgaetsHovarebaet onngcgljs `lf sobaw`lt jass to sly rahlrfgeh tà possgdgjgty t`lt

survagjjleca `ls l c`gjjgeh annact oe lttoreays lef tàgr cjgaets. Và saegor getajjghaeca

onngcglj odsarvaf t`lt t`gs gs eot l eaw gssua nor jlwyars, òw to protact tàgr

cobbuegcltgoes ge le ajactroegc lha, gefgcltgeh t`lt à `lf saae gt lrgsa ge prgvlta

prlctgca yalrs lho.6;7@a ajldorltaf9

Sòujf jlwyars cobbuegclta dy ablgj lt ljj wgt` tàgr cjgaets? ... ]Eot fogeh

soR gbposas l jgttja lffgtgoelj cost, dut gn jlwyars waraet tlmgeh tàsa

mgef on praclutgoes danora`lef, tày prodldjy sòujf `lva daae. So, G

foet meow òw buc` you cle lttrgduta to t`gs plrtgcujlr gssua.6@uble Tgh`ts Xltc` tajapòea getarvgaw wgt` C`lrjga Slvlha, raportar nor tà Eaw Worm Vgbas, Blrc`


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dayoef tàgr fgract cobbuegcltgoes wgt` cjgaets, gecjufgeh ealrjy ljj genorbltgoe rajltaf to

jahlj raprasaetltgoe.

X`lt tà Hovarebaet Sòujf Fo

Và ravajltgoes on jlrha-sclja survagjjleca dy tà QS `lva probptaf fgscussgoe lef l

naw bofast staps towlrfs ranorb dy tà [rasgfaet lef Coehrass. @owavar, nor tà bost

plrt fgscussgoe on ranorb `ls daae fobgeltaf dy coecares ovar getrusgoe oe prgvlcy

rgh`ts. X`gja tà prgvlcy coecares lra prassgeh lef gbportlet, tàra `ls daae jgttja

pudjgc fgscussgoe on òw tà QS sòujf lct to pravaet l c`gjjgeh on nraafobs on tà prass,

axprassgoe, lef lssocgltgoe, or flblha to tà lttoreay-cjgaet rajltgoes`gp.

Ls eotaf ldova, soba on tà onngcgljs wa spoma to faegaf t`lt tàra wls ley sort on

gelpproprglta c`gjjgeh annact. Vòsa wò lcmeowjafhaf l c`gjjgeh annact fgf eot saab tot`gem ranorb on hovarebaet prohrlbs wls ge orfar, tòuh` two onngcgljs eotaf t`lt tà

hovarebaet `ls le odjghltgoe to ljjly coecares lboeh tà pudjgc, avae gn tòsa coecares

lra hrouefaf ge bgsuefarstlefgehs ldout tà hovarebaets lctgvgty daclusa on gelccurlta

or ovarwàjbgeh prass raports. Xàe lsmaf ldout wàtàr tà hovarebaet bgh`t `lva

suc` l futy, tà saegor getajjghaeca onngcglj raspoefaf, Votljjy. Votljjy. @a lffaf, Gn

sobaoea wlets to wrgta l raport t`lt crgtgcgzas us nor eot fogeh l hoof aeouh` iod on

axpjlgegeh w`lt gt gs t`lt wa fo, Gb totljjy tàra. G t`gem wa `lva eot foea l hoof aeouh`

iod.6


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getareltgoelj jlw, nraafob on axprassgoe cle ljso gecjufa leoeybous spaac`,6


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87 @QBLE TGH@VS XLVC@ |IQJW 4; on tà GCC[T raqugras aqulj protactgoe danora tà jlw nor avaryoea,

rahlrfjass on stltus.646Ls l rasujt, tà rgh`ts ge tà GCC[T lppjy aquljjy to ljj, gecjufgeh

eoecgtgzaes. Gefaaf, tà QE @uble Tgh`ts Cobbgttaa (@TC), tà dofy astldjgsàf dy tà

GCC[T to ravgaw stlta raports lef gssua getarpratltgoes on tà tralty, `ls ralnngrbaf t`lt

axprassgoe, lssocgltgoe, lef prgvlcy lra rgh`ts t`lt fo eot lfbgt on fgscrgbgeltgoedatwaae ljgaes lef cgtgzaes.641

Và QS `ls joeh blgetlgeaf tà posgtgoe t`lt tà GCC[T gbposas eo axtrltarrgtorglj

odjghltgoes oe stltas plrtgas, lef tùs t`lt tà hovarebaets odjghltgoes uefar tà tralty

fo eot axtaef dayoef gts owe dorfars.64>V`lt posgtgoe àjps tà QS to iustgny

gbpjabaetgeh survagjjleca prohrlbs t`lt lra aspacgljjy gevlsgva on tà rgh`ts on noraghears

jocltaf ldrolf. Wat getareltgoelj dofgas, gecjufgeh tà @TC648lef tà Onngca on tà @gh`

Cobbgssgoear oe @uble Tgh`ts,640`lva rapufgltaf tà gfal t`lt tà GCC[T `ls eo

axtrltarrgtorglj ralc`. Gefaaf, wàra l stlta cle proiact gts lutòrgty to getarcapt tà

ajactroegc cobbuegcltgoes on parsoes outsgfa gts tarrgtory, gt clrrgas wgt` gt tà odjghltgoe

to raspact prgvlcy, nraafob on axprassgoe, lef otàr lssocgltaf rgh`ts.647

(QF@T), lfoptaf Facabdar


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Ge gts Haearlj Cobbaet 36, tà @TC ljso odsarvaf t`lt tà nraafobs on axprassgoe lef

lssocgltgoe lra rajltaf.63;Và rgh`ts to genorbltgoe lef to nraafob on axprassgoe lra

getahrlj to hroup lfvoclcy, pojgtgclj orhlegzgeh, vgefgcltgoe on rgh`ts, cgvgj socgaty

boegtorgeh, lef bley otàr lssocgltgva lctgvgtgas ge l eorblj fabocrltgc socgaty.

Nurtàr, tà @TC `ls getarprataf tà jlehulha on Lrtgcja


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Và nraafob on axprassgoe hulrletaaf dy tà GCC[T gs eot ldsojuta. Và tralty dugjfs ge

savarlj possgdja jgbgtltgoes, gecjufgeh oea nor tà protactgoe on eltgoelj sacurgty.63>

@owavar, ley suc` rastrgctgoes bust da strgctjy cldgeaf9 ls gefgcltaf dy tà taxt, tà rgh`t

bly da sudiact to cartlge rastrgctgoes, dut tàsa s`ljj oejy da suc` ls lra provgfaf dy

jlw lef lra eacasslry nor tà protactgoe on l jgstaf stlta getarast.638

Ls eotaf dy tà @TC, t`gs jlehulha bales t`lt ley rastrgctgoes oe tàsa rgh`ts bust baat

spacgngc coefgtgoes9 tày bust da provgfaf dy jlw= tày bust lfàra to oea on tà purposas

jlgf out ge Lrtgcja Jgbgtltgoes bly ljso da parbgssgdja nor tà protactgoe on pudjgc orfar, pudjgc aljt` or borljs, or tà rgh`ts lef nraafobs on

otàrs.Nor l jgst on tòsa jgbgtltgoes, saa, a.h., GCC[T, lrt.


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annactgva scrutgey on tà vljgfgty on tà rastrgctgoe dy le gefapaefaet ovarsgh`t lutòrgty

lef nujj ravgaw dy tà courts.66>

Ljtòuh` tà Vs`wlea [rgecgpjas, uejgma tà Io`leeasdurh [rgecgpjas, fo eot fangea

eltgoelj sacurgty, tày fo racobbaef gt da fangeaf pracgsajy ge jlw ge l bleearcoesgstaet wgt` l fabocrltgc socgaty. Và prgecgpjas jgst l sbljj, gjjustrltgva sat on typas on

genorbltgoe t`lt bgh`t jahgtgbltajy da wgt`àjf nrob fgscjosura oe eltgoelj sacurgty

hrouefs provgfaf suc` eoefgscjosura gs dot` eacasslry lef proportgoelta to protact

eltgoelj sacurgty.668Dut tày spacgngcljjy jgst otàr typas on genorbltgoe, w`gc` ge prlctgca

lra ontae wgt`àjf, wàra tàra gs l stroeh prasubptgoe ge nlvor on pudjgc fgscjosura.

Gbportletjy, tà Vs`wlea [rgecgpjas ljso blma cjalr t`lt nor soba cltahorgas on

genorbltgoe, tàra gs le ovarrgfgeh pudjgc getarast ge fgscjosura, w`gc` bales t`lt tà

genorbltgoe cleeot da wgt`àjf uefar ley cgrcubstlecas, daclusa tày lra on plrtgcujlrjy

`gh` pudjgc getarast hgvae tàgr spacglj sghegngcleca to tà procass on fabocrltgc ovarsgh`t

lef tà ruja on jlw,660Vàsa cltahorgas gecjufa genorbltgoe ldout hross vgojltgoes on

ùble rgh`ts or sargous vgojltgoes on getareltgoelj ùblegtlrgle jlw,667ls wajj ls stlta

survagjjleca.61;Ngeljjy, tà prgecgpjas ljso provgfa t`lt tà fgscjosura dy pudjgc parsoeeaj

on cartlge cltahorgas on wroehfogeh (suc` ls ùble rgh`ts vgojltgoes)ge otàr worfs,

fgscjosuras dy w`gstjadjowarssòujf da protactaf.61Gdgf., [rgecgpja 3.

668Spacgngcljjy, tà [rgecgpjas jgst ngva cltahorgas t`lt covar oe-hogeh fanaesa oparltgoes= walpoe systabs= spacgngc

balsuras to slnahulrf tà tarrgtory on tà stlta (or otàr crgtgclj strltahgc lssats)= oparltgoes, sourcas, lef batòfs on

getajjghaeca sarvgcas halraf towlrf protactgeh eltgoelj sacurgty= lef genorbltgoe coecaregeh eltgoelj sacurgty t`lt wls

provgfaf dy otàr stltas or dofgas uefar l hulrletaa on coengfaetgljgty. Gdgf., [rgecgpja 7lg-v.660Gdgf., [rgecgpja


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V`ralt [rohrlbt`lt saam to pravaet or puegs` fgscjosura on ljjcjlssgngaf genorbltgoe lra

dy tàgr eltura ovardrolf, avae tòuh` buc` cjlssgngaf genorbltgoe bgh`t da jahgtgbltajy

wgt`àjf. Và slba gs trua nor fgractgvas t`lt saam to rastrgct ljjuelutòrgzaf coetlct

datwaae onngcgljs lef tà bafgl, or t`lt fgscourlha avae tà s`lrgeh on uecjlssgngaf

genorbltgoe. Boraovar, coetrlry to getareltgoelj stleflrfs, QS jlw foas eot lfaqultajyprotact tòsa wò fgscjosa onngcglj wroehfogeh or genorbltgoe on hralt pudjgc getarast.

Qefar tà Aspgoelha Lct, nor axlbpja, gt gs uecjalr wàtàr tà pudjgc getarast ge l

fgscjosura bly avar da lvlgjldja ls l fanaesa to c`lrhas.611

Và survagjjleca prohrlbs on tà QS hovarebaet `lva frlbltgcljjy cobpouefaf t`gs

ljralfy sargous prodjab dy blmgeh gt sghegngcletjy bora c`ljjaehgeh nor t`grf plrtgas

ioureljgsts lef tà pudjgc lt jlrhato saam out genorbltgoe t`lt tà hovarebaet wgt`òjfs

dut t`lt gs on stroeh pudjgc getarast lef vljua to l fabocrltgc socgaty. Ge t`gs coetaxt, lt

jalst t`raa saplrlta rgh`ts lra tùs t`raltaeaf dy tà curraet survagjjleca rahgba ge tà QS9

tà rgh`t on hovarebaet onngcgljs to s`lra genorbltgoe t`rouh` tà prass wgt` tà pudjgc=

tà rgh`t on ioureljgsts to lcqugra lef s`lra genorbltgoe ldout tà oparltgoes on tà QS

hovarebaet= lef tà rgh`t on tà pudjgc to lccass t`lt genorbltgoe t`rouh` tà bafgl. Gn

tà hovarebaet ranusas to fgscjosa or facjlssgny t`gs genorbltgoe gtsajn ls l blttar on

onngcglj pojgcy, tà jalst gt cle fo gs parbgt gts onngcgljs, tà prass, lef tà pudjgc to axarcgsa

tà rgh`t to gbplrt or saam out genorbltgoe t`lt cleeot jahgtgbltajy da wgt`àjf.61>V`rouh`

gts coesgstaet t`ralt to pursua jalm gevastghltgoes, tà QS coetgeuas to gbpafa tà nraa

axarcgsa on t`lt ùble rgh`t. Lef, ls t`gs raport `ls sòwe, ioureljgsts lef sourcas lra

lnrlgf to fgscjosa or fgscuss blttars t`lt sòujf da jahgtgblta topgcs on pudjgc fadlta

daclusa survagjjlecacobdgeaf wgt` tà `lrs` crlcmfowe oe jalmsgecralsas tà

jgmajgòof t`lt tà hovarebaet wgjj meow ldout tàgr coevarsltgoes lef bly prosacuta or

otàrwgsa slectgoe tà plrtgcgplets.

611Nor bora oe t`gs quastgoe, saa, a.h., Jlurl [gttar (@uble Tgh`ts Xltc`), Fgspltcàs9 Seowfae Clsa @gh`jgh`ts Eaaf nor

X`gstjadjowar Tanorb, Ileulry 8, 4;


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Fua [rocass Cjlusa on tà Nourtaaet` Lbaefbaet, w`gc` abdrlcas

nraafob on spaac`.6>;

Ls nor nraafob on tà prass, tà Supraba Court `ls àjf gt gs l nueflbaetlj parsoelj

rgh`t]R,6>4lef bly da sudpoaelaf to lppalr danora hrlef

iurgas.

Ljtòuh` tàra lra soba couetrgas t`lt paeljgza raportars wò pudjgs` jalms on

hovarebaet sacrats, tà Qegtaf Stltas `ls eot prosacutaf raportars wò pudjgsàf

hovarebaet sacrats provgfaf to tàb dy hovarebaet sourcas.6>3Soba worry t`lt

ioureljgsts coujf da prosacutaf uefar tà Aspgoelha Lct on 1

6>;Gdgf. lt 6>;.

6>>1, >03 ( Q.S. 416, 487-

40; (6)= Hlrrgsoe v. Jougsglel, 387 Q.S. >6, 86 (6)= Curtgs [udjgs`geh Co. v. Dutts, 300 Q.S.


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Boraovar, abpjoyaas lt lhaecgas t`lt fgslpprova on uelutòrgzaf prass coetlct `lva l

plrtgcujlr getarast ge dageh ldja to spalm wgt` tà prass leoeybousjy. Lccorfgeh to tà

Supraba Court, Ngrst Lbaefbaet protactgoes fo gefaaf axtaef to soba balsura on

leoeybous spaac`.684Ge plrtgcujlr, tà Court `ls raiactaf cartlge orfgelecas lef stltutas

t`lt raqugra spalmars to gfaetgny tàbsajvas wàe tòsa gfaetgngcltgoe raqugrabaets woujftaef to rastrgct nraafob to fgstrgduta genorbltgoe lef tàrady nraafob on axprassgoe.683

[ojgcgas t`lt saam to gfaetgny (lef tàe puegs`) hovarebaet onngcgljs nor `lvgeh coetlct

wgt` tà prass `lva tà slba annact. Và gecralsaf jalm prosacutgoes lef tà Gesgfar

V`ralt [rohrlb s`lrpjy curtlgj tà ldgjgty on nafarlj onngcgljs to axprass tàbsajvas, avae

wgt` raspact to uecjlssgngaf genorbltgoe or bara opgegoes. Lffgtgoeljjy, ge tà ldsaeca on

cjalr genorbltgoe ldout òw tà hovarebaet fapjoys survagjjleca genorbltgoe ge gts jalm

gevastghltgoes, hovarebaet sourcas `lrdor iustgngldja foudts ldout tàgr ldgjgty to aehlha

ge coestgtutgoeljjy protactaf, leoeybous coetlct wgt` ioureljgsts wgtòut sunnargeh

lfbgegstrltgva or jahlj paeljtgas.

X`gja suc` pojgcgas bly da fanaesgdja or avae fasgrldja to tà axtaet t`lt tày protact

aspacgljjy saesgtgva genorbltgoe, our rasalrc` gefgcltas t`lt ge prlctgca tày ralc` buc`

nurtàr. Onngcgljs nalr puegs`baet nor bara lssocgltgoe wgt` tà prass, ls wajj ls nor

s`lrgeh uecjlssgngaf yat vljuldja genorbltgoe ldout tà oparltgoe on tà hovarebaet. Ls l

rasujt, tày lra jass wgjjgeh to spalm to raportars, uefarcuttgeh tà njow on genorbltgoe to

tà pudjgc, lef jgbgtgeh tà nraafob on axprassgoe aes`rgeaf ge tà QS Coestgtutgoe.

Tgh`ts Gbpjgcltaf dy Survagjjlecas Gbplct oe Lttoreays

Dot` getareltgoelj ùble rgh`ts jlw lef tà QS Coestgtutgoe protact tà rgh`t to couesaj,

w`gc` gs cobboejy uefarstoof ge dot` coetaxts to gecjufa tà ldgjgty to cobbuegclta

nraajy wgt` oeas jahlj couesajaspacgljjy ge tà coetaxt on crgbgelj prosacutgoe. V`lt

uefarstlefgeh ranjacts wgfa racohegtgoe t`lt gbpafgbaets to tà axc`leha on genorbltgoe

hovarebaet bly eot caesor ]uecjlssgngaf bltargljs or genorbltgoe odtlgeaf nrob pudjgc sourcasR, coetrlctuljjy or otàrwgsa

]lef tRà hovarebaet ls eo jahgtgblta getarast ge caesorgeh uecjlssgngaf bltargljs. BcHaàa, 8


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686GCC[T., lrt.


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Nurtàr, l jlwyar coujf wajj ravalj coengfaetglj genorbltgoe gbproparjy uefar tà rujas on

pronassgoelj raspoesgdgjgty gn à or sà tlmas gelfaqulta staps to pravaet t`lt genorbltgoe

nrob dageh pgcmaf up lef storaf ge l hovarebaet cobputar. Avae gn eo uelutòrgzaf

parsoe lctuljjy ravgaws suc` genorbltgoe, lt t`lt poget, tà hovarebaet `ls hlgeaf lccass

to gt. Boraovar, tà hovarebaet cleeot haearljjy meow gn tà genorbltgoe gt `ls cojjactafsòujf da traltaf ls coengfaetglj uetgj gt ravgaws gt. Avae traltgeh genorbltgoe spacgljjy lt

t`lt poget, ls tà hovarebaet bly còosa to fo uefar vlrgous bgegbgzltgoe procafuras

fasgheaf to protact QS parsoes, wgjj eot uefo tà `lrb.688(Nlgjura to tralt coengfaetglj

genorbltgoe spacgljjy bgh`t axlcardlta tà `lrb, òwavarnor axlbpja, gn tà hovarebaet

wara to s`lra coengfaetglj genorbltgoe wgt` prosacutors ge tà clsa lhlgest tà fanaeflet

gt coecares.) Và sljgaet sojutgoe gs to aehlha ge bora elrrow cojjactgoe oe tà nroet aef,

spacgngcljjy lvogfgeh tà cojjactgoe on coengfaetglj genorbltgoe.

QS Coestgtutgoelj Jlw

Và Sgxt` Lbaefbaet to tà QS Coestgtutgoe ljso provgfas nor l rgh`t to couesaj.680L

eubdar on cgrcugt courts `lva abp`lsgzaf t`lt tà àlrt on t`gs rgh`t aecobplssas tà

ldgjgty on fanaeflets to cobbuegclta sacurajy wgt` tàgr lttoreays (tòuh` soba

jgbgtltgoes axgst, aspacgljjy nor fanaeflets ge fataetgoe). Nor axlbpja, ge Qegtaf Stltas v.

Tosear, tà Sacoef Cgrcugt àjf t`lt tà assaeca on tà Sgxt` Lbaefbaet rgh`t gs, gefaaf,

prgvlcy on cobbuegcltgoe wgt` couesaj.687Ge Cljfwajj v. Qegtaf Stltas, tà FC Cgrcugt

Court on Lppaljs odsarvaf t`lt `gh` botgvas lef zalj nor jlw aenorcabaet cleeot iustgny

spygeh upoe lef getrusgoe geto tà rajltgoes`gp datwaae l parsoe lccusaf on crgba lef `gs

couesaj.60;Và V`grf Cgrcugt onnaraf l nujjar axpjleltgoe9

Và nueflbaetlj iustgngcltgoe nor tà sgxt` lbaefbaet rgh`t to couesaj gs

tà prasubaf geldgjgty on l fanaeflet to blma genorbaf cògcas ldout tà

praplrltgoe lef coefuct on `gs fanaesa. Nraa two-wly cobbuegcltgoe

raspactaf lef tlmae geto lccouet dy Hovarebaets wgt`ge tà nrlbaworm on tàgr eltgoelj jahgsjltgoe lef prlctgca. Và tarbs

on tàsa prgecgpjas, w`gja eot jahljjy dgefgeh, lra `gh`jy genjuaetglj ge fangegeh tà tarbs on QSs ùble rgh`ts odjghltgoesuefar tà GCC[T.

688Nor bora oe tà hovarebaets traltbaet on lttoreay-cjgaet cobbuegcltgoes cojjactaf t`rouh` survagjjleca, saa Sactgoe G^,

Và Hovarebaets Tltgoelja nor Survagjjleca.

680Spacgngcljjy, tà Sgxt` Lbaefbaet stgpujltas t`lt Ge ljj crgbgelj prosacutgoes, tà lccusaf s`ljj aeioy tà rgh`t . to

`lva tà lssgstleca on couesaj nor `gs fanaesa. Q.S. COESV. lbaef. ^G.

687Qegtaf Stltas v. Tosear, 601 N.4f


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Tacobbaefltgoes

Avaryoea `ls tà rgh`t to cobbuegclta wgt` le axpactltgoe on prgvlcy, gecjufgeh prgvlcy

nrob uewlrrletaf or gefgscrgbgelta survagjjleca dy hovarebaets. V`gs rgh`t, w`gc` cle da

rastrgctaf oejy nor gbportlet ralsoes suc` ls eltgoelj sacurgty, gs assaetglj eot iust to

gefgvgfulj nraafob on axprassgoe, dut to tà nlgr lef lccouetldja nuectgoegeh on l

fabocrlcy. V`gs raport focubaets tà t`ralts t`lt survagjjleca posas to two pronassgoes,

vgtlj to l fabocrltgc socgaty, t`lt fapaef oe nraafob on axprassgoe lef coengfaetgljgty on

cobbuegcltgoes9 ioureljgsb lef jlw. Vòsa t`ralts lra axlcardltaf dy ovar-cjlssgngcltgoe

lef axcassgva hovarebaet sacracy.

Lcmeowjafhgeh tà jgbgts on our meowjafha ldout tà fatlgjs on axgstgeh QS survagjjleca

prohrlbs, wa urha tà QS Coehrass lef tà [rasgfaet to lfopt tà racobbaefltgoesjgstaf dajow to jgbgt tà hovarebaets survagjjleca lctgvgtgas, straehtàe rastrgctgoes oe tà

usa on genorbltgoe cojjactaf t`rouh` survagjjleca, gecralsa trlesplraecy, lef lffrass

prodjabs jgemaf to ovar-cjlssgngcltgoe lef jalm gevastghltgoes lef prosacutgoes. Và

[rasgfaet `ls tà powar to blma bley on tàsa c`lehas uegjltarljjy, lef à sòujf usa

t`lt powar wgtòut fajly. Cartlge joehar-tarb sojutgoes wgjj raqugra l jahgsjltgva raspoesa,

lef wa urha Coehrass to lct swgntjy to provgfa oea.

Elrrow tà Scopa on Survagjjleca Lutòrgtgas

Getareltgoelj jlwgecjufgeh, ge plrtgcujlr, tà GCC[Traqugras t`lt tà Qegtaf Stltas

aesura t`lt ley getarnaraeca wgt` tà rgh`ts to prgvlcy lef nraafob on axprassgoe cobpjy

wgt` tà prgecgpjas on jahljgty, proportgoeljgty, lef eacassgty nor l jahgtgblta lgb, suc` ls

eltgoelj sacurgty. V`gs gs trua rahlrfjass on tà eltgoeljgty on tà gefgvgfuljs lnnactaf.

Boraovar, ge cgrcubstlecas wàra l stlta axarcgsas annactgva coetroj ovar le gefgvgfulj or

t`lt gefgvgfuljs axarcgsa on rgh`ts, t`lt stlta gs ljso odjghaf to raspact suc` rgh`ts avae

wàe tà gefgvgfulj gs jocltaf outsgfa gts tarrgtory.

Bley QS survagjjleca prlctgcas, ls ravaljaf sgeca Iuea 4;


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o Jlw aenorcabaet lhaecgas sòujf eot haearljjy `lva lccass to fltldlsas

cojjactaf dy getajjghaeca lhaecgas, ldsaet soba facgsgoe dy le

gefapaefaet trgduelj t`lt, dy tàgr tarbs, parbgssgdja jlw aenorcabaet

salrcàs otàrwgsa cobpjy wgt` coestgtutgoelj lef getareltgoelj jlw

stleflrfs rajltgeh to crgbgelj clsas.

Straehtàe tà [rotactgoes [rovgfaf dy Vlrhatgeh lef Bgegbgzltgoe

[rocafuras

Buc` on tà lexgaty clusaf dy tà hovarebaets survagjjleca prohrlbs stabs nrob tà

parbgssgvaeass on tà QS hovarebaets tlrhatgeh lef bgegbgzltgoe procafuras, w`gc`

provgfa walm protactgoes nor QS parsoes, lef vgrtuljjy eoea lt ljj nor eoe-QS parsoes.

Vòsa procafuras lppalr to ljjow alsy lccass to lef joeh-tarb rataetgoe on genorbltgoe on

eo sghegngclet vljua to l cobpajjgeh stlta getarast. Và QS sòujf straehtàe tà tlrhatgehlef bgegbgzltgoe procafuras t`lt protact tà prgvlcy on ljj tòsa wòsa genorbltgoe gs

swapt geto tà hovarebaets aeorbous fltldlsas. Vowlrf t`lt aef, gt sòujf tlma tà

nojjowgeh staps9

Taqugra prgor ravgaw on tlrhatgeh facgsgoes dy l cobpataet, gefapaefaet, lef

gbplrtglj facgsgoeblmar.

o Qefar Sactgoe 8;4 lef Axacutgva Orfar


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crgbgelj procaafgehs t`lt pracafa le gefgctbaet, crgbgelj blttars wàra

tà ESL foas eot yat meow on le gefgctbaet, lef cgvgj blttarslsgfa nrob

tà raqugrabaet t`lt tà ESLs Onngca on Haearlj Couesaj ravgaw proposaf

fgssabgeltgoe on suc` cobbuegcltgoes. Vàra gs ljso eo protactgoe nor

coengfaetglj, ls opposaf to prgvgjahaf, genorbltgoe rajltaf to oehogeh jahljraprasaetltgoe. Và Axacutgva Drlec` sòujf gbpjabaet bgegbgzltgoe

procafuras t`lt raqugra tà hovarebaet to fajata coengfaetglj or prgvgjahaf

lttoreay cobbuegcltgoes gt hltàrs t`rouh` gts survagjjleca prohrlbs,

wgtòut ratlgegeh, fgssabgeltgeh, or otàrwgsa usgeh genorbltgoe hjaleaf

nrob ravgawgeh tàb.

Fgscjosa Lffgtgoelj Genorbltgoe ldout Survagjjleca [rohrlbs to tà [udjgc

Và sacracy surrouefgeh QS survagjjleca lutòrgtgas `ls hraltjy `gefaraf tà pudjgcfadlta ldout tà prohrlbs, lef gt `ls coetrgdutaf to tà uecartlgety najt bost lcutajy dy

tòsa wò rajy àlvgjy oe tà coengfaetgljgty on tàgr cobbuegcltgoes, suc` ls ioureljgsts

lef jlwyars. Vo ljjow nor l bora balegehnuj pudjgc fadlta, lef to parbgt tà pudjgc to

uefarstlef tà trua scopa on tà hovarebaets survagjjleca lutòrgtgas, tà Qegtaf Stltas

sòujf tlma tà nojjowgeh staps9

[udjgs` fatlgjaf, uecjlssgngaf fascrgptgoes on tà sclja lef scopa on sgheljs

getajjghaeca coefuctaf uefar ljj lutòrgtgas, gecjufgeh Axacutgva Orfar


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Xgt` Jgdarty to Boegtor Ljj, l ioget raport dy @uble Tgh`ts Xltc` lef tà LCJQ, focubaets tà gesgfgous annacts on jlrha-sclja

QS survagjjleca oe tà prlctgca on ioureljgsb lef jlw ge tà Qegtaf Stltas, lef tà t`ralt gt posas to dlsgc nraafobs lef

fabocrltgc vljuas. Và raport gs dlsaf oe axtaesgva getarvgaws wgt` ioureljgsts, jlwyars, lef saegor QS hovarebaet onngcgljs.

Ioureljgsts covargeh getajjghaeca, eltgoelj sacurgty, lef jlw aenorcabaet ngef t`lt survagjjlecacobdgeaf wgt` gecralsaf jalm

prosacutgoes lef rastrgctgoes oe coetlct datwaae onngcgljs lef tà prassgetgbgfltas sourcas, blmgeh tàb bora àsgtlet to

fgscuss avae uecjlssgngaf gssuas on pudjgc coecare. Ioureljgsts fascrgda lfoptgeh ajldorlta, durfaesoba sacurgty tacègquas,

lef pudjgs`geh jass genorbltgoe on pudjgc getarast.

Jlwyars bust upòjf l pronassgoelj raspoesgdgjgty to blgetlge tà coengfaetgljgty on genorbltgoe rajltaf to tàgr cjgaets. Vày ljso

rajy oe tà nraa axc`leha on genorbltgoe wgt` tàgr cjgaets to dugjf trust lef favajop jahlj strltahy. Gecralsaf survagjjleca craltas

uecartlgety ls to wàtàr jlwyars cle avar provgfa trua coengfaetgljgty, lef uefarbgeas tà rgh`t to couesaj.

Và QS `ls le odjghltgoe to protact eltgoelj sacurgty, lef bly aehlha ge survagjjleca to tà axtaet gt gs jlwnuj, eacasslry, lef

proportgoelta to l jahgtgblta stlta getarast. Dut bley axgstgeh survagjjleca prohrlbs lra gefgscrgbgelta or ovardrolf, lef

t`raltae nraafob on axprassgoe, tà rgh`t to couesaj, lef tà pudjgcs ldgjgty to òjf gts hovarebaet to lccouet. Và QS sòujf

ranorb tàsa prohrlbs to aesura tày lra tlrhataf lef jahgtgblta, gecralsa trlesplraecy lrouef eltgoelj sacurgty lef

survagjjleca blttars, lef tlma staps dattar to protact w`gstjadjowars lef tà bafgl.

XGV@ JGDATVW VO BOEGVOT LJJ@ow Jlrha-Sclja QS Survagjjleca gs @lrbgeh Ioureljgsb, Jlw lef Lbargcle Fabocrlcy

HRW/ACLU: "With Liberty to Monitor All"

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