Hrushikesh Gadge1, Nikhil Kadam2, Suraj Dhatavkar3, Omkar ...

Design, development and analysis of self-balancing

electric bike

Hrushikesh Gadge1, Nikhil Kadam2, Suraj Dhatavkar3, Omkar Mhaskar4, Prof. M.B.Sorte5

1Student, Saraswati College of Engineering, India, [email protected]

2Student, Saraswati College of Engineering, India, [email protected] 3Student, Saraswati College of Engineering, India, [email protected]

4Student, Saraswati College of Engineering, India, [email protected] 5Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering, India, [email protected]

Abstract:

Recently, many investigations have been done

regarding to the problems of controlling two-wheeled

self-balancing robot. This paper reviewed based on

five previous journals in order to find out which

method is suitable to design a self-balancing bicycle

and it will focus on the control system of the

structure. There are several ways to design an

efficient self-balancing bicycle which are by using

control moment gyroscope (CMG), mass balancing,

steering control and reaction wheel. Based on

previous research, the usage of CMG is the suitable

choice since it can produce large amount of torque, it

has no ground reaction forces, and the system can be

stable even when the bicycle is stationary.

Keywords: gyroscope, self-balancing, gyroscope,

brakes.

1.Introduction:

A battery electric vehicle (BEV) is a vehicle that is

powered by electricity stored on the vehicle in a

battery through the use of one or more electric

motors. “Electric vehicles” include hybrids as well as

pure battery electric vehicles. An electric vehicle,

also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one

or electric motors or traction motors for propulsion.

An electric vehicle may be powered through a

collector system by electricity from off-vehicle

sources, or may be self-contained with a battery or

generator to convert fuel to electricity. EVs include

road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels.

EVs typically charge from conventional power outlets

or dedicated charging stations, a process that typically

takes hours, but can be done overnight and often gives

a charge that is sufficient for normal everyday usage.

Electric cars are a currently viable alternative to

conventionally gasoline powered cars because they are

efficient, significantly less complex, more reliable,

environmentally friendly, and cost less to operate,

despite what the detractors may say. Most Americans

drive less than 40 miles per day so EV’s make perfect

sense as second cars. Per census figures, statistically,

the average American household owns more than two

cars, so it would be logical that the second car be an

electric car, for those local commutes, which is where

the wear and tear and pollution) on gasoline powered

cars is the most severe, before the engine fully warms

up. Electric cars produce no tailpipe emissions, reduce

our dependency on oil, and are cheaper to operate. Of

course, the process of producing the electricity moves

the emissions further upstream to the utility company’s

smokestack—but even dirty electricity used in electric

cars usually reduces our collective carbon footprint.

The methods to achieve a self-balanced bicycle are

mainly classified into four types. The first type is using

a control moment gyroscope (CMG) [1-4]. This

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method can provide a large torque, but energy

consumption of CMG is very high because the

flywheel is spinning all the time. The CMG consists

of a spinning rotor with a large, constant angular

momentum, whose angular momentum vector

direction can be changed for a bicycle by rotating the

spinning rotor. The spinning rotor, which is on a

gimbal, applies a torque to the gimbal to produce a

precession, gyroscopic reaction torque orthogonal to

both the rotor spin and gimbal axes. A CMG

amplifies torque because a small gimbal torque input

produces a large control torque to the bicycle These 2

Cond type is mass balancing where mechanical

structure of mass balancing is simple, but the torque

this method could provide is small. The third type is

steering control where a controller controls the

amount of torque applied to the steering handlebar to

balance the bicycle. Advantages of this system are

low mass and low energy consumption, while its

disadvantages are it requires ground reaction forces

and it cannot withstand large tilt angle disturbance.

The energy consumption of steering control is low,

but it cannot balance the bicycle at low forward

velocity. The forth type is using a reaction wheel

where speed of a reaction wheel is increased or

decreased to generate a reactionary torque about the

spin axis which is parallel to the bicycle’s frame [5].

As the bicycle begins to fall to one side, a motor

mounted to the reaction wheel applies a torque on the

reaction wheel, generating a reactionary torque on

the bicycle, which brings back the bicycle’s balance.

Advantages of this system are it is low cost, simple

and no ground reaction, while disadvantages are it

consumes more energy and it cannot produce large

amount of torque.

2.1 Literature Survey on Design and Development

Self Balancing E-bike:

The following literature review is based on different

methods used in designing and development of self-

balancing two-wheeler. [1] The main aim of this review

paper is to present the idea of harnessing the various

energy and use it in today’s existence of human life. For

human being travelling has become vital. In order to

sustain in this fast-forward world, he must travel from

place to place. It is very important that time taking for

travelling should be less, also it should be economical and

easily available. With the fast depleting resources of petrol

and diesel, there is need to find intermittent choice. Taking

all this into account, a shift away from conventional based

fuels to using a renewable source of energy is a must.

Electric bike which will be driven with the help of battery

and thus provide required voltage to the motor. The focus

of this report is to perform power calculations and system

design of this Electric Bike. This bike can be driven with

the help of electricity or also with the help of solar energy.

Therefore, the manufacturing of such bike is indispensable

[2] This paper describes the design and fabrication of Self

Balancing two-wheeler. The Self balancing two-wheeler is

based on the principle of Segway knows when you are

learning forward. To maintain balance, it turns the wheels

at just the right speed, so you move forward. The Self

balancing two-wheeler is an intelligent vehicle which uses

gyroscopic sensors detects the motion of rider, so that he

can accelerate, brake or steer the vehicle. This self-

balancing is ecofriendly mode of transport which causes

zero pollution. [3] The large use of the travelling vehicles

has increased the problems connected to the air quality and

to the use of petroleum [1, 2]. The human sensibility for

the energetic and environmental problems is encouraging

the research in alternative solutions for the automotive

field, as multiple-fueling, hybridization and electrification.

At the same time, particularly as concerns urban areas,

new standards have imposed substantial modifications in

the mobility. In this context, a vehicle as the electrically

assisted bike [3 – 5] can be considered a promising

alternative vehicle for both personal mobility and goods


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delivery, especially for small and medium distances: an

assisted bike is able to move with an average speed

equal to the typical one of the town traffic, but it

requires energy for its mobility that is very close to the

necessary energy for the displacement of the transported

people. [4] Bicycles are a common form of exercise,

recreation and transportation used by billions. They can

also serve to provide physical therapy, as they are a low

impact form of exercise that can train balance, strength,

stamina and coordination. Though one may consider

riding a bicycle to be a fairly simple task, this is not the

case for many people. This includes young children,

adults who have never learned to ride a bicycle, injured

people, or people suffering from developmental or

cognitive disabilities. A system that could provide

balancing assistance to a bicycle rider without otherwise

affecting the experience of riding a bicycle could

provide great benefit to these groups of individuals.

Such a system could be used both as a teaching tool, and

as a physically therapeutic device. This problem of

balancing a bicycle is analogous to what is known as the

inverted Pendulum problem. An inverted pendulum is a

pendulum which has its mass above its pivot. The

pendulum can be anything forms a simple mass and rod,

to a full system. While a normal pendulum is stable, an

inverted pendulum is inherently unstable, and must be

actively balanced to remain upright. In the case of a

bicycle, the bicycle is a rigid body which can rotate

around its contact point with the ground. Although a

bicycle motion has multiple degrees of freedom, the

particular type of motion which this project aims to

stabilize is this tilt angle around the point of contact with

the ground relative to the direction of gravity. [5] With

the development of robots and flexible automatic

technology, all windowfront robots have been applied

widely. Research on flexible robot, which has been a hot

point of research all over the world, extends application

fields of robots and makes mechanism properties of

robot accord with human being. Due to the fact that

flexible robots have flexible units, it is easy to produce

bend deformed during movement and brings many

difficulties for the dynamic model building and controlling

of flexible robots. While the establishing of accurate and

practical dynamic model is the premise to design the

controller with high performance. Recent years many

scholars all over the world study the problem of building

the dynamic model of flexible robots and have gained

achievements mostly in research about flexible arms, such

as Low and Vidyasagar, Kan reveals the phenomenon of

heat strengthen dynamics, also the documents research on

flexible arms. Many researchers all over the world has

done a lot of research on the mobile wheeled inverted

pendulum model and the balance control technology of

two wheels mobile, appeared many robots just like

Quasimoro and Joe etc. For the robots ‘form is very agile,

and this kind of robots’ behavior is great similar to flying

rocket and moving robot with two legs, therefore, the

research on mobile robots control and theory is so active

field that it has been paid attention both at home and

abroad. However, there is not researching the flexible

problems of two-wheeled self-balancing robots. [6] A

spring is defined as an elastic body; whose function is to

distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when

the load is removed. It is an elastic object used to store

mechanical energy. Springs are usually made out of spring

steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened

stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel and

hardened after fabrication. Some non-ferrous metals are

also used including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts

requiring corrosion resistance and beryllium copper for

springs carrying electrical current (because of its low

electrical resistance). When a spring is compressed or

stretched, the force it exerts is proportional to its change in

length. Helical springs are simple forms of springs,

commonly used for the suspension system in wheeled

vehicles. Vehicle suspension system is made out of springs

that have basic role in power transfer, vehicle motion and

driving. Therefore, springs performance optimization


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plays important role in improvement of car dynamic.

The automobile industry tends to improve the comfort of

user and reach appropriate balance of comfort riding

qualities and economy. [7] A vehicle suspension system

is a linkage to allow the wheel to move relative to the

body and some elastic element to support loads while

allowing that motion. Most practical vehicles have some

form of suspension, particularly when there are four or

more wheels. The basic criterion to achieve better

handling was to have camber gain in roll. In other

words, as the car corners, the goal is to gain negative

camber at the outer wheels and to gain positive camber

at the inner wheels of the vehicle. By providing

sufficient camber gain the wheels remain vertical to the

ground even when the body rolls, which provides better

grip while cornering. Also, the roll Centre of the rear

suspension was kept higher than the roll Centre in front

to decrease oversteering of the vehicle. The roll Centre

has a significant impact on a suspension’s steering

response; moreover, there is a direct correlation between

roll Centre location and oversteer, understeer, or neutral

steer suspension behavior depicted. [8] motorcycle road

accidents are increasing annually. Among the efforts in

overcoming this dire scenario, motorcycle simulators

were developed. The Postura MotergoTM which was

developed by researchers at the Motorcycle Engineering

Technology Lab (METAL) is an example of such

simulators. The Postura MotergoTM has a unique

capability in replicating various riding postures

according to the Riding Posture Classification (RIPOC)

system. However, there is the need for a novel database

that gives information on the workstation design

parameters of various motorcycles. Hence, a specifically

built mannequin (the D5EM110N) was developed as a

tool to measure various workstation dimensions on

actual motorcycles. As of April 2015, the mannequin’s

design is being filed for an intellectual property (IP)

protection. The motorcycles’ design parameters which

were collected via the D5EM110N mannequin was then

tabulated into the Motorcycle Design Parameter Database

(MDPD). The database is then could be utilized to set up

the Postura MotergoTM to accurately replicate the desired

motorcycle model’s workstation design parameters. This is

vital in ensuring that the motorcycle simulator could

accurately simulate an immersive user experience to the

subject in utilizing the desired motorcycle model. By

having this novel database and mannequin design,

researchers have greater opportunity in conducting various

studies in a controlled laboratory setting with respect to

motorcycle workstation designs and its possible

connection with road accidents. [9] Shock Absorber is

composing of mainly two parts spring and damper. Spring

are helical compression spring made of Spring Steel which

absorb the shock and Damper is Damp the vibration of

spring. Damping Force produced by converting kinetic

energy of shock into heat energy. Currently all shock

absorber working in two-wheeler automobile are Passive,

it absorbs the shock very less and directly transmit it to

rider. It’s very jerky drive on Bad condition road where

pot holes and surface finish broken. outcome of it

uncomfortable ride. Following Researcher developed

certain active and semi active shock absorber concept

which capacity of damp the vibration is higher

comparatively passive suspension. [10] Balancing any

two-wheeled vehicle is always a challenging task for

human and robots both form long time. Leaning a bicycle

driving is long time process and goes through building

knowledge base for parameter decision making while

balancing robots. To establish this machine learning phase

with embedded system we are proposing the system. This

proposed system aimed to make a bicycle bot, powered by

an electric motor, which could balance by itself and move

along a path. This path could be wavy with bumps and

varying widths. The primary aim was to make the cycle

balance on its own by controlling its handle. To turn, a

shift in center of mass was achieved. To maintain its

stability, the bot automatically turned the handle and thus

took a turn. Speed, Steering mechanism through mass


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distribution (leaning), Center of mass location and

Gyroscopic effect of its wheel were the main challenges

faced by the team. The idea has potential applications in

automated transport. Academically, the project provided

a platform to integrate control system theory, visual

image processing and microcontroller robot

programming. [11] This paper presents a comparative

study of three equivalent circuit models for lithium -ion

batteries used in electric vehicles(EVs). Model

parameters are all obtained by cooperative particle

swarm optimization algorithm on the Dynamic Stress

Test data, not the traditional hybrid pulse power

characteristic (HPPC) test procedure. A 1372s Federal

Urban Driving Schedule test are used to validate and

compare model’s performance. Compared with voltage

err between simulation result and test data, it is

concluded that all the three models can simulate the

dynamics of battery well, while the first-order with one-

state hysteresis seems to be the best choice for lithium

iron phosphate battery used in electric vehicle. [12]

Different brands of Electric bikes are available in the

market at present. In all most all Electric bikes a rear

wheel BLDC (Brushless DC) hub motor, lead acid

battery pack, a light weight chassis, and a controller is

placed. The Vehicle speed range from 40- 60km/charge.

The charging time is 6-8 hrs. which is very long, and

lifespan of batteries is short i.e. around 2 years.

Considering these limitations in this paper we are giving

solutions to modify the existing design to give a better

performance. Super capacitor modules help to increase

the lifespan of battery. Regenerative braking or a small

solar panel module could be availed onboard to charge

battery or super capacitor. Along with the inclusion of

solar panel modules and super capacitors, pedal system

in electric bike also saves lot of battery power. [13] Each

part of a two-wheeler has been designed well even

though sometimes the braking system of two wheelers

shows poor performance. When the vehicle comes

without brakes it turns the passengers into unsafe

situation while riding the vehicle. So, we should have a

brake in our two wheelers which must deliver an optimum

performance. The braking force is mainly depending on

the following two factors one is normal reaction of the rear

wheels and another one is coefficient of friction between

road and tires. Whenever the vehicle is loaded the normal

reaction of the rear wheels also increases. So, there is only

minimum braking force is requires stopping the vehicle.

When the vehicle is running at high speed with fewer

loads it will become out of control. If we apply brake in

this condition it will make a heavy injury, because the

kinetic energy of a vehicle while running stored its total

mass. In this paper the inertia force which helps the

vehicle while braking without any skidding. Thus, the

system can deliver an effective braking performance then

traditional one. [14] An attempt has been made to solve

the braking problem during hard braking. In case of motor

bike, it has been seen that when the driver must stop the

motorbike immediately, he becomes confused which brake

should applied and then he uses either front brake or rear

brake or both brake and due to this an unbalanced is occur

between the wheel and caused the accident. To solve this

problem a single actuating braking system can be used. In

this braking system, the front and rear hydraulic brake are

operated by only single actuating system that is the brake

pedal assembly. The purpose of the single actuating

braking system is for the locking of both front and rear

wheel at the same time without slipping and skidding.

Since both the brake front and rear are operated by the

tandem master cylinder, the pressure to the both calipers

will be equal, so the both wheels can be locked and stop at

the same time. The design of this braking system increases

the simplicity of the actuating system. Since this braking

system has only one actuating system, the overall cost is

reduced. A tandem master cylinder can be used since it has

two outlet valves primary and secondary which will be

used for front and rear brake caliper respectively. Also, the

braking force, braking distance and time will be calculated

during braking. [15] Recently, many investigations have


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been done regarding to the problems of controlling two

wheeled self-balancing robots. This paper reviewed

based on five previous journals to find out which

method is suitable to design a self-balancing bicycle and

it will focus on the control system of the structure. There

are several ways to design an efficient self-balancing

bicycle which are by using control moment gyroscope

(CMG), mass balancing, steering control and reaction

wheel. Based on previous research, the usage of CMG is

the suitable choice since it can produce large amount of

torque, it has no ground reaction forces, and the system

can be stable even when the bicycle is stationary. [16]

This paper focuses on the concept of developing the

two-wheeler car & it’s validation with the help of

prototype. This paper deals with an experiment carried

out to produce gyroscopic effect on an in-house

prototype. The prototype is a two-wheel vehicle in

which rotating discs imparted act as gyroscope to

produce a counter balancing force (gyroscopic effect)

when the vehicle prototype loses balance on either side.

Thus, the vehicle stabilizes itself. This paper also gives a

brief of a concept vehicle developed on similar grounds

with an added feature. Wherein even if an external force

is applied to the system the force sensors deployed in it

sense the force and develop a force of similar magnitude

but in opposite direction due to presence of two

gyroscopes used in the vehicle, thus the vehicle does not

lose its balance even if the external force is applied to it.

[17] This paper has outlined a FE model using beam

elements to represent a standard road bicycle frame. The

model simulates two standard loading conditions to

understand the vertical compliance and lateral stiffness

characteristics of 82 existing bicycle frames from the

bicycle geometry project and compares these

characteristics to an optimized solution in these

conditions. Perhaps unsurprisingly smaller frames

(490mm seat tube) behave the most favorably in terms

of both vertical compliance and lateral stiffness, while

the shorter top tube length (525mm) and larger head

tube angle (74.5°) results in a laterally stiffer frame which

corresponds with findings from literature. The optimized

values show a considerable improvement over the best of

the existing frames, with a 13% increase in vertical

displacement and 15% decrease in lateral displacement

when compared to the best of the analyzed frames. The

model has been developed to allow for further develop to

include more detailed tube geometry, further analysis of

more frame geometries, alternative materials, and analysis.

[18] —Strength has been gaining importance in the design

of bicycle frame. Composite materials which are

composed of reinforced fibers and plastics matrix have

high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios.

They have unique advantages over monolithic materials,

such as high strength, high stiffness, long fatigue life, low

density, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and

environmental stability. Therefore, the objective of this

project is to study the strength comparison of composites

(HT Graphite epoxy, Glass Epoxy) with Aluminum for

both circular and elliptical cross-section of the frame

member. The design of bicycle frame is modeled in Solid

works software and the static analysis is done in ANSYS.

The load is applied on frame as Static start up. With the

help of results likewise Von-Misses stress, Von-Misses

strain and Total Deformation, the best cross-sectional

member with good material property of the frame is

identified. [19] The frame is a skeleton upon which parts

like gearbox and engine are mounted. So, it is very

important that the frame should not buckle on uneven road

surface. Also, it should not be transmitted distortion to the

body. Two-wheeler frames can be made of steel,

aluminum or an alloy. Mostly the frame is consisting of

hollow tube. If the natural frequency of two-wheeler frame

is coinciding with excitation frequency, then the resonance

will occur. Due to resonance the frame will undergo

dangerously large oscillation, which may lead excessive

deflection and failure. To solve these problems,

experimental modal analysis is very essential. Natural

frequency, damping and mode shapes are the inherent


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structural properties and can be found out by

experimental modal analysis. Experimental Modal

analysis (EMA) is the process of determining the modal

parameters of a structure for all modes in the frequency

range of interest. [20] Manufacturers have been

concentrating their interests on lightweight bodies.

However, fabrication of lightweight body is limited by

constraints such as weight, stiffness. Weight reduction

can be achieved primarily by introduction of better

material, design optimization and better manufacturing

process. Frames used in mechanical design, which are

still design on rule of thumb, are one of the potential

areas for design optimization for better stiffness. Frame

specially two-wheeler frame due to its geometrical

construction, assemblies and complex loading conditions

cannot be analysis by theoretical model and hence need

a power full numerical approach for analysis. In initial

stages automotive manufacturers mostly relied on

hardware testing and rule of thumb but with the advent

of CAE, automotive manufacturer is using virtual

prototyping to evaluated design simulation and analysis,

thus reducing their reliance on hardware testing. The

aim is not to eliminate such testing entirely but to reduce

number of cycle and guide empirical procedure toward

verifying well defined performance attribute. [21] The

interpretation of the results is positive for the desire

criteria. According to the given load conditions the

frame is safe. The frame is under maximum load and it’s

obtained the desire factor of safety. The simulation

tables are having the desired range of deformation and

displacement values. The frame is required no

modifications further and safe enough for all kind of

given loads. [22] The two-wheelers show interesting

dynamic characteristics. They are statically unstable. But

the roll instability disappears as the forward speed

increases. Here a simplified model is considered to

analyze the effects of forward speed and braking force

on the roll instability during cornering of a two-wheeler.

Variations of bike parameters are also studied in the

relevance of roll stability. The present work helps to

understand some important concepts about a two-wheeler

negotiating a turn under. [23] A vehicle without body is

called chassis. A chassis is nothing but an internal

framework that supports a man-made object. It is

analogous to an animal's skeleton. The chassis serves as a

frame work for supporting the body and different parts of

the automobile like engine, transmission, driveshaft,

differential, and suspension. A body, which is usually not

necessary for integrity of the structure, is built on the

chassis to complete the vehicle. The automotive chassis is

tasked with holding all the components together while

driving and transferring vertical and lateral loads, caused

by accelerations, on the chassis through the suspension

and the wheels. Therefore, the chassis is considered as the

most important element of the vehicle as it holds all the

parts and components together. It is usually made of a

steel frame, which holds the body and motor of an

automotive [24] In this paper an effort is made to review

the investigations that have been made on the different

analysis techniques of automobile frames. That analysis

may be, static analysis or dynamic analysis. Many

analytical and experimental techniques are available for

the analysis of the automobile frames. Determination of

the different analysis around different conditions in an

automobile frames has been reported in literature. An

attempt has been made in the article to present an

overview of various techniques developed for the analysis

of automobile frames and results of that analysis due to

which further study on the chassis will become easy. [25]

This paper is a review on design and modification of

suspension in motorcycle. Appropriate suspension is

needed for better handling and safety while reducing

shock impulse. The commonly used suspension in front of

motorcycle is telescopic forks which are replaced by mono

suspension. The effects of modified suspension are better

ride comfort, quality as well as safety even on rough road.

Material of the spring is also important factor which

affects the quality of the ride. In motorcycle steering


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system relates to the front suspension so careful design

is mandatory. In this review work, mono shock absorber

and spring suspension are studied in detail. [26] This

paper reviews numerical methods and analysis

procedures used in the study of automotive disc brake. It

covers Finite Element Method approaches in the

automotive industry, the complex Contact analysis. The

advantages and limitations of each approach will

examine. This review can help analysts to choose right

methods and make decisions on new areas of method

development. It points out some outstanding issues in

modeling and analysis of disc brake squeal and proposes

new conceptual design of the disk braking system. It is

found that the complex Contact analysis is still the

approach favored by the automotive [27] A suspension

system or shock absorber is a mechanical device

designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and

dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorbers duty is to

absorb or dissipate energy. In a vehicle, it reduces the

effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to

improved ride quality, and increase in comfort due to

substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. When a

vehicle is traveling on a level road and the wheels strike

a bump, the spring is compressed quickly. The

compressed spring will attempt to return to its normal

loaded length and, in so doing, will rebound past its

normal height, causing the body to be lifted. The weight

of the vehicle will then push the spring down below its

normal loaded height. This, in turn, causes the spring to

rebound again. This bouncing process is repeated over

and over, a little less each time, until the up-and-down

movement finally stops. If bouncing is allowed to go

uncontrolled, it will not only cause an uncomfortable

ride but will make handling of the vehicle very difficult.

[28] Chassis is the most important structural member in

the On-Road vehicles. All the loads generated by other

components of the vehicle are transferred to chassis

only. So, the chassis structure must be strong enough to

with stand the loads in static and dynamic conditions. In

most of the On-Road vehicles the cross section of the

chassis structure is uniform in spite of the variable loads.

To overcome more failure in the chassis structure and

ensure the safety, the variable section chassis structure

must be designed based on the variable loads along the

length of the vehicle. The present study reviewed the

literature on chassis design and presented the findings in

the subsequent sections. [29] The MIG welding parameters

are the most important factors affecting the quality,

productivity and cost of welding. This paper presents the

influence of welding parameters like welding current,

welding voltage, Gas flow rate, wire feed rate, etc. on

weld strength, weld pool geometry of Medium Carbon

Steel material during welding. By using DOE method, the

parameters can be optimized and having the best

parameters combination for target quality. The analysis

from DOE method can give the significance of the

parameters as it gives effect to change of the quality and

strength of product or does not. A plan of experiments

based on Taguchi technique has been used to acquire the

data. An Orthogonal array and analysis of variance

(ANOVA) are employed to investigate the welding

characteristics of Medium Carbon Steel material and

optimize the welding parameters. Finally, the

conformations tests have been carried out to compare the

predicated values with the experimental values confirm its

effectiveness in the analysis of weld strength and Depth of

penetration. [30] Since the fuel prices not only in India but

throughout the world is increasing day by day thus there is

a tremendous need to search for an alternative to conserve

these natural resources. Thus, a solar bicycle is an electric

vehicle that provides that alternative by harnessing solar

energy to charge the battery and thus provide required

voltage to run the motor. Since India is blessed with nine

months of sunny climate thus concept of solar bicycle is

very friendly in India. Hybrid bicycle combines the use of

solar energy as well as the dynamo that runs through pedal

to charge the battery to run the bicycle. Thus, solar hybrid


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bicycle can become a very vital alternative to the fueled

automobile thus its manufacturing is essential.

References:

[1] Kunjan Shinde.,2017, “Literature Review on Electric

Bike,” IJRMET Vol. 7, issue 1, NOV 2016-APRIL 2017,

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[2] Pravin kumar singh, Abhishek Jaswal, Saurabh

Chand, Ali Abdullah, Rishi Chakraborty Assistant

Professor, UG Scholar.,2016, “Design and Fabrication of

Self Balancing Two-Wheeler,” IJESC Vol. 6, Issue no. 5,

pp. 5002-5005.

[3] C. Abagnalea, M. Cardoneb, P. Iodicea, R. Marialtoc,

S. Stranoa, M. Terzoa, G. Vorraro.,2016, “Design and

Development of an Innovative E-Bike,” Energy procidia

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