Background of computer and internet use:-Thehistory of the Internetbegins with the development ofelectroniccomputersin the 1950s. Initial concepts ofpacket networking originated in several computer science laboratories in theUnited States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s for packetnetwork systems, including the development of theARPANET(which would become thefirst networkto use theInternet Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANETfrom computer science Professor Leonard Klein rock's laboratory atUniversity of California, Los Angeles(UCLA) to the second network node atStanford Research Institute(SRI).Packet switchingnetworks such as ARPANET, Mark I(Donald Davies)atNPL(National physical Laboratory) in the UK,CYCLADES,Merit Network,Tymnet, andTelenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety ofcommunications protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks.Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when theNational Science Foundation(NSF) funded theComputer Science Network(CSNET). In 1982, theInternet protocol suite(TCP/IP) was introduced as the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centres at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNETproject, which also created network access to thesupercomputersites in the United States from research and education organizations. CommercialInternet service providers(ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Private connections to the Internet by commercial entities became widespread quickly, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication byelectronic mail,instant messaging,voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP) telephone calls,two-way interactive video calls, and theWorld Wide Webwith itsdiscussion forums,blogs,social networking, andonline shoppingsites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF'svery high speed Backbone Network Service(v BNS),Internet2, andNational Lambda Rail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fibber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-waytelecommunicationsnetworks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007.Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, andsocial networking.TheInternetis aglobal systemof interconnected computer networksthat use the standardInternet protocol suite(TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is an internationalnetwork of networksthat consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government packet switchednetworks, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical net working technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linkedhypertext documents andapplicationsof theWorld Wide Web(WWW), theinfrastructureto support email, andpeer-to-peernetworks forfile sharingand telephony.The origins of the Internet date back toresearch commissioned by theUnited States government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks.While this work, together with work in theUnited Kingdom and France, led to important precursor networks, they were not the Internet. There is no consensus on the exact date when the modern Internet came into being, but sometime in the early to mid-1980s is considered reasonable. From that point, the network experienced decades of sustainedexponential growthas generations of institutional,personal, andmobile computerswere connected to it.The funding of a new U.S.backboneby the National Science Foundationin the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks.Though the Internet has been widely used byacademiasince the1980s, thecommercializationof what was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of June 2012, more than 2.4 billion peopleover a third of theworld's human populationhave used the services of the Internet; approximately 100 times more people than were using it in 1995.Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s to early 2000s and from the late 1990s to present in thedeveloping world. In 1994 only 3% of American classrooms had access to the Internet while by 2002 92% did.Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are being reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such asvoice over Internet Protocol(VoIP) andInternet Protocol television(IPTV). Newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting towebsitetechnology, or are reshaped intobloggingandweb feeds. The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging,Internet forums, andsocial networking.Online shoppinghas boomed both for major retail outlets and smallartisansand traders.Business-to-businessandfinancial serviceson the Internet affectsupply chainsacross entire industries.The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies.Only the overreaching definitions of the two principalname spacesin the Internet, theInternet Protocol addressspace and theDomain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization, theInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4andIPv6) is an activity of theInternet Engineering Task Force(IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and theircomputerswithout regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustainedinvestment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, terms like "bleiner@computer.org" and "http://www.acm.org" trip lightly off the tongue of the random person on the street.This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete history. Much material currently exists about the Internet, covering history, technology, and usage. A trip to almost any bookstore will find shelves of material written about the Internet.In this paper,several of us involved in the development and evolution of the Internet share our views of its origins and history. This history revolves around four distinct aspects. There is the technological evaluation that began with earlyresearchon packet switching and the ARPANET (and related technologies), and where current research continues to expand the horizons of the infrastructure along several dimensions, such as scale, performance, and higher-level functionality. There is the operations and management aspect of a global and complex operational infrastructure. There is the social aspect, which resulted in a broad community of Internet working together to create and evolve the technology. And there is the commercialization aspect, resulting in an extremely effective transition of research results into a broadly deployed and available information infrastructure.The Internet today is a widespread information infrastructure, the initial prototype of what is often called the National (or Global or Galactic) Information Infrastructure. Its history is complex and involves many aspects - technological, organizational, and community. And its influence reaches not only to the technical fields of computer communications but throughout society as we move toward increasing use of onlinetoolsto accomplish electronic commerce, information acquisition, and community operations.Origin of internet:-The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through networking was aseries of memoswritten by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962 discussing his "Galactic Network" concept. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. In spirit, the concept was very much like the Internet of today. Licklider was the first head of the computer research program at DARPA, starting in October 1962. While at DARPA he convinced his successors at DARPA, Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts, of the importance of this networking concept.Leonard Klein rock at MIT published thefirst paper on packet switching theoryin July 1961 and thefirst book on the subjectin 1964. Klein rock convinced Roberts of the theoretical feasibility of communications using packets rather than circuits, which was a major step along the path towards computer networking. The other key step was to make the computers talk together. To explore this, in 1965 working with Thomas Merrill, Roberts connected the TX-2 computer in Mass. to the Q-32 in California with a low speed dial-up telephone line creating thefirst (however small) wide-area computer network ever built. The result of this experiment was the realization that the time-shared computers could work well together, running programs and retrieving data as necessary on the remote machine, but that the circuit switched telephone system was totally inadequate for the job. Klein rock's conviction of the need for packet switching was confirmed.In late 1966 Roberts went to DARPA to develop the computer network concept and quickly put together hisplan for the "ARPANET", publishing it in 1967. At the conference where he presented the paper, there was also a paper on a packet network concept from the UK by Donald Davies and Roger Scantlebury of NPL. Scantlebury told Roberts about the NPL work as well as that of Paul Baron and others at RAND. The RAND group had written apaper on packet switching networks for secure voicein the military in 1964. It happened that the work at MIT (1961-1967), at RAND (1962-1965), and at NPL (1964-1967) had all proceeded in parallel without any of the researchers knowing about the other work. The word "packet" was adopted from the work at NPL and the proposed line speed to be used in the ARPANET design was upgraded from 2.4 kbps to 50 kbps.In August 1968, after Roberts and the DARPA funded community had refined the overall structure and specifications for the ARPANET, an RFQ was released by DARPA for the development of one of the key components, the packet switches called Interface Message Processors (IMP's). The RFQ was won in December 1968 by a group headed by Frank Heart at Bolt Breakneck and Newman (BBN). As the BBN team worked on the IMP's with Bob Kahn playing a major role in the overall ARPANET architectural design, the network topology and economics were designed and optimized by Roberts working with Howard Frank and his team at Network Analysis Corporation, and the network measurement system was prepared by Klein rock's team at UCLA.Due to Klein rock's early development of packet switching theory and his focus on analysis, design and measurement, his Network Measurement Centre at UCLA was selected to be the first node on the ARPANET. All this came together in September 1969 when BBN installed the first IMP at UCLA and the first host computer was connected. Doug Engelhards project on "Augmentation of Human Intellect" (which included NLS, an early hypertext system) at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) provided a second node. SRI supported the Network Information Centre, led by Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler and including functions such as maintaining tables of host name to address mapping as well as a directory of the RFC's.One month later, when SRI was connected to the ARPANET, the first host-to-host message was sent from Klein rock's laboratory to SRI. Two more nodes were added at UC Santa Barbara and University of Utah. These last two nodes incorporated application visualization projects, with Glen Culler and Burton Fried at UCSB investigating methods for display of mathematical functions using storage displays to deal with the problem of refresh over the net, and Robert Taylor and Ivan Sutherland at Utah investigating methods of 3-D representations over the net. Thus, by the end of 1969, four host computers were connected together into the initial ARPANET, and the budding Internet was off the ground. Even at this early stage, it should be noted that the networking research incorporated both work on the underlying network and work on how to utilize the network. This tradition continues to this day.Computers were added quickly to the ARPANET during the following years, and work proceeded on completing a functionally complete Host-to-Host protocol and other network software. In December 1970 the Network Working Group (NWG) working under S. Crocker finished the initial ARPANET Host-to-Host protocol, called the Network Control Protocol (NCP). As the ARPANET sites completed implementing NCP during the period 1971-1972, the network users finally could begin to develop applications.In October 1972, Kahn organized a large, very successful demonstration of the ARPANET at the International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC). This was the first public demonstration of this new network technology to the public. It was also in 1972 that the initial "hot" application, electronic mail, was introduced. In March Ray Tomlinson at BBN wrote the basic email message send and read software, motivated by the need of the ARPANET developers for an easy coordination mechanism. In July, Roberts expanded its utility by writing the first email utility program to list, selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages. From there email took off as the largest network application for over a decade. This was a harbinger of the kind of activity we see on the World Wide Web today, namely, the enormous growth of all kinds of "people-to-people" traffic.

Purpose of internet and computer use:- The purpose of this policy is to provide library users access to information andCommunication available on the Internet in accordance with the acceptable use standards outlined. Failure to abide by these standards may result in loss of Internet, computer, and Library privileges. Acceptable Use. Use of the librarys computers shall be guided by the following principles: 1. Respect for the rights and privacy of others. 2. Adherence to the legal protection provided by copyright and license to programs and data. 3. Consideration for the security and functioning of computers, computer networks, and systems. 4. Adherence to CCL policies governing computer access and procedures for use. Unacceptable Use. It is not acceptable to use the Crook County Public Library computers for: 1. Any purposes which violate U.S., state, or local laws. 2. Transmitting threatening, obscene or harassing materials, including the use of profanity or offensive language. 3. Intentional or unintentional disruption of network users, services or equipment, harm to other computer systems, including excessive bandwidth utilization. 4. Distribution of unsolicited advertising. 5. Tampering with computer or network security. 6. Making unauthorized entry into any systems accessible via Library computers. 7. Representing oneself as another person. 8. Developing and/or propagating programs that harass other users or cause harm to other computer systems (e.g. computer viruses and worms). 9. Copying, file sharing, downloading or distributing commercial software or other material in violation of federal or international copyright laws. 10. Accessing or loading obscene, pornographic, or sexually explicit material. 11. Other uses deemed inappropriate at the discretion of CCL staff. Illegal acts involving CCLs computers may be subject to prosecution by local, state or federal authorities. Internet Safety Policy. In addition to the useful and educational material available on the Internet, content also exists that is not appropriate for children. Parents or legal guardians must assume responsibility for deciding which library resources are appropriate for their own children. CCL enforces a policy of Internet safety that includes measures to block or filter Internet access for minors and adults to visual depictions that are obscene, child pornography, or harmful to minors. Filtering software is not Fool proof, and sometimes filters block access to sites that users would consider useful and inoffensive. Patrons age 17 or older may request that staff disable filters blocking access to such sites. CCL staff Public Computer and Internet Use Policy page 2 Approved July 2013 reserve the right to review a workstation when a violation of acceptable use or library policy is suspected. Access. Internet computers are available free of charge on a first come, first served basis to patrons with a valid Crook County Library card. A parent or legal guardian may give permission for youth 16 years or under to use the Internet. Visitors may request a visitor pass with presentation of government-issued picture identification. Library Card Misuse. Use of another persons library card including use to access the Internet is a violation of library policy that may result in immediate forfeiture of the library card and suspension of computer use privileges. Computers for Children. Computers located in the Childrens room are specifically designated for children and their parents or caregivers. Staff are authorized to refer older minors and adults to Internet stations located elsewhere in the library. Policy Violation. Staff are granted the discretion to use progressive discipline for violation of the Policy or to immediately terminate a users computer session depending on the nature of the violation. Procedures. The procedures below for public computer use may be changed and updated as needed without official board approval. 1. Patrons may use computers for 60 minutes per day. Patrons themselves or staff may extend this time on a case by case basis. 2. Workstations are intended for use by one person at a time. Two people may work together at a workstation as long as the comfort and privacy of others is not compromised and walkways are not blocked. 3. Printing costs are .10 cents for black and white and .50 cents for color. Please Be AwareThe Internet is unregulated and its contributors represent various points of view. The Library assumes no responsibility for information available through the Internet - content, accuracy, timeliness or the method or manner in which the information, once obtained, is used. Some patrons may find information and/or materials that they feel are controversial or personally objectionable. Access to the Internet is permitted at the sole risk and discretion of the user. Crook County Library expressly disclaims any liability for injuries and/or damages of any kind whatsoever, including consequential damages, arising out of the use of the Internet, the obtaining of any materials from or over any Internet connection and the fitness for use or purpose of any materials, programs or information obtained through access to the Internet. The accessing or use of the Internet through any equipment or service offered by the Crook County Library shall constitute acknowledgement of this waiver and disclaimer and shall be deemed acceptance of its terms and conditions. All users shall expressly assume the risk of receiving incorrect, inaccurate, defective, fraudulent or unlawful information while accessing the Internet through any equipment or service offered by the Crook County Library.

Objective of internet and computer use:-1. Knowledge of basic computing concepts,2. The ability to perform fundamental operating system functions,3. The ability to use computers in a secure manner,4. The ability to use common software applications, such as:A. word processing creates, save, retrieve text fileB. spreadsheet program - create, manage, and manipulate numeric dataC. presentation software create presentations5. The ability to use the computer for Internet access and electronic communication, specifically the ability to:A. gain access to the Universitys computer system (e.g., Blackboard, Pipeline)B. sends and retrieves emailC. conducts Internet and database searches to obtain information and resources.(1) Knowledge of Basic Computing Concepts1. Explain storage types2. Understand the storage and performance measures, such as mega, giga, tera3. List storage media and explain their relative capacities4. Describe the difference between Internet and the Web5. Describe different ways you can connect your home computer to the Internet6. Explain what an URL is (2) Fundamental Operating Systems Functions1. Identify different operating systems for personal computers2.* Use the user interfaceManipulate windows: resize, move, close, scroll3. Manage filesa.* Manipulate folders: create, delete, renameb.* Manipulate files: create, delete, rename, sortc. Understand what a directory and file specification path are Revised 01/05/2006d. Understand file formats4. Understand disk operationsUnderstanding the purpose for disk formatting5. Understand the concept and need for backups6.* Install software7. Understand the need for operating systems updates and patches(3) Using Computers in a Secure Manner1. Define the following terms: virus, worm, Trojan horse, spyware, spam, and cookie2. Understand the need for antivirus and spyware protection software and their constant updates3. Understand the need for firewalls4. Know how to check for different types of Internet hoaxes, such as virus hoaxes, phishing5. Understand what it means to be a secure userA. Be aware of copyright issues and plagiarismb. Understand what constitutes a computer crime(4) Common Software Applications(a)* Word Processing Skills1. Use word processing softwarea. Open and close the applicationb. Create a new blank documentc. Open an existing documentd. Save documents as Web pagese. Preview and print documents2. Manipulate texta. Enter textb. Move and copy textc. Delete textd. Use Find and Replacee. Change the font: type, size, and colourf. Highlight textG. Italicize, bold, underlineh. Align textI. Number tasks revised 01/05/20063. Format documentsa. Set tabsb. Set line spacingc. Set backgroundd. Add and delete document headers and footerse. Add and delete page numbersf. Set marginsg. Set page layout (columns, page orientation)4. Use spell checka. Correct the spelling in the documentb. Use thesaurusc. Check the grammar in the document5. Use additional featuresa. Use the Word Count feature to count the total number of words in the documentb. Create and modify tablesc. Insert pictures and objects from other filesd. Use undo and redo(b)* Spreadsheet Skills1. Use spreadsheet softwarea. Open and close the applicationb. Create a new blank spreadsheetc. Open an existing spreadsheetd. Save spreadsheets as Web pagese. Preview and print spreadsheets2. Manipulate cells, rows, and columnsa. Enter and modify textb. Insert and delete cells, rows, and columnsc. Clear cells, rows, columnsd. Merge cellse. Move and copy cell, row, column contentsf. Format cells: decimals, text, dollars3. Sort tables4. Manipulate functionsa. Create formulasb. Use functions (sum, average, minimum, maximum, count, square root, standard deviation)C. Use the fill handle to copy formula and create series Revised 01/05/20065. Manipulate worksheetsModify the orientation of the worksheet6. Format spreadsheetsa. Add and delete headers and footersb. Set marginsc. Add and delete page numbersd. Add and delete gridlines7. Create and modify charts(c)* Presentation Software Skills1. Use presentation softwarea. Open and close the applicationb. Create a new blank presentationc. Open an existing presentationd. Save presentatione. Preview and print presentations (handouts, speaker notes)2. Manipulate slidesa. Add and delete slides using different layoutsb. Copy slides from other presentationsc. Change the colour scheme for slidesd. Apply design templatese. Change slide backgroundf. Rearrange and hide slidesg. Add and remove slide numbersh. Enter and modify textI. Add and remove footersj. Add and remove pictures3. Set up presentation propertiesa. Display the presentation in different views: slide show, normal, outlineb. Promote and demote parts of an outlinec. View the presentationd. Set up the presentation for manual delivery(5) Use the Computer for Internet Access and Electronic Communication(a)* Use the Web1. Open and close a browser2. Go to a Web page by using links Revised 01/05/20063. Enter and save URLs4. Refresh a page5. Print a Web page6. Stop a Web page transfer7. Use back and forward buttons8. Copy text and graphics(b)* Use E-mail1. Compose and send a message2. Reply to a message (reply to one sender, reply to all)3. Print a message4. Delete a message5. Transfer messages between different folders6. Create and delete folders7. Work with attachments: add8. Sign up and use other Web-based e-mail(c)* Conduct Internet Searches1. Use a search engine and metasearch engines2. Use keywords3. Use Boolean search4. Refine a Web search5. Find specific information on a Web site(d) Conduct Database Searches1. Search a library cat a loga. Identify characteristics of information on the Webb. Identify characteristics of library resourcesc. Use connectors in constructing a searchd. Understand the difference between keyword and field searching, (i.e., subject, author, title)e. Recognize that the cat a log contains more than books and be able to find appropriate informationf. Distinguish between popular and scholarly periodicalsg. Interpret and evaluate Web search engine resultsh. Recognize different parts of a citationI. Describe when to cite sources used in your work

Literature Review on Usage of InternetIntroductionThe Internet is an inseparable part of today's educational system. The academic increasingly depends on the Internet for educational purposes. A majority of academic and research institutions provide Internet service to students, teachers, and researchers. In recent years, use of the Internet has also increased in India. Policymakers in India have given top priority to the information and communication industry and have taken a number of favourable steps such as establishing IT policy and investment in IT infrastructure, fibre optic access, software technology, human resource development, and launching of e-government projects. Internet access is available in 1,700 cities and towns in IndiaIn developed countries, a lot has been written on information seeking behaviour. Such research is required for users in India. This study is an attempt to investigate the Internet use behaviour and attitude of students nowadays.Objectives of this study:1. The frequency of Internet use by college students2. Computer and Internet availability at home3. Most-used Internet resources and services4. Reasons for using the Internet5. Availability of help in using the Internet6. Attitude of students towards the Internet

Literature ReviewDeveloped countries have made huge investments in this industry with a profit-earning motive. It is observed that the Internet is growing well in India but there is a need to provide this important service to working people. He says that there are 300 million Internet subscribers in India with 100 percent growth every year. Users with access to the Internet were linked with universities, research institutes, or government bodies, as students, researchers, or officials. After a revolutionary change in the world of telecommunication, the Government of India has defined the following objectives for this sector:1. The improvement in the infrastructure of the telecom for the betterment of economic, social, and cultural development in India.2. The encouragement of new private sector initiatives committed to improve the telecom sector3. The protection of consumer interests4. Facilitation of investment and competitionSturgis Magazine (2002) believes that it is impossible to count the networks which are linked to the Internet. Internet tools for communication and the exchange of information include email, UseNet, bulletin boards, forums, and mobile technology. In a survey of the most popular search engines among librarians, students, and consumers, brazen magazine (2004), enlisted Achoo Healthcare Online, Dog pile, Google, Health on the Net (HON) Foundation, etc.College students are a unique population of Internet users. Students were the first group in USA who used the Internet for communication, recreation, and file sharing. College students and their teachers find the Internet convenient and useful for educational activities. Researchers have found that 68 percent of parents and 69 percent of teachers said that they have seen higher grades because of Internet use. Purposes for Internet use have appeared in many studies, and include educational, business, browsing, appointments, and entertainment. It is observed that the portion of Internet use for entertainment was 69 percent. Scholars use the Internet for quick communication. A Research has found growing range of services offering to post, fax, or email full text journal articles, course outlines, and sources by colleges and universities. Behavioural studies of the Internet indicate that it makes life easy, creates links between different communities and cultures, is a good way to connect people and find educational resources It is observed that the Internet can be used for scholarly purposes, map or contact information, purchase of tickets for travel, communication through emails or chats, and entertainment such as games or audio and video files. Also found is gender differences in the use of the Internet with a higher and more extensive usage for longer hours by males.Not all information on the Internet is reliable or safe. Horrigan (2000), Sturges (2002), and Weitzner (2007) magazines mention the unreliability of information on the Internet. There are not necessarily quality or authenticity checks on information on the Internet. Misrepresented, fake, and pirated literature causes problems for researchers and students. Users may have privacy concerns. There are sites that many users may find offensive, as well as instructions for carrying out violent or illegal acts.

Introduction of internet usage:-IntroductionBy definition the Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol. But, how did it come to be this technology that is so popular and so widely used around the world? Was it always so large and extensive, filled with information about just about anything you could possibly think of accessible from almost anywhere, anytime? The answer is no and its important to understand where it all came from to understand how to utilize it to its fullest potential now.CreationThe Internet origin comes from a military project. The Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program consisted of networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. This was created around 1958 as part of an attempt to regain the lead in technology from the Soviet Union who had recently launched Sputnik. J.C.R. Licklider was selected to head the committee which controlled the SAGE project. He envisioned universal networking as a unifying human revolution.

SAGE Computer RoomLicklider recruited Lawrence Roberts to head a project which implemented a network. Roberts had worked with the U.S. Air Force on a packet switching system as opposed to a circuit switching system. On October 29, 1969, Licklider and Roberts interconnected the first two nodes between UCLA and SRI International at Menlo Park, California. This was the beginning of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) which was one of the key networks which our Internet today was based off of. Soon after the first international packet-switched network service was created between U.S. and U.K.Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the first description of the TCP protocols (covered more deeply in the Introduction to Networking lesson) in 1973. The term Internet was first used in 1974 to describe a single global TCP/IP network detailed in the first full specification of TCP written by Cerf and his colleagues. The first TCP/IP-wide area network was created on January 1, 1983 when all hosts on the ARPANET were switched over from the older protocols to TCP/IP.In 1984, the United States National Sciencce Foundation (NSF) commissioned the construction of a 1.5 megabit/second network which became known as NSFNET. In 1989 the US Federal Networking Council approved the interconnection of the NSFNET to the commercial MCI Mail system. Soon after, other commercial e-mail services were soon connected such as Onetime, Telemail, and CompuServe. Three Internet Service Providers (ISPs) were also created: UUNET, PSINET, and CERFNET. More and more separate networks were created that eventually interconnected with this large, growing network. The ability of TCP/IP to work over virtually any pre-existing communication networks allowed for a great ease of growth, although the rapid growth of the Internet was due primarily to the availability of commercial routers from companies such as Cisco Systems, proton and Juniper, the availability of commercial Ethernet equipment for local-area networking and the widespread implementation of TCP/IP on the UNIX operating system.GrowthAlthough the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost a decade, the network did not gain public face until the 1990s. On August 6, 1991, CERN, which straddles the border between France and Switzerland, publicized the new World Wide Web project. The web was invented by English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.

WWW LogoAn early popular web browser was Viola WWW. It was eventually replaced in popularity by the Mosaic web browser. By 1996 usage of the word Internet had become commonplace, and consequently, so had its use as a reference to the World Wide Web. Over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks have remained separate).Todays InternetAside from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contracts and technical specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network. Indeed, the Internet has severely matured since its birth many years ago. Today almost 1.5 billion people use the Internet. Thats almost a quarter of the entire world (a lot of people).The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers on the Internet, including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and protocol port and parameter numbers. A globally unified namespace is essential for the Internet to function. Because the Internet is a distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected networks, the Internet, as such, has no governing body.

ICANN HeadquartersOne of the most common uses people have for the Internet is the World Wide Web. Whenever you say you are on the Internet you are using the World Wide Web. When you are surfing the Internet through different pages you are moving through the World Wide Web. However, that is not the only use for the Internet. E-mail is another very popular use for the Internet. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the senders and the recipients control. Remote access is another very common use for the Internet. The Internet allows computer users to connect to other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world. File sharing is also popular. It allows people to send files through e-mail, FTP, peer-to-peer networks, etc.

Methods of data collection:-Secondary data are the data collected by a party not related to the research study but Collected these data for some other purpose and at different time in the past. If the researcher uses these data then these become secondary data for the current users. These may be available in written, typed or in electronic forms. A variety of secondary information sources is available to the researcher gathering data on an industry, potential product applications and the market place. Secondary data is also used to gain initial insight into the research problem. Secondary data is classified in terms of its source either internal or external. Internal, or in-house data, is secondary information acquired within the organization where research is being carried out. External secondary data is obtained from outside sources. There are various advantages and disadvantages of using secondary data. (i) Advantages of Secondary Data: Advantages of secondary data are following: The primary advantage of secondary data is that it is cheaper and faster to access. Secondly, it provides a way to access the work of the best scholars all over the world. Thirdly, secondary data gives a frame of mind to the researcher that in which direction he/she should go for the specific research. Fourthly secondary data save time, efforts and money and add to the value of the research study. (ii) Disadvantages of Secondary data: Following are the disadvantage of secondary data: The data collected by the third party may not be a reliable party so the reliability and accuracy of data go down. Data collected in one location may not be suitable for the other one due variable environmental factor. With the passage of time the data becomes obsolete and very old Secondary data collected can distort the results of the research. For using secondary data a special care is required to amend or modify for use. Secondary data can also raise issues of authenticity and copyright. Keeping in view the advantages and disadvantages of sources of data requirement of the research study and time factor, both sources of data i.e. primary and secondary data have been selected. These are used in combination to give proper coverage to the topic.

Questionnaire:-

survey of Computer and Internet Use

Please first answer these background questions, and then complete the rest of the survey.1. Sex:MaleFemale

2. Age:years 3. Which of the following best describes your educational level?NoneSome elementary schoolSome secondary schoolSome universityAdvanced degree

4. In which of the following settings have youevermade use of a computer connected to the Internet? (check all that apply)cyber cafe or other setting open to the publiclibraryat homeat a friend's homeat school or work5. In which of the following settings do youmost frequentlyuse a computer to access the Internet?cyber cafe or other setting open to the publiclibraryat homeat a friend's homeat school or work

6. How often do you access the Internet?Once a month or lessOnce a weekSeveral times a weekEvery daySeveral times a day7. How many hours per week do you spend online? 8. When you access the Internet, which of the following do you usually do? (check all that apply)use the World Wide Web for your own entertainmentsend or receive emailuse IRC or chat roomsuse AOL/Instant Messenger, Microsoft NetMeeting, or other one to one conversationplay computer gameswrite on a word processordownload music or videouse other computer applications

9.What other application do you most commonly use?

10.Do you have certain Web sites that you visit regularly?YesNo

11. If yes, please list some of your most popular Web sites (with addresses, if you know them).

12. What sorts of Web sites have you visited in the last month? (check all that apply)ChatRetail salesEducational/schoolGamesMusic/Film/CelebrityNewsReligionSportsOther (please specify)

13. Do you have a personal Web page?YesNo

14. Do you ever pretend to be someone else (e.g., different age, sex, or appearance) in chat, instant message, or email?YesNo

15. Do you play any game on the Internet, what is your favourite game?

16. How many hours per week do you spend playing this game?

17. On average, how many hours a week do you use your WWW browser?0 to 1 hours/week2 to 4 hours/week5 to 6 hours/week7 to 9 hours/week10 to 20 hours/week21 to 40 hours/weekOver 40 hours/week

18. How many hours per week do you use your computer for fun/play?Less than 11 to 5 hours5 to 10 hours10 to 20 hours21 to 40 hours/weekover 40 hours/week

19. How many hours per week do you use your computer for your job?Less than 11 to 5 hours5 to 10 hours10 to 20 hours21 to 40 hours/weekover 40 hours/week

20. For what purpose organization use internet for(Multiple answer)

21. What do you find to be the biggest problems in using the Web?(Please check all that apply.)Not being able to find the information I am looking forNot being able to efficiently organize the information I gatherIt takes too long to view/download pagesIt costs too muchGetting errors from pages that use Java, Java script, ActiveX, etc.Having problems with my browser (e.g. freezing up, poor interface, getting disconnected, timing out)Sites that are not compatible with all browsersToo many "junk" sitesSites that require me to register with themAdvertising banners that take too long to loadEncountering sites that want me to pay to access informationOther

22. What do you primarily use the Web for?(Please check all that apply.)EducationShopping/gathering product informationEntertainmentWork/BusinessCommunication with others (not including email)Gathering information for personal needsWasting timeother

23. Which of the following Internet technologies do you consider "indispensable"?(Please check all that apply.)The World Wide WebEmailChat/Online discussionInternet phoneVideo conferencing over the Internet (Net meeting, etc.)Digital signature/id cards (VeriSign, RSA. etc.)Other technologiesdont know

24. What kind of cookie policies do you primarily use when browsing?

25. Please indicate which of the Navigation/Search Services have you used in the past six months.

Yahoo

Other

26. In general, do you like or dislike Internet advertising?Like a lotlike a littlelike some, dislike someDislike a littleDislike a lot

27. To what extent would you say you use the Internet to search for specific information? Would you say...?Most of the timeSometimesNever

28. To what extent would you say you use the Internet to express yourself: to help you convey the right impression to others (either on-line or off-line)? Would you say...?Most of the timeSometimesSeldomNever

29. What are the different types of mode where u access internet easily (Like mobile, etc)

30. How it is useful for school going children

31. For young generation internet is boom or curse and giver some reason

32.Advantage of use of internet in computer

33.Disadvantage of use of internet in computer