HPHT Drilling Research
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Transcript of HPHT Drilling Research
www.rf.no
HP/HT well construction, well control HP/HT well construction, well control issues and risk managementissues and risk management
How can a Research Institute contribute ?How can a Research Institute contribute ?
Presented by Rolv Rommetveit, Rogaland Research
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ContentsContents
• Background• R&D highlights within HPHT• The HPHT Laboratory• HPHT Integrated Studies• How can an R&D Institute contribute ?
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HPHT Drilling Research at RFHPHT Drilling Research at RF--Rogaland ResearchRogaland Research
Background
• Prospects and Discoveries in Central Graben
• Serious Well Control Problems during drilling of HPHT
Wells
• Need for understanding dynamic Pressures as well as
Temperature effects in HPHT wells
• HPHT Fields under development require solutions to
production and reservoir related problems as well
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HPHT HPHT Research Activities at RFResearch Activities at RF--Rogaland ResearchRogaland Research
From 1990 R&D within drilling and well technology started at RF
• 1991 - 93“Accurate Pressure Conditions in Deep, Hot Wells”JIP with 5 participantsDevelopment of an Advanced Model for Accurate Pressure andTemperature Calculations
• 1991 - 94Strategic Technology Programme from NFR“Well Technology in Deep, Hot Wells
• Productions Problems related to HPHT reservoirs• Drilling related problems was further studied• Needs for Laboratories to study these phenomena was
defined
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HPHT Drilling Research at RFHPHT Drilling Research at RF--Rogaland ResearchRogaland Research
1990 - 94: “Understanding Pressures and Temperatures during drilling under extreme conditions”(DEA-E-33 project)
Focus on:– Field Measurements of P and T from 2 HPHT Wells– Fluid Properties at HPHT (Rheology and Density)– Verification of Pressure and Temperature models– Development of recommendations for safer Tripping and
Drilling
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HPHT field dataHPHT field data
• Time based surface data• Time based downhole data
– Near BOP– Top and bottom of BHA– 1000 m above BHA
• The data cover detailed tests in cased holes:– Gel tests– Surge and swab– Circulation sweeps– …
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Laboratory experimentsLaboratory experiments
• 10 HPHT mud samples collected and analysed
• Mud density at HPHT• Mud rheology at HPHT• Correlation based models developed
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Case 1:• 2.1 s.g. WBM• Vertical, 5000 m• Gel tests inside 9 5/8”
casingTests at bottom inside 7” liner
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Case 2:• 2.2 s.g. OBM• Deviated, up to 27°• 5100 m MD• Tests inside 9 7/8”
casing
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Bottom hole pressure, WBMBottom hole pressure, WBM
15 20 25 30 35400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Pre
ssur
e (b
ar)
Time (hours)
Gel
test
s w
. rot
atio
n
Gel
test
s w
.o. r
otat
ion
Rea
min
g ce
men
t
Pre
ssur
e te
st
Dre
ss o
ff ce
men
t plu
g
Circ
. and
con
d. m
ud
Sur
ge a
nd s
wab
Circ
ulat
ion
swee
ps, 2
00-1
000
l/min
Sta
tic p
erio
d
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Pressure, gel test Pressure, gel test w.ow.o. rot., WBM. rot., WBM
18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8800
810
820
830
840
850
860
Pre
ssur
e (b
ar)
Time (hours)
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Pressure, swab/surge, WBMPressure, swab/surge, WBM
27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.8950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
Pres
sure
(bar
)
Time (hours)
600 l/min No circ.
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Temperature, Transient Temperature, Transient p,Tp,T--model, model, OBMOBM
35 40 45120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
Time (hours)
Te
mpe
ratu
re (C
)Measured dataCalculation
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Operational recommendations developed Operational recommendations developed for :for :
• Pressure transmission• Drilling
– Swab in critical zones• Recommended procedure for
critical zones– Surge in critical zones– Gelling
• Mud properties– Rheology and gel strength
are very temperature dependent – HPHT laboratory measurements are recommended
• Use of thermo-hydraulic analysis
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HPHT HPHT Research Activities at RFResearch Activities at RF--Rogaland ResearchRogaland Research
ELF HPHT Drilling and Production Programme
A Major Research Co-operationBased on Elgyn / Franklin needs
1992 - 1995– Drilling Programme– Production Programme– HPHT Laboratory
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Dynamic Barite Sag
in Drilling Fluids
Research funded by Elf and ENI / Norsk Agip
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Dynamic barite sagging:
When weight material in drilling fluid precipitates during circulation.
• All drilling fluids show dynamic sagging during laminar shear flow.
• Large differences in different drilling fluids with respect to rate of dynamic sagging.
Dynamic Barite SagDynamic Barite Sag
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Dynamic Barite SagDynamic Barite Sag
0.00E+00
5.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.50E-05
2.00E-05
2.50E-05
Agip oilbased:
Agip waterbased:
Glydril: VersaVert
80/20:
Nova Plus60/40:
CMC: Xanthan:
Summary of sagging properties of drilling muds
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Dynamic Barite SagDynamic Barite Sag
• A method to measure dynamic sagging in drilling fluids has been developed.
• A formalism to analyse the results have been established
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RF-ROGALAND RESEARCH
HPHT Fluids Laboratory
Testing of fluids at: Pressures up to 1500 bar
Temperatures up to 200º C
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The RF rig areaThe RF rig area
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APPLICATION IN RESERVOIRSAPPLICATION IN RESERVOIRS
• Phase behaviour of fluid mixtures• Retrograde condensate evaluation• Dew point determination• Formation blocking• Emulsion stability• Foam properties
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APPLICATION IN PRODUCTIONAPPLICATION IN PRODUCTION
• Scale formation studies and inhibition• Wax and asphaltene formation• Corrosion evaluation• Chemical stability• Emulsion stability• Supercritical properties of gases• Solvent properties in fluids
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APPLICATIONS IN COMPLETIONAPPLICATIONS IN COMPLETION
• Well control• Completion fluid characterization• Gas / condensate solubility in completion fluids• Thermal properties of packer fluids• Salt solubility in brines• Kill pill stability• Fluid compatibilities• Precipitation in the formation• Emulsion stability
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APPLICATIONS IN DRILLINGAPPLICATIONS IN DRILLING
• Well control• Kick control
– Gas, condensate and oil influx in oil and water based mud
• ECD management• Drilling fluid characterization
– Emulsion stability under HPHT conditions– Rheology stability under HPHT conditions– Static barite sagging under HPHT conditions– Thermophysical properties in fluids
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The HPHT Mud CellPrinciple•Piston cell with piston controlled by hydraulic pressure inside a heating cabinet
•The cell volume (e.g. Position of the piston) is read by a linear encoder mounted on the side
Technical data•Pressure range: 0 to 1.370 bar
•Temperature limit: 200 C
•Volume: 500 ml ( + 0.2% )
•Material: Solid Hastelloy
Technical data•Position encoder for volume measurements
•Robust tubing and valves to allow handling fluids weighted with solid agents
•Well for temperature probe in the cell body
•Computer interfaced data acquisition
Applications•Thermal expansion of fluids
•Compressibility of fluid
•Temperature and pressure effects of fluid components
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HPHT-laboratory PVT-cell•Advanced PVT-apparatus
•Two interconnected variable volume chambers with motor-driven pistons working directly into cells
•Fully computer-interfaced control and data acquisition
•Interchangable end-sections with a variety of sapphire windows for video-monitor or fiber-optic interface detection
•Applications•All standard PVT with unprecedented accuracy
•Direct dewpoint measurement
•Visual (full-view colour video monitor) and quantitative studies of all phase transition phenomena (LV, L1,L2, Solid precipitation,...)
Principle•Similar to two big yolumetric pumps placed vertically within a large thermostat; with the pump cylinders utilized as cells
•Pistons can compress sample or displace it back and forth to display interesting phenomena in windows
Technical data•1.500 bar maximum working pressure (20.000 psi)
•-30 to 230o C temperature range
•Volume: 700 cc (cell1), 100 cc (cell 2)Accuracy: γL-Level
•Material: Solid HastelloyVespel (seals)Al2O3 (windows)
•Minimal dead volumes (valves integrated in cell bodies)
•Flush-mounted pressure transducers
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ConclusionConclusion
• HPHT Fluids laboratory is highly relevant for drilling ,completion and reservoir related studies
• Application in– Drilling and completion fluid characterization– Well control / kick control– Gas / condensate solubility– Baryte sag– Fluid stability– Fluid properties vs. Pressure and Temperature
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HPHT Drilling Research:HPHT Drilling Research:Kick Kick ModellingModelling and Controland Control
• A GENERAL TOOL FOR WELL CONTROL ENGINEERING AND ANALYSIS– A JIP for development of RF Kick Simulator
• Activities related to HPHT well control:– Extended PVT model– Special aspects of kicks in HPHT wells– Surface gas separation and flaring capabilities
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KICKKICK
Design tool forwork station
(DEA-E-5)
Dissolvedgas transport
PVT-experi-ments in OBM
Shallowgas kicks
Multilateralwell control
Special kill procedures Multiple kicks from
multiple zones
Kick with lostcirculation
Kick for slimhole drilling
Gas rise inhighly gelled mud
Full scale kick tests for SHD
(DEA-E-55)Deep waterkick module
General EOS-basedPVT-module
HPHT Conden-sate kicks
Full scale kick experimentsin horizontal wells
(DEA-E-50)
Kick development inhorizontal wells
Verificationv.s. kick tests
Full scale kick tests in OBM
(DEA-E-9)
Gas slipanalysis
Kill of under-ground flow
Blow-outkill model
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Undetected connection kick Undetected connection kick IleIle1m1m33 kick, OBM, circ 1200 l/minkick, OBM, circ 1200 l/min
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Uniqueness of RF KickUniqueness of RF Kick
• Can model gas, condensate and oil kicks (advanced PVT module)
• Well suited for HPHT conditions• Verified for ultra-deep conditions• Can model complex scenarios (with lost circulstion etc.)• Realistic gas transport model enable degasser design
evaluations • Less conservative (more realistic) than other models• Special wellsite version for kick tolerance evaluations on
critical wells available• A necessary tool in the operator’s tool-kit for special wells
and operations
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HPHT R&DThermo-hydraulic modelling (PRESMOD)
HPHT R&DHPHT R&DThermoThermo--hydraulic modelling (PRESMOD)hydraulic modelling (PRESMOD)
• Coupled pressure and temperature simulator
• Radial and axial discretization
• Dynamic simulations for studies of operational effects on pressure and temperature profiles
• State of the art rheology and density models with possibilities to input of fluid lab. data
• JIP on HPHT Hydraulic Modeling since 1990
• Elf Transient WellboreTemperature Model Belzeb
• Results from DEA-E-33 tests improved Model
• Extensive verification • HPHT wells• Extended Reach Wells• Deep Water wells
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Presmod Value and uniquenessPresmod Value and uniqueness
• Presmod is a unique tool to optimize drilling procedures in wells with small margins
• Presmod takes into full account the impact of operations-driven T and P changes on the ECDs
• Casing running can be optimized
• Pressure loss 81/2” section CsFK mud• Kristin well case
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HPHT Research ; HPHT Research ; Critical pressure effectsCritical pressure effects
• Transient surge and swab pressure– Compressibility– Friction– Hole and casing elasticity
• Transient gel breaking pressure– Pump start-up and surge/swab when drilling
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Critical Pressure EffectsCritical Pressure Effects
Transient flow model with gel build-up and
gel breaking
2. Pressure transmissionlaboratory experiments
5. HPHTfield tests
3. Flow start-up lab. experiments
Research activities Computer software
1. Fluid characterization
4. Transient flow modeling
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Gel breaking pressure near bottomGel breaking pressure near bottom
18.74 18.75 18.76 18.77 18.78 18.79 18.8815
820
825
830
835
840
845
Time (hours)
Pressure at gauge A2 (DEA-E-33 WBM)
Pre
ssur
e (b
ar)
Measured dataNo GEL With gelling
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HTHP surge and swab calculationHTHP surge and swab calculation
27.38 27.39 27.4 27.41 27.42 27.431000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
Time (hours)
Pressure at gauge A2 (DEA-E-33 WBM)
Pre
ssur
e (b
ar)
Measured data Dynamic calculationSteady state
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KickRisk KickRisk –– project goalsproject goals
Develop a tool that:
• Quantifies uncertainty to kick and blowout
• Reflects risk related to different design alternatives
• Highlights critical factors• Assists identification of risk
reducing measures• Is a basis for cost-benefit
studies of alternate measures
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KickRisk OverviewKickRisk Overview
Kick Analysis
Loss of wellcontrol
CompletedIn useEvaluationFurther development
CompletedQualificationPilot studyFurther development
Blowout flow module
In progress
Norsk AgipOljedirektoratetStatoil (upgrade)
Norsk AgipNorsk Hydro
Norsk AgipNorsk HydroOljedirektoratet
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KickRiskKickRisk Kvitebjørn Kvitebjørn StudyStudy
• Objectives:– Quantify overall kick probabilities– Identify critical factors– Compare OBM and CsKF in terms
of kick probability– Quantify fracturing probabilites– Sensitivity analysis on mudweight
• Methodology:– Data gathering via expert team Interviews– Analysis using KickRisk: Risk Analysis module
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KickRiskKickRisk Kvitebjørn Kvitebjørn StudyStudy
• Analysis of fracturing probabilities for CsKF
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Example of applicationExample of application
KickRisk study on the Kristin field
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HPHT well studies in Rogaland Research HPHT well studies in Rogaland Research GroupGroup
• Numerous HPHT wells drilled in Norway including 2/4-14 & 16
• Pre- and post analysis of well control• BP UK Marnock
• Post analysis of well control problems• BP UK Devonick
• theoretical evaluations• laboratory investigations• computer simulations and scenario
developments with advanced modeling tools; drilling & completions
• implementing learning's in procedures and operations
• training• operational support
• BP Baku Shah Deniz wells• Well control & transient hydraulics
evaluations• Gas diffusion• Operational support
• Kvitebjørn ; Statoil• Computer simulations and scenario
developments; advanced hydraulics• Kick Risk studies
• Kristin ; Statoil• theoretical evaluations; gas diffusion• computer simulations and scenario
developments with advanced modeling tools; drilling & completions
• implementing learning's in procedures and operations
• training• Kick Risk studies
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Topics for a Well Control StudyTopics for a Well Control Study
– Hydraulic calculations (ECD, swab pressures, temperature effects)
– Kick Tolerances (swabbed, drilled and pressured fault kicks)
– Undetected Kicks (in oil based Mud)– Gas Migration (free gas migration in brine) – Gas diffusion– Kill Methods – Surface Flow parameters/ Mud Gas Separator– Comparing kick behavior in brine vs. oil based
Mud.
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Value of advanced computer modelingValue of advanced computer modeling
• Advanced computer models can be very valuable in both the planning and training phase:– Identify specific well control risks– Input to Well Control Procedures (verify vs. improve)– Contribute to optimization of well design– Develop new procedures– Realistic training– Improve knowledge of HPHT wells– Improve kick tolerance calculations
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• Well control and hydraulic studies using advanced , transient modelling tools
• Planning, operation, and training• Development of procedures
• Operational support • QRA analysis
– Kick probability using KickRisk– Operational risks
• Utilize HPHT Laboratory• Drilling, Completion, Production and reservoir studies
• Understand fully fluid properties ( barite-sag, stability, gas diffusion)
Future contribution from RF Group in order to unlock the HPHT Challenge
Future contribution from RF Group in order Future contribution from RF Group in order to unlock the HPHT Challengeto unlock the HPHT Challenge