Konstantin "Kosta" Milovanovi Peanac (Serbian Cyrillic: ; 18791944) was a Serbian

Konstantin "Kosta" Milovanovi Peanac (Serbian Cyrillic: ; 18791944) was a Serbian Chetnik commander (vojvoda) during the Balkan Wars, World War I and World War II. Peanac fought on the Serbian side in both Balkan Wars and World War I, joining the forces of Kosta Vojinovi during the Toplica uprising of 1917. Between the wars he was an important leader of Chetnik veteran associations, and was known for his strong hostility to the Yugoslav Communist Party, which made him popular with conservatives such as the Yugoslav Radical Union. As president of the Chetnik Association, he transformed the association during the 1930s into an aggressively partisan Serb political organisation with over half a million members. During World War II, Peanac collaborated with both the German military administration and their Serbian puppet government in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia.[1]Just before the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Yugoslav government provided Peanac with funds and arms to raise guerrilla units in the southern parts of Serbia, Macedonia and the Kosovo region, and he succeeded in forming a detachment of about 300 men largely in the Toplica river valley in southern Serbia, which avoided destruction during the invasion. In the first three months after the surrender, Peanac gathered more troops from Serb refugees fleeing Macedonia and Kosovo. However, his Chetniks fought only Albanian groups in the region, and did not engage the Germans. Following the uprising in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia in early July 1941, Peanac quickly resolved to abandon resistance against the Axis, and by the end of August had concluded agreements with the German occupation forces and the puppet government of Milan Nedi to collaborate with them and fight the communist Partisans. In July 1942, rival Chetnik leader Draa Mihailovi arranged for the Yugoslav government-in-exile to denounce Peanac as a traitor, and his continuing collaboration with the Germans ruined what remained of the reputation he had developed in the Balkan Wars and World War I.

The Germans rapidly realised that Peanac's Chetniks, whose numbers had grown to 8,000, were inefficient and unreliable, and even the Nedi government had no confidence in them. They were completely disbanded by March 1943. Peanac himself was interned by the Nedi regime for some time, and was assassinated by agents of Mihailovi in May or June 1944.