How will Thomas Jefferson alter the federal government?

Chapter 6, Section 2-4

Upcoming…• Adam’s Presidency

– Election of 1796– XYZ Affair– Alien and Sedition Acts

• Jefferson’s Presidency– How did Jefferson simplify the federal government?– Impacts of Marbury v. Madison– Significance of Louisiana Purchase/ Lewis & Clark– Why did the South become more politically

powerful?– Causes and impacts of Embargo of 1807– VP Aaron Burr & Alexander Hamilton

• War of 1812– Know major causes– Impressment– Chesapeake Incident– European Blockade– Tecumseh– War Hawks

– Major Campaigns/ Battles– Attempts to take Canada– Washington D.C.– Battle of New Orleans– Francis Scott Key/ Star Spangled Banner/ Ft.

McHenry– Impacts of Treaty of Ghent & Subsequent

Treaties

• Rise of Sectionalism• Impacts of Industrial Revolution (positive and

negative)• Eli Whitney/ Interchangeable parts• Mass Production• Compare Economies of North and South• “King Cotton”/ Cotton Gin• Slavery’s growth in South compared to dying out

in North• The “American System”

– Re-establishment of the US– Improvements to transportation system– Tariff of 1816

Foreign Policy Issues• RECAP: 1789, French Revolution is welcomed by the

Americans

• Recognized the importance of France finally overthrowing its monarchy and becoming a republic government

• 1793, events turn bad in France, the revolutionaries begin killing off thousands of the opposition, including the king and his family

The French Revolution…Which sides do the parties take?

• Democratic Republicans French Revolutionaries

• Still see them as allies, Jefferson quoted “the most sacred cause that ever man has engaged in”

• Federalists Monarchy• Saw the revolutionaries as anarchists and had

also sought to destroy religion and social order

French and Great Britain at war

• 1793, Britain and France at War

• Both parties agree that US is not in any condition to fight a war on either side

• Too dependent on GB trade

• Same year Washington issues a proclamation of neutrality

• British navy tested Americans by seizing American ships in in French West Indies (Caribbean)

The Northwest Territory is Opened• Treaty of Paris gave Americans a large territory west of the Appalachians

• British wanted to limit expansion of American Settlement so provided the Miami Indians weapons and supplies

• Washington sends troops to stop the Miami in 1790 but are defeated by war Chief Little Turtle

• 1796, General Anthony Wayne leads a larger federal army at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

• Lead to Treaty of Greenville = opening of Northwest Territory

BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBERS

LITTLE TURTLE

Jay’s Treaty

• To avoid war with Britain, GW sends Chief Justice John Jay to London to negotiate a compromise

• 1794, British give up their forts on American soil but keep restrictions on American ships

• Also US agreed to pay back pre war debts

Pinckney’s Treaty

• 1795, Spain sees Jay’s Treaty as a threat

• “Envoy Extoardinary” Thomas Pinckney is able to negotiate a treaty with Spain (FAVORABLE TO US)

• Guaranteed free shipping rights on the Mississippi River and access to New Orleans

• Established northern boundary of Spanish Florida

The Beginnings of the Electoral College

• Ideas before the creation of the Electoral College…– Have Congress choose President– State legislatures select President– Direct popular vote

• 1st design, lasted 4 elections, electors would be selected from each state, receive 2 votes each (Senators) + how many representatives each state had

• 2nd design – changed by the 12th amendment, received 2 votes, one for President and the other for Vice President

Election of 1796Candidates Party Electoral Votes

John Adams Federalist 71

Thomas Jefferson Democratic Republicans 68

Thomas Pinckney Federalist 59

Aaron Burr Democratic Republicans 30

Others 48

Election of 1796, the firsts…• FIRST election where two parties ran

• FIRST election where the nation would transfer power through an election

• FIRST use of posters, handbills, rallies, and other ways to gain support for their candidate

John Adams, the 2nd President• Beat TJ for the presidency, Jefferson

becomes VP

• Washington’s Vice President

• Behind his back, he was called “His Rotundity”

• 1st president to live in the White House

• Complete opposite of George Washington

• Made many political enemies

• Alexander Hamilton greatly disliked him

After George Washington…XYZ Affair

• Jay Treaty of 1794 had hurt France, seen as act of betrayal by US (GW)

• Sooooo…..1796, French began seizing American merchant ships

• Pres. Adams sends men to negotiate a deal with France (Foreign Minister Talleyrand

• Instead met with 3 French officials wanted SUPER humiliating terms! (massive loan + $250,000 in bribes)

• Adams would rename these officials X, Y and Z and released the documents to the public…became known as the XYZ Affair

Alien and Sedition Acts• Good? Bad?• Passed in 1798

• Authorized President to arrest and deport immigrants who criticized government

• Made it a crime to publicly discredit the federal government, jailed if found guilty of doing so

• Have to live in the US for 14 years before becoming a citizen, originally 5 years

• Over 20 some newspaper writers were jailed through the acts

TALLEYRAND

French Foreign Minister

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• VA and Kentucky (both Dem. Republican states) passed controversial laws to counteract Alien and Sedition Acts

• Written by Madison and Jefferson in 1798 and 1799, declared the Sedition Act unconstitutional

• Hinted at power to nullify federal laws that were unconstitutional

• No other state legislatures adopted the resolutions

Key terms

• Bureaucracy• John Marshall• Judicial review• Marbury v. Madison• Louisiana Purchase• Lewis and Clark• Barbary War• Impressment• Embargo

Election of 1800 Jefferson beats Adams

• Jefferson vs Burr tied in electoral votes (Both Democratic Republicans)

• Election was taken to the House of Representatives

• Aaron Burr vs Jefferson (top 2 vote getters), Hamilton decided to push his party towards Jefferson

• Leads to creation of 12th amendment, 1 vote for president, 1 vote for VP (vice president)

THOMAS JEFFERSON

The Age of Jefferson - 1801

• Jefferson looked to greatly change things up from the previous administration

• Saw 1800s as a huge opportunity to change the way the federal government operated

• Aimed to shift the government away from Federalist policies

RECAP! What are some of the differences between Federalists and Democratic – Republicans

(Antifederalists)?

Simplifying the government• Encouraged Congress to abandon Alien & Sedition Acts, taxes

on stamps, land and alcohol

• Began to pay down the national debt (entering his term: $80 million, 1809 - $57 million)

• Decided to make major cuts in the army and navy, and streamline the government offices and workers (bureaucracy)

• Rise in foreign trade• More families began purchasing land in the west

John Marshall’s Supreme Court• 1801, Marshall became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

• Assigned by John Adams before Adams finished his presidential term

• Jefferson (Dem. Republican) and Marshall (Federalist) were political enemies

• THEY WERE COUSINS!

• Marshall served for over 35 yrs and participated in over 1,000 court decisions

Marshall’s Principles

• Marshall utilized four of Hamilton’s principles to interpret the Constitution

1. Claimed the power to review acts of Congress and of the President to determine if they were constitutional (judicial review)

2. Federal laws were superior to state laws3. Broad interpretation of the Constitution (loose

construction)4. Limited power of state gov’ts to interfere with business

Marbury v. Madison• 1st case using judicial review

• John Adams before he left office also assigned William Marbury (Federalist) a federal court judge position

• Incoming Secretary of State, James Madison refused to deliver the official papers of appointment

• Marshall rules in favor of Madison by declaring unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 (MAKES DEM. REPUBLICANS HAPPY)

• BUT: The decision allowed the court to gain the power of reviewing constitutionality of federal laws

How did Marshall’s decision boost the

power of the Supreme Court?

• Which means…..the Supreme Court has the final authority to interpret the meaning of the Constitution!

• Think about major topics today…gay marriage, legalization of marijuana…etc…

The Louisiana Purchase• Jefferson wanted to expand the US to the Pacific Ocean

• 1st idea…go to war with Spain and take the land west of the US

– Very small population of Spanish colonists– Empire was distracted by war in Europe

• France gets in the way…Napoleon forces Spain to give him the Louisiana Territory

The STEAL!• Jefferson sends James Monroe and Robert Livingston to

negotiate with Napoleon

• Napoleon was in trouble…slave rebels had rebelled in the Caribbean and needed an army to stop the rebellion

• ALSO needed $$ to fight GB

• Sold the Louisiana Territory to the US for…

$15 million dollars!

What do we get for $15 million?• Paid 3 cents an acre (an acre is about 90% of a football field)

• 828,000 square miles of land• Extends from Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

• Jefferson GOES COMPLETELY AGAINST HIS POLICIES!!!– What was his policy again??

• Constitution does not authorize buying territory from foreign countries…

• Quoted “done act act beyond the Constitution”

Lewis & Clark Expedition

• 1804, sent Meriweather Lewis and William Clark to explore the new territory

• The two and their expedition crew were guided by a Shoshone woman, named Sacajawea and her husband

ELECTION OF 1804

Common Dueling Pistol

I thoroughly disapprove of duels. I consider them unwise and I know they are dangerous. Also, sinful. If a man should challenge me, I would take him kindly and forgivingly by the hand and lead him to a quiet retired spot and kill him.- Autobiography of Mark Twain

Jefferson’s Foreign Woes• Barbary War – North African Countries…

Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli

• Bought immunity from these countries so they would not seize American ships sailing into the Mediterranean Sea

• Administrators paid off these Barbary States until Jefferson’s presidency

• Wanted more $$, Jefferson refused and sent the American navy to blockade the port of Tripoli, winning a favorable peace in 1805

Reexport Trade• US was beginning to see a large surplus in farming

goods

• War in Europe from 1793 – 1807 had helped in increasing US profits + Large growth in American exports, ports, ships etc.

• British navy throughout the French – GB War captured French merchant ships

• French would turn to American ships for assistance

• British had banned direct American voyages between French West Indies and France

Creating Profit1. Americans would load up French goods in the

French West Indies (Caribbean)

2. British fleets would deny Americans passage on the Atlantic and redirected to the US

3. US would unload supplies and reload supplies as “American”

4. Would create an extra $59 million in revenue for US

British Impressment• GB was angered and irritated by the Reexport trade

• In response, took American sailors and forced them to serve in the British Navy (impressment)

• By 1812, approx. 6,000 American citizens had been impressed to serve on a British warship

• 1807, American warship, Chesapeake was attacked

• Angered both Dem. Rep. and Federalists

Reaction: Embargo Act of 1807

• 1807, Jefferson asked Congress for an embargo• Suspended American trading by ordering ships

to stay in port• Attempted to starve British and stop their

factories, creating riots, and hurt farmers• Bankrupted American farmers, merchants• Threw American sailors out of work and hurt

farmers• Jefferson lifted the embargo before he left office

War of 1812