How Waves of Innovation in Biotechnology Shaped a Small Business Venture
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Transcript of How Waves of Innovation in Biotechnology Shaped a Small Business Venture
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How waves of innovation in biotechnology shaped a small business venture.
Chris Kemp
Kempbio, Inc. 5119 Pegasus Ct. Suite P. Frederick, MD 21704
PrincetonInternational SchoolofMathematics andScienceDecember 9,2016
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When do multiplication and division mean the same thing?
A Riddle for You
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When You are Studying Biology!
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POP QUIZ !
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POP Quiz !• Name Three Profoundly Destabilizing Scientific Ideas
from the 20th Century– Transformed culture, language, politics and society
• Hint #1– One was from chemistry/physics– One dealt with information– One was from Biology
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POP Quiz !• Name Three Profoundly Destabilizing Scientific Ideas
from the 20th Century– Transformed culture, language, politics and society
• Hint #1– One was from chemistry/physics– One dealt with information– One was from Biology
• Hint #2– All are basic “building blocks”– All are the least divisible unit of a larger form
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POP Quiz: Answer• The Atom (matter)• The Byte (digitized information)• The Gene (biological information)
Taken from: The Gene An Intimate History by Siddhartha Mukherjee
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How waves of innovation in biotechnology shaped a small business venture.
Chris Kemp
Kempbio, Inc. 5119 Pegasus Ct. Suite P. Frederick, MD 21704
PrincetonInternational SchoolofMathematics andScienceDecember 9,2016
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Kempbio, Inc.
5119 Pegasus Ct. Suite P Frederick, MD 21704 USAwww.kempbioinc.com
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History• Kempbio, Inc. founded December 2008 at FITCI
– FITCI = Frederick Technology Incubator
• Graduated FITCI September 2012• Built-out 3000 sq.ft. facility at Westview Business
Park, Frederick 2012 with 7-year lease• Past employees of Kemp Biotechnologies, Inc.
– 1992 to 2007 (Sold in 2006)– GeneChoice 2000 to 2008 (Sold in 2006)
• 20+ years of experience working as a CRO for the Biopharmaceutical industry
• Private company located in Frederick, MD
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Personnel
• Chris Kemp, Ph.D., President• April Birch, B.S., Director of Cell Culture• Heather Allen, B.S., Sr. Scientist Cell Culture• Pat Kemp, B.S., Vice President• Kerrie Kenefick, B.S., Purification Technician• Gary Bechanan, CPA, Comptroller
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Company Information
• 72 Customers– 3 Large Pharma– 4 US Government Agencies– 5 Academic Institutions– 60 Biopharms and Biotechnology Companies
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Facility• Kempbio, Inc. is located in Frederick, MD USA
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Protein Purification Lab• Kempbio, Inc. has 2,000 sq. ft. of laboratory space
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Main Lab
• Kempbio, Inc. has 2,000 sq. ft. of laboratory space
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Main Lab
• Kempbio, Inc. has 2,000 sq. ft. of laboratory space
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100L SUB
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Kempbio’s Business
Production of ProteinsFrom Genes
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Kempbio is a
Gene to Protein Company
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Gene to Protein Concept
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Gene to Protein Reality• >Contig pCI-X-His Sequence
• ATCACAGTTAAATTGCTAACGCAGTCAGTGCTTCTGACACAACAGTCTCGAACTTAAGCTGCAGAAGTTGGTCGTGAGGCACTGGGCAGGTAAGTATCAAGGTTACAAGACAGGTTTAAGGAGACCAATAGAAACTGGGCTTGTCGAGACAGAGAAGACTCTTGCGTTTCTGATAGGCACCTATTGGTCTTACTGACATCCACTTTGCCTTTCTCTCCACAGGTGTCCACTCCCAGTTCAATTACAGCTCTTAAGGCTAGAGTACTTAATACGACTCACTATAGGCTAGCGCCACCATGGGATGGTCCTGCATCATTCTGTTCCTGGTGGCAACTGCAACCGGAGCACACAGCTCCACTGAGGAACTGTTTAAGGAGTACAAACTGACCCGACCTTATATGGCCCGGTGCATCAGATGTGCTGTGGGCTCCTGTCACTCTCCAATCGCTATTGAAGCAGTGAAGTCTGACGGGCATGATGGATACGTCCGCCTGCAGACCTCTAGTCAGTATGGCCTGGACTCAAGCGGCAACCTGAAGGGGAGGACAATGCGCTACGATATGCACGGGACTATCAAAGAGATTCCTCTGCACCAGGTGAGTCTGCATACATCAAGACCATGCCACATCGTCGACGGACATGGCTATTTCCTGCTGGCAAGGTGTCCAGCAGGCGACTCTATTACCATGGAGTTTAAGAAAGATAGTGTGACACACAGCTGCTCCGTGCCCTACGAGGTCAAGTTCAACCCTGTCGGCAGGGAACTGTATACCCACCCCCCTGAGCATGGGGTGGAACAGGCTTGTCAGGTCTACGCCCACGACGCTCAGAATCGCGGAGCATATGTGGAGATGCATCTGCCTGGCTCTGAAGTGGATTCCTCTCTGGTCTCTCTGAGTGGGAGTTCAGTGACAGTCACTCCACCCGTGGGAACAAGTGCCCTGGTCGAGTGCGAATGTGGCGGGAAGAAAATCTCAGAGACTATTAATAGAACCAAGCAGTTCTCCCAGTGCACTAAGAAAGAACAGTGTCGAGCATACCGGCTGCAGAACGACAAATGGGTGTATAATAGCGATAAGCTGCCCAAAGCCGCTGGGGCTACCCTGAAGGGAAAACTGCACGTGCCCTTTCTGCTGGCAGACGGGAAGTGCACAGTCCCTCTGGCCCCCGAGCCTATGATCACTTTCGGATTTCGCTCAGTGAGCCTGAAGCTGCATCCAAAAAACCCCACTTACCTGACCACACGACAGCTGGCCGATGAGCCACACTATACCCATGAGCTGATTTCCGAACCCGCTGTGCGGAACTTCACCGTCACAGAGAAGGGCTGGGAATTCGTGTGGGGGAATCACCCTCCAAAAAGATTTTGGGCTCAGGAGACAGCACCTGGAAATCCACACGGCCTGCCACATGAAGTGATCACCCACTACTATCATCGGTACCCCATGAGCACAATTCTGGGCCTGTCCCACCATCACCATCACCATTAATGAGCGGCCGC
•• >Predicted protein sequence (397 aa, MW=44,336.58)•• MGWSCIILFLVATATGAHSSTEELFKEYKLTRPYMARCIRCAVGSCHSPIAIEAVKSDGHDGYVRLQTSSQYGLDSSGNLKGRTMRY
DMHGTIKEIPLHQVSLHTSRPCHIVDGHGYFLLARCPAGDSITMEFKKDSVTHSCSVPYEVKFNPVGRELYTHPPEHGVEQACQVYAHDAQNRGAYVEMHLPGSEVDSSLVSLSGSSVTVTPPVGTSALVECECGGKKISETINRTKQFSQCTKKEQCRAYRLQNDKWVYNSDKLPKAAGATLKGKLHVPFLLADGKCTVPLAPEPMITFGFRSVSLKLHPKNPTYLTTRQLADEPHYTHELISEPAVRNFTVTEKGWEFVWGNHPPKRFWAQETAPGNPHGLPHEVITHYYHRYPMSTILGLSHHHHHH
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Promega pCi Vector
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Basic Methods of Gene Transfer
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Gene to Protein Reality
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How waves of innovation in biotechnology shaped a small business venture.
Chris Kemp
Kempbio, Inc. 5119 Pegasus Ct. Suite P. Frederick, MD 21704
PrincetonInternational SchoolofMathematics andScienceDecember 9,2016
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INNOVATION• The introduction of something new• A new idea, method or device
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INNOVATION• The introduction of something new• A new idea, method or device
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Innovation Paradox: WSJ 12-9-16
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TRUE INNOVATION• 1977 Herbert Boyer clones the gene for
human insulin into E. coli and expresses the recombinant peptide hormone
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TRUE INNOVATION
• 1958 BS St. Vincent College LaTrobe, PA• 1963 PhD University of Pittsburgh• Post-Doc at Yale, Asst. Prof at UCSF• 1976 Co-founded Genentech
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Innovations That Guide Kempbio
• ViroCyt Virus Counter• BacMam
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Baculovirus Plaque Titer Method
• Perform serial 10X dilutions• Overlay with agarose• Incubate 7 Days• Stain with Neutral Red Dye• Count Plaques and correct for dilution• Endpoint is infectious titer
– Plaque Forming Unit (pfu)
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Rapid Virus Titer Methods
• Plaque Titer (not a rapid method) • Expression Systems Flow Cytometry • Clontech BacPAK™ Rapid Titer Methods
– Immunoassay– qPCR
• Izon particle counter• ViroCyt virus particle counter
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ViroCyt Virus Counter
Virus Counter part of a collaboration with ViroCyt
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• A flow cytometer-based system developed specifically to quantify viruses using a dual fluorescence staining approach
• With this “Combo Dye” system, viral genomes and surface proteins are stained with fluorogenic dyes that emit in the yellow and red regions of the visible spectrum, respectively
• Fluorescence emission is detected in two separate optical channels where optical compensation hardware and software elements correct for any crosstalk between channels
Virus Counter (ViroCyt, LLC)
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• When voltage pulses are simultaneously observed in both the nucleic acid and protein emission channels, the “simultaneous event” is counted as an intact virus particle
• The number of simultaneous events counted during the analysis time is used in combination with sample flow rate to calculate the concentration of virus particles per milliliter of sample
Virus Counter (ViroCyt, LLC)
Intact Virus Particles
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Scatter Plot: Plaque Titer vs ViroCyt vp/mL titer
0.00E+00
2.00E+07
4.00E+07
6.00E+07
8.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.20E+08
0.00E+00 1.00E+09 2.00E+09 3.00E+09 4.00E+09
pfu/
mL
vp/mL (ViroCyt)
r2 = 0.95Slope = 0.025 pfu/mL per vp/mLY-intercept = -3.7x106 pfu/mL
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Virus Production based on Plaque and ViroCyt Titers
0.00E+00
1.00E+09
2.00E+09
3.00E+09
4.00E+09
5.00E+09
6.00E+09
7.00E+09
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Viru
s Pa
rtic
les
per m
L
Time Post-Infection (hours)
591 A
591 B
751 A
751 B
MOI = 0.021x106 cells per mLSF900-IIIA = Plaque TiterB = ViroCyt Titer
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Baculovirus in Supernatant of Stirred-tank Bioreactor
0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
3.00E+09
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Viru
s Pa
rtic
les
per m
L
Time Post-Infection (Hours)
Sf9 CellsMOI = 2.0Cell Density = 2x106 cells per mLTiters by ViroCyt 2100Each point = Mean of 3 titers
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0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
24 36 48 60 72
Vir
us P
artic
les p
er m
L
Elapsed Time (h.)
High Five
Sf9
Baculovirus Particles in Culture Supernatant
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Innovations That Guide Kempbio
• ViroCyt Virus Counter• BacMam
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Basic Methods of Gene Transfer
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BacMam
• Mammalian CMV Promoter
• Express rProteins in a variety of mammalian cells using a baculovirus as the delivery vehicle
Invitrogen 2008
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BacMam Transfer Vector
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Second Generation Bacmam VectorsVSV-G Coat Protein (Panels C-G) on envelope of budded virus
allows increased entry into cells
Rick Boyce 2011
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GFP BacMam HEK-293
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BacMam Protocol CHO and HEK
• For 1L- 100L expression– Cells at 1.5 to 2x106 cells per mL for HEK-293– Up to 4x106 cells per mL for CHO-S– Generate BacMam virus in Sf9 cells
• If >10% culture volume concentrate virus • Determine virus titer using ViroCyt 3100 to determine if need concentration
– Add cells and incubate at 37°C + 5% CO2 for 72-144h. – Add 10 mM sodium butyrate (required for CHO, optional for HEK)
• Media formulations that work with BacMam– LTC: Freestyle-CHO, Freestyle-293– Expression Systems: ESF SFM, ESF 921
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Effect of Cell Density & MOI on rIgG Yield
Cell Density:A = 2x106 cells per mL B = 3x106 cells per mLC = 4x106 cells per mL
CHO-S/CD-CHOMOI = 50 (25:25)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
mg
Purif
ied
IgG
per
Lite
r
BacMam MOI
IgG B BacmamMOI: VariousCHO-S/CD-CHO4x106 cells per mL
1L Shake-Flask MOI = 5096h. PT HarvestPurified Yield = 150 mg/L
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Humanized rIgG: 10L BioreactorSDS PAGE Gel Coomassie StainedNon-Reduced
Culture Supernatant Serum-Free Freestyle Medium
HEK-293/MOI = 50
24, 48, and 72h. Post-Transduction
10-Liter Stirred-Tank Bioreactor
Purified Yield = 140 mg/L
Total Yield: 1.4 Grams rIgG
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BacMam H7N1 VLPs
Medigen 2014
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BacMam H7N1 VLPs
• First Attempt– Ratio of H7:N1:gag was 1:1:1– Fresh Virus Tittered using the ViroCyt 2100– MOI was 10:10:10 (30 Total)
• HEK-293 Shake-Flask 1L– Harvested supernatant at 120h. PT– Purified by centrifugation– Analyzed by TEM
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BacMam H7N1 VLPs
Medigen 2014
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BacMam H7N1 VLPs
• Second Attempt– Ratio of H7:N1:gag was 1:1:0.5– Fresh Virus Tittered using the ViroCyt 2100– MOI was 14:14:7 (35 Total)
• HEK-293 Shake-Flask 1L– Harvested supernatant at 120h. PT– Purified by centrifugation– Analyzed by TEM
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BacMam H7N1 VLPs
Medigen 2014
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Basic Methods of Gene Transfer
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Ebola Classification
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm.do?momID=178
Family: FiloviridaeGenus: EbolavirusSpecies:
1. Zaire ebolavirus2. Sudan ebolavirus3. Tai Forest ebolavirus4. Bundibugyo ebolavirus5. Reston ebolavirus
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Ebola Zaire Glycoprotein• Mayinga Zaire Strain
– 1976
• Trimerictransmembrane protein
• Heavily glycosylated• Mucin domain• Transmembrane
domain deleted = dTM– MW ~120 kDa
• Expressed as secreted product in HEK-293http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm.do?momID=178
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Total Ebola Cases 2014-2015
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/index.html
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Ebola Outbreak 2014-2015
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/index.html
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Zaire-dTM Vector ComparisonPEI Vector
• pCi Transient Expression Vector
• CMV Promoter• HA-Tag• Synthetic Gene• Human Signal Sequence• Transmembrane domain
deleted• Codon Optimized for Human
Cells
BacMam Vector
• Gateway Entry Vector– Synthesized in standard cloning
vector with ATT sites flanking ORF
– Bacmid transfected into Sf9 for BacMam generation
• CMV Promoter• Transmembrane domain
deleted• Human Signal Sequence• Codon Optimized for Human
Cells
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1-Liter Z-dTM PEI and BacMam
• HEK-293 Cells • 1x1000 mL flasks
– Duplicate loadings
• 1.5x106 cells per mL• Freestyle, serum-free• PEI: 4:1 ratio with DNA• PEI: 1 mg DNA per L• PEI: Harvest 96h. PT• BacMam: MOI = 50• BacMam: Harvest 72h. PT
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Z-dTM Purification Scheme: 1-40-litersQ
Cap
ture
Ste
p 10mL Q-Sepaharose/LBatch Bind 16h.Pack ColumnWashElute using linear gradient 50-250 mM NaCl at pH 7.0
Size
-Exc
lusi
on Load concentrated Q-capture pool onto S-200 Sephacryl columnBuffer = PBSFlow = 0.5 mL per min.Run SDS PAGEPool ZdTMfractions C
once
ntra
tion
and
QC Concentrate using
Centricon 10kDa MWCOSterile FiltrationVialingCoomassie-stained SDS PAGE and Western Blot (anti-ZdTM
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Z-dTM PEI: Q-Sepharose
• Q-Sepharose FF• 20 mM Tris pH 7 • Linear Gradient
– 50-250 mM NaCl• 5 mL Fractions• SDS PAGE
– Coomassie-stained
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Z-dTM BacMam: Q-Sepharose
• Q-Sepharose FF• 20 mM Tris pH 7 • Linear Gradient
– 50-250 mM NaCl• 5 mL Fractions• SDS PAGE
– Coomassie-stained
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Z-dTM PEI: S-200 SEC
• Sephacryl S-200 – 16/60
• PBS pH 7.4 • 0.5 mL per min.• 3 mL Fractions• SDS PAGE
– Coomassie-stained
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Z-dTM BacMam: S-200 SEC
• Sephacryl S-200 – 16/60
• PBS pH 7.4 • 0.5 mL per min.• 3 mL Fractions• SDS PAGE
– Coomassie-stained
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Z-dTM BacMam and PEI Final
• PEI Yield = < 0.5 mg/L • BacMam Yield = 4 mg/L • SDS PAGE
– Coomassie-stained– Reduced
• Western Blot– Anti-ZdTM– BCIP/NBT Color
Development
SDS PAGE
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Z-dTM BacMam and PEI Final
• PEI Yield = < 0.5 mg/L • BacMam Yield = 4 mg/L • SDS PAGE
– Coomassie-stained– Reduced
• Western Blot– Anti-ZdTM– BCIP/NBT Color
Development
Western Blot
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Some Parting Thoughts
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Some Parting Thoughts
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Some Parting Thoughts
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Thanks• To Adam for the Invitation • To Everyone for Your Attention• Kempbio, Inc.
– April Birch– Heather Allen– Kerrie Kenefick– Pat Kemp
• Medigen (Infuenza VLP)– Peter Pushko– Irina Tretyakova