How transparency & accountability can make development work: Lessons from Tanzania
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How transparency & accountability can make
development work:
Rakesh Rajani
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For millionsof poor people
in East Africa, the best thing
that’s happened in recent years
may be…
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radio
(FM stations everywhere)
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TV
(many stations, growing coverage)
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newspapers
(15+ dailies)
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and most significantly
mobile phones (16m subscribers)
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Why?
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H
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When it doesn’t work, we do more of the same, harder
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So what can be done?
5 stories from Tanzania
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1. education quality
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many schools, but money does not reach themand there is little learning
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evidence and advice provided over 6 months
to ministers, policy-makers, etc
but nothing happened
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until we supportedfive journalist to
investigate,
Made headlines& letters to editors
& radio call ins
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Result:
The Minister of Education personally visited 4 of 5 districts covered in the news
Instructed districts to release funds
School committees followed-up on use of these funds
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2. teacher’s wellbeing
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teachers are at the heart of education, butlive in terrible conditions and get paid very late
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forcing many to have second and third jobsmorale low, absenteeism high
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policy makers informedsome teachers and NGOs protested
but nothing changed
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until research on conditions was publicizedan advert was broadcast on national TV
& discussed on dozens of talk shows
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Result:
Teachers’ welfare rose to the top of the public agenda
Overdraft deal worked out with leading banks, so that teachers are paid on time
Increased resources allocated to teacher housing in subsequent budgets
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3. reproductive health
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thousands of women
continue to die in childbirth
and get injuriessuch as fistula
this is knownbut little happens
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WD set up a referral system using maps focusing on prevention and treatment
and let everyone know
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made wall posters for every clinic& other public
places
& distributed themthrough government
& newspapers
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and through radio
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enabling people to speak out
about realities on the ground
locally
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and nationwide through radio and TV
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Result:
More women demand to deliver at hospitals and being treated right
Thousands of women with fistula treated, some after 30+ years of suffering from the condition
National referral network under Ministry of Health established
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4. public money
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lots of money unaccounted &
improperly used
Government auditor reports problems,
year after year
but nothing happens
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until audit findings
weresimplified,
color coded, ranked
& publicizedall over media& distributed countrywide
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Result:
For the first time people across the nation knew findings and could discuss them
The President convened an unprecedented two-day meeting of all Government CEOs
Parliament now takes reports more seriously; energized its oversight role
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5. energy
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Country had a power crisisLed to a corrupt generator procurement deal
In the past they got away with it
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but this timepeople knew what's going on
through newspapers
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and radioand mobile phone
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causing enormous public pressurecompelling Parliament to instigate a probe
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Result:
Prime Minister and 2 ministers resigned, established principle that even top leaders can be held accountable
The Richmond generator deal was cancelled
Restored public faith in parliament
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what can we learnfrom these experiences?
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Core problem often not lack of resources, but how resources are used
Evidence and policy advice alone don’t lead to change
Good policies are often in place, but they are not implemented
What is needed is openness and
sustained public engagement
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Because it allows people to:
• know what's going on
• appreciate rules of the game
• be inspired by what others are doing
• connect with others
• engage with local government and services
• exert pressure on leaders to respond
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The challenge is to sustain change,to make this part of everyday life, institutionalized in daily practice,simple, regular, reliablea matter of courseat scale
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An example of howwe are doing it at Twaweza
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Daraja: Raising the Water Pressure
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For millions of people in Tanzaniagetting water is a daily struggle
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Dissatisfied Citizens
• An underperforming sector with unmet demand
• An opportunity? Citizens’ motivated for action
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A Sustainability Challenge
• Only 54% of rural water-points functioning in 33 surveyed districts
All Waterpoints (including
non-functional points)
Functional Waterpoints Only
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Average coverage
Nzega District
• Distribution of WPs highly unequal
• Targeting of new funds?
Less than half (40%) of new funding going to wards with below average coverage
An Equity Challenge
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Citizens Database
Media
Local Government
SMS-based feedback mechanism
Media partnerships for
accountability
Popularising
information
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H
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Conclusion
transparency and accountability can energize development
by creating opportunities for people to know, connect and act
and by providing incentives for those in charge to be
more responsive and deliver
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Development doesn’t work when it
places faith and funds in unaccountable governments, or
runs short-lived boutique projects that reach very few
Transparency and accountability work can take the best of the latter to fix the former
& enable citizens to reclaim government
and make services work for them