Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Class work September 30 th 2012 Done by: Sura shalabi.
How to Write Defne Apul and Jill Shalabi. Papers Summarized Johnson, T.M. 2008. Tips on how to write...
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Transcript of How to Write Defne Apul and Jill Shalabi. Papers Summarized Johnson, T.M. 2008. Tips on how to write...
How to WriteHow to WriteDefne Apul and Jill ShalabiDefne Apul and Jill Shalabi
Papers SummarizedPapers Summarized
Johnson, T.M. 2008. Tips on how to write a paper. J Am Acad Johnson, T.M. 2008. Tips on how to write a paper. J Am Acad Dermatol 59:6, 1064-1069.Dermatol 59:6, 1064-1069.
Lee, S.S. 2008. How to write a paper: an editor’s tips. Liver Lee, S.S. 2008. How to write a paper: an editor’s tips. Liver International 28:4, 421-422.International 28:4, 421-422.
Mumpford, F. 1990. The universal recipe or how to get your Mumpford, F. 1990. The universal recipe or how to get your manuscript accepted by persnickety editors. Clays and Clay manuscript accepted by persnickety editors. Clays and Clay Minerals 38:6, 631-636.Minerals 38:6, 631-636.
Wong, T.S.W. 2008. How to write an award-winning paper. Journal of Wong, T.S.W. 2008. How to write an award-winning paper. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 134:1, Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice 134:1, 11-11.11-11.
Topics to be CoveredTopics to be Covered
Why and how to write - general Why and how to write - general guidelinesguidelines
Organization and content of a Organization and content of a scientific paperscientific paper
Tips on publishingTips on publishing The review processThe review process
Why Write?Why Write?
Writing cultivates Writing cultivates – disciplinediscipline– clear thinkingclear thinking– analytical abilityanalytical ability– a sense of accomplishmenta sense of accomplishment
Educational gain may be greater for Educational gain may be greater for author than readerauthor than reader
But….But….
Nothing is added to “science” and no Nothing is added to “science” and no benefits are realized unless your benefits are realized unless your writing is published AND understoodwriting is published AND understood
General Guidelines for WritingGeneral Guidelines for Writing
Know your subject in depth Know your subject in depth Determine your best time to writeDetermine your best time to write Establish and maintain a realistic Establish and maintain a realistic
timetable timetable The seven CsThe seven Cs
content, correctness, consistency, content, correctness, consistency, clarity, colorfulness, conciseness, clarity, colorfulness, conciseness, convincingnessconvincingness
““Recipe” for a scientific paperRecipe” for a scientific paper
1. Title1. Title
2. Authorship2. Authorship
3. Abstract3. Abstract
4. Introduction4. Introduction
5. Methods and 5. Methods and MaterialsMaterials
6. Results6. Results
7. Discussion7. Discussion
8. Conclusions8. Conclusions
(or Summary and (or Summary and Conclusions)Conclusions)
9.Acknowledgements9.Acknowledgements
10. References10. References
What if my work is special?What if my work is special?
For 99.99% of manuscripts, follow For 99.99% of manuscripts, follow the recipe!the recipe!
Possible additions arePossible additions are– Theory (after Introduction)Theory (after Introduction)– Regional Geology (before or after Regional Geology (before or after
Methods and Materials)Methods and Materials)– Extended literature review (after Extended literature review (after
Introduction)Introduction)
Writing OrderWriting Order
Writing should proceed in the Writing should proceed in the following order:following order:1. Methods and Materials1. Methods and Materials
2. Results2. Results
3. Discussion3. Discussion
4. Introduction4. Introduction
5. Abstract, Title, References, 5. Abstract, Title, References, AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Why Follow the Recipe?Why Follow the Recipe?
Answers all relevant questions:Answers all relevant questions: IntroductionIntroduction
– What problem was solved?What problem was solved? ExperimentalExperimental
– How was it solved?How was it solved? ResultsResults
– What did authors find?What did authors find? DiscussionDiscussion
– How were results interpreted?How were results interpreted? Summary and ConclusionsSummary and Conclusions
– What is significant about findingsWhat is significant about findings
TitleTitle
This is the first (and maybe only) This is the first (and maybe only) chance to convince your audience to chance to convince your audience to keep readingkeep reading
Should describe only what will be in Should describe only what will be in the paperthe paper
AbstractAbstract
Except for title, more people will read Except for title, more people will read the abstract than any other part of the abstract than any other part of paperpaper
Abstracts should be written for non-Abstracts should be written for non-experts experts
Should be the entire paper in Should be the entire paper in condensed formcondensed form
AuthorshipAuthorship
Long lists of authors can be a red Long lists of authors can be a red flag: credibility decreases after 5 flag: credibility decreases after 5 or 6 authorsor 6 authors
Should include only principle Should include only principle contributors - others can be contributors - others can be recognized in recognized in “Acknowledgements”“Acknowledgements”
Authorship Authorship (cont’d)(cont’d)
ALL authors are responsible for ALL authors are responsible for contentcontent– Everyone should have opportunity to Everyone should have opportunity to
review before submission/resubmissionreview before submission/resubmission– First author is responsible for data First author is responsible for data
collection, writingcollection, writing– Last author is most senior, established Last author is most senior, established
researcherresearcher– Middle authors listed in order of Middle authors listed in order of
contributioncontribution
IntroductionIntroductionWhat problem did the authors try to solve?What problem did the authors try to solve?
Write lastWrite last Write in present tenseWrite in present tense Three paragraphsThree paragraphs
1.brief background1.brief background
2.importance of the problem and issues 2.importance of the problem and issues needing clarificationneeding clarification
3.main objective(s) of paper3.main objective(s) of paper
Methods and MaterialsMethods and Materials How was the problem solved?How was the problem solved?
Write in past tense in adequate detail Write in past tense in adequate detail to repeat the study to repeat the study
Note how data were evaluated Note how data were evaluated – Statistical methodsStatistical methods– Computer programsComputer programs
ResultsResultsWhat did authors find?What did authors find?
Write in past tenseWrite in past tense Present facts in logical sequencePresent facts in logical sequence Include tables, graphs, illustrationsInclude tables, graphs, illustrations Avoid presenting irrelevant dataAvoid presenting irrelevant data Do not present implications or Do not present implications or
interpretations yetinterpretations yet
DiscussionDiscussionHow were results interpreted?How were results interpreted?
The most important section of paperThe most important section of paper Outline the main points that emerge Outline the main points that emerge
from the results and build 1-2 from the results and build 1-2 paragraphs for each pointparagraphs for each point
Avoid saying “further studies are Avoid saying “further studies are required”required”
Use past tenseUse past tense
ConclusionConclusionWhat is significant about the findings?What is significant about the findings?
Discuss importanceDiscuss importance Don’t repeat discussion points – Don’t repeat discussion points –
rather, explain why they are rather, explain why they are importantimportant
Re-examine the introduction to see Re-examine the introduction to see whether objectives have been metwhether objectives have been met
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Be brief, but recognize those whoBe brief, but recognize those who– provided financial support, samples, provided financial support, samples,
analyses, technical assistance, analyses, technical assistance, – critiqued manuscript before submission, critiqued manuscript before submission,
journal reviewers (not the editor)journal reviewers (not the editor)
ReferencesReferences
Use exact style of journal (see Use exact style of journal (see authors guidelines or look at a recent authors guidelines or look at a recent issue)issue)
List only works that have been List only works that have been publishedpublished– In case of personal or written In case of personal or written
communication, cite in body of textcommunication, cite in body of text
How to PublishHow to Publish
Choose the right journal and follow Choose the right journal and follow its submission instructionsits submission instructions
Use a cover letterUse a cover letter– include a statement about why include a statement about why
information presented is new and/or information presented is new and/or significantsignificant
– ““sell” your papersell” your paper Suggest appropriate reviewersSuggest appropriate reviewers
How to Publish How to Publish (cont’d)(cont’d)
Writing style should be simple and directWriting style should be simple and direct– Active voice is better than passiveActive voice is better than passive
The dog bit the cat vs.The dog bit the cat vs. The cat was bitten by the dogThe cat was bitten by the dog
Use spell checkUse spell check Simplify figuresSimplify figures Avoid non-standard abbreviationsAvoid non-standard abbreviations Avoid common statistical errorsAvoid common statistical errors
– ‘‘Significant” = statistically significantSignificant” = statistically significant
How to Publish How to Publish (cont’d)(cont’d)
OrganizationOrganization– a disorganized paper may reflect a a disorganized paper may reflect a
disorganized experimentdisorganized experiment– prepare an extensive outlineprepare an extensive outline– or outline the paper after completion to reveal or outline the paper after completion to reveal
disorganizationdisorganization Have an impartial person review it who will Have an impartial person review it who will
tell it like it is – don’t wait for journal tell it like it is – don’t wait for journal reviewers or editors do that for youreviewers or editors do that for you
Review ProcessReview Process
‘‘‘‘Your manuscript is both good and original, but the Your manuscript is both good and original, but the part that is good is not original, and the part that part that is good is not original, and the part that is original is not good.’’ -Samuel Johnsonis original is not good.’’ -Samuel Johnson
AcceptanceAcceptance RevisionRevision Rejection Rejection
How to RespondHow to Respond
Respond to ALL reviewers’ comments Respond to ALL reviewers’ comments and suggestions – only fight back on and suggestions – only fight back on issues you strongly disagree withissues you strongly disagree with
If rejected, don’t simply submit as is If rejected, don’t simply submit as is to a different journalto a different journal
Common Reasons for RejectionCommon Reasons for Rejection
Poorly written/poor stylePoorly written/poor style Conclusions unjustified by dataConclusions unjustified by data Flawed or poor design methodsFlawed or poor design methods Faulty statistical analysisFaulty statistical analysis Hypothesis not adequately testedHypothesis not adequately tested
Ethical IssuesEthical Issues
Data manipulation/falsificationData manipulation/falsification Plagiarism and self-plagiarismPlagiarism and self-plagiarism Conflicts of interestConflicts of interest