How to Teach Critical Thinking in the Online Classroom
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Transcript of How to Teach Critical Thinking in the Online Classroom
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How to Promote Critical Thinking in the Online Classroom
WEBINAR FOR MOOC: ‘HOW TO TEACH ONLINE’, LEEWARD COLLEGE
DEBBIE MORRISON, ONLINE LEARNING INSIGHTSSEPTEMBER 30, 2013
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How can Instructors promote Critical Thinking in the online classroom?
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How to Promote Critical Thinking• Goal of this Webinar: develop instructional strategy for fostering critical thinking skills in the online classroom
• Agenda : 1) theory - Define critical thinking- Review Community of Inquiry model - Identify components of critical thinking
2) application - Methods to encourage higher order thinking - Examples from online classes
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Critical Thinking Defined…“Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.”
It is a standard of intellectual excellence required for full participation in social, economic, and political life of a given society.
A statement by Michael Scriven & Richard Paul, presented at the 8th Annual International Conference on Critical Thinking and Education Reform, Summer
1987.
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The most influential resource for developing students’ critical thinking skills:
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Methods for teaching critical thinking…
• Numerous teaching methods contribute to intellectual growth
• A combination of instructional methods are needed
• Instructional methods need to encourage higher order thinking - synthesizing, summarizing, reflecting, creating, etc. (Bloom’s Taxonomy)
• Several frameworks/models exist that theorize elements needed for critical thinking
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Community of Inquiry Model (CoI)
CoI framework represents a process for creating deep and meaningful online learning experiences through the development of three interdependent elements - social, cognitive and teaching presence.
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer,W. (2000)
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Social Presence (CoI)
• Student’s have a ‘voice’ and a presence
• A feeling of togetherness and mutual awareness.
• Three elements of social presence: 1) effective communication, 2) open communication and 3) group cohesion
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Teaching Presence (CoI) • Students sense the instructor is ‘there’
• Teaching presence is a significant determinant of student satisfaction, perceived learning, and sense of community
• TP construct falls into three categories:
1) design
2) facilitation
3) instruction
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Cognitive presence (CoI)
• Cognitive presence is the extent to which learners are able to construct meaning through sustained communication and discourse in a community of inquiry
• Critical thinking can be fostered and developed
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“If students are to reach a high level of critical thinking and knowledge construction, the interaction or discourse must be structured and cohesive.”
Facilitating Cognitive Presence in Online Learning: Interaction is not Enough, (2005)
D.R. Garrison & M. Cleveland-Innes
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Methods that support Higher Order Thinking• Online Discussion: Promote analysis, reflection via carefully constructed
question(s) within asynchronous discussion forum with instructor moderating
• Case Study: Promote analysis , synthesis and application of course content through responses and interaction within asynchronous discussion forum
• Group Assignment: Small groups construct solution to given problem, create digital artifact to demonstrate application of course content. Group artifacts can be shared and discussed with entire class in asynchronous discussion
• Debate: Promote analysis & synthesis using controversial event—teams discuss in structured forum, each taking a ‘position’ within group, or class forum
• [Recorded] Live Discussion: Promote analysis of course content through small synchronous guided discussion with instructor and 3 or 4 students that is recorded for other students to view. Post session, students reflect and discuss viewpoints raised within discussion
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Elements of Effective Asynchronous Online Discussions
• Carefully constructed question(s) that support learning goals of a module, lesson etc.
• Skilled moderator that guide discussions to support goals of discussion (could be course instructor or student leader(s))
• Guidelines that include concise & clear instructions for student participation, expectations, evaluation i.e. rubric
• Feedback after discussion closes in form of grade, or individual or collective comment on discussion outcomes
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Examples of effective discussion questions:
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Moderator Behaviours that Support Asynchronous Online Discussions
• Prompt further discussion by responding to student postings that encourage elaboration, further explanation and deeper analysis
• Encourage students to add value by prompting them to share resources (links), ask questions, or incorporate content from course when responding to another student’s post
• Let discussion flow – don’t dominate, but enhance
• Summarize discussion responses at end of discussion period sharing highlights of student posts, summary of perspectives and ideas
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Discussion Prompts• What would be an example?
• Where did you get this idea?
• What is your main point?
• Can anyone see this from another perspective?
• Could you explain further?
• What assumptions are made here?
• How can we find out?
• What are you assuming?
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Example: Introduction Exercise from first week o f online course designed to
build Social Presence
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Example: Discussion questions from an online course on Health
Economics
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Example: Discussion questions in response to a Case Study in an online
course on Health Economics
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Questions and Discussion
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Resources
• Teaching Critical Thinking through Online Discussions, (2000), C. MacKnight, EDUCAUSE (PDF)
• Essential Elements in Designing Online Discussions to Promote Cognitive Presence – A Practical Experience,(2008) Y. Wang & V.D. Chen
• CoI Model, communitiesofinquiry.com
• Critical Thinking in the Online Classroom, Online Learning Insights
• College and University Faculty, The Critical Thinking Community
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Thank you!
Contact Info
• Twitter: @OnlineLearningI
• Blog: Online Learning Insights