Using Clustering as a Tool: Mixed Methods in Qualitative Data Analysis
How to make the best of qualitative phases of mixed method research
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Transcript of How to make the best of qualitative phases of mixed method research
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How to make the best of qualitative
phases of mixed method researchProfessor Kim Usher
Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention
Mixed Methods in Prevention and Health Services Research
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Mixed Methods Research
• Types
• Principles
• Importance of stand-alone phases
• Integration
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Integration
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Sequential Exploratory MixedMethods Design
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Mixed Methods ExplanatoryDesign
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What do we mean by quantitative and
qualitative research?Usual distinctions
Quantitative Qualitative
Type of reasoning
Deductive Inductive
objectivity Subjectivity
Causation Meaning
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Type of question
Pre-specified Open-ended
Outcome-oriented Process-oriented
Type of analyses
Numerical estimation Narrative description
Statistical inference Constant comparison
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Chronic illnesses
Prime examples of conditions that by their very nature need to be studied from many perspectives.
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Hierarchies for evaluating evidence
• Most based on criteria for rigor developed for quantitative research designs
• Design ranked according to extent the study is internally valid or free from bias
• RCTs best evidence
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Qualitative research is evidence too!• Just because excluded from
hierarchies does not mean it is less valuable
• Implementation of interventions in real world requires knowledge about patients’ values and experiences
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Why have qualitative phases?
• Evaluate the effects of interventions on health outcomes
• Examine views of participants
• Distinguish between components of interventions
• Understand a non-significant outcome
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Why have qualitative phases?
• To develop measures
• To identify relevant phenomena
• To interpret/explain quantitative data
• Investigate complex phenomena
• Study special populations
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Designing intervention studies with
qualitative componentsBefore a trial
•To ‘trial’ the trial
•To develop the intervention
•To test tools
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Designing intervention studies with
qualitative componentsDuring a trial
•To describe and explain within and between subject variation discerned from instruments
•To understand whether intervention delivered as planned
•Patient reaction to intervention
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Designing intervention studies with
qualitative componentsAfter a trial
•To select individuals for more intensive study based on scores
•Interview or observe to validate outcomes
•To help explain non-significant findings
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Qualitative approaches
Phenomenology
•How one or more individuals experience a phenomenon
Ethnography
•Learning the culture of a group and what it is like to be a member of that group from the perspective of the members
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Qualitative approaches
Case study
•A detailed account of one or more cases-focus on each case a a whole unit as it exists in the world
Grounded theory
•An inductive approach for generating theories or explanations
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Future directions
• Qualitative studies enhance the meaningfulness of interventions
• Situate them in the real world of patients and their caregivers
• Shed light on facilitators and barriers to the uptake of promising interventions
• Illuminate aspects of the patient experience
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Future directions
• Can identify barriers to implementing and sustaining community-based prevention programs
• Ensure patient safety, including reduction of misuse of medical therapies and oversights of clinical care
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Conclusion
Not everything that can be counted counts, and not
everything that counts can be counted.
Albert Einstein