Changing Urban Environments

How to float:1) Pour some water on the ground2) step away from the water3) take a photo

Changing Urban EnvironmentsThe final revision

Changing Urban EnvironmentsUrbanisation is the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas in a country. (e.g. up from 45% living in cities to 56%)

Describe the geographical patterns this graph shows (3 marks)

Changing Urban EnvironmentsSo why are people moving to the cities? (and what is a better word for this than moving?)Tip to help you answer this question. push and pull

Changing Urban EnvironmentsSo why are people moving to the cities? (and what is a better word for this than moving?)

1/ This drawing gives some reason did you think of any no on this?2/ Explain some of these reasons by adding the phrase this means that . to it

Changing Urban EnvironmentsSo why are people moving to the cities? (and what is a better word for this than moving?)

Changing Urban EnvironmentsRural urban migration and other factors cause cities to develop distinct areasBbc bitesize on the topicCentral business district is the main shopping and service area in a city. This is normally found in the middle of the city, which means the accessibility is the best. Vertical zonation is common because of sky-high land prices. Land use is mainly commercial/retail, not residential.Inner city areas consist of terraced housing, which dates back to the Victorian era. The inner city has derelict buildings, high crime rates and a bad environment to live in. Some old warehouses/industry can also be found here.The suburbs contain much larger housing, mainly detached, because of the land prices being cheaper (bid-rent theory). Houses tend to have gardens. Houses are fairly recent. Middle class people tend to live in the suburbs.

Changing Urban EnvironmentsDifferent Urban areas we have looked at CBD, suburbs and inner cities. There is also the rural urban fringe.

This is the rural urban fringe it is almost exactly like where we are right now in Laverstock you may be able to talk about them if there is a question on green field and brown field sites

Changing Urban EnvironmentsBrown field and green field sitesHere is the BBC bitesize definition of these terms

Changing Urban EnvironmentsBrown field and green field sitesSo why build houses in the rural urban fringe?Why is housing built at the RUF?

Land is cheapMore housing is needed as more people are living alone and living longer.Peace and quietLess crimeGood access to countrysideEasy access to motorways

Changing Urban EnvironmentsBrown field and green field sitesSo why build houses in the rural urban fringe?What are the negative impacts caused by developing the RUF?Large areas of countryside may be lostBuildings may be out of character with existing rural buildings Villages become suburbanisedTraffic is likely to increase ( both cars and lorries)There may be some noise or pollutionNIMBY

Changing Urban EnvironmentsBrown field and green field sitesSo why revitalise/regenerate CBDs?CBDs in some MEDCs have become run down due to out of town shopping centres and business parks. What advantages do these places have over CBDs?

Changing Urban EnvironmentsBrown field and green field sitesSo why revitalise/regenerate CBDs?CBDs in some MEDCs have become run down due to out of town shopping centres and business parks. What advantages do these places have over CBDs?Cheaper land and rentEasier access (esp.by car)Undercover shoppingBetter parkingMore modern

Changing Urban EnvironmentsBrown field and green field sitesSo what have some CBDs done?PedestrianisationImprove access and parking (including public transport)Converting derelict land into modern shops and facilitiesImproving public areasReducing rents and enticing businesses in with other financial benefits

Which of these has Salisbury done and have there been any other schemes in town?Also I havent mentioned conserving the historical buildings yet. 1/ When describing changes, always include the knock on effects of these changes (called secondary effects in the exam sometimes). One good phrase to use is This means that. 2/ Dont separate economic, environmental and social too much in your mind they can interlink

Changing Urban EnvironmentsImproving GCSE geography answersStudy Figure 3, on the insert, which shows part of the Central Business District in Dudley, a town in the West Midlands. Explain why the Central Business Districts of some towns need to be improved. Use Figure 3 and your own knowledge. (4 MARKS)

2 (b) (ii) The following is a list of some solutions that local councils have used to improve CBDs. Giving money to build indoor shopping centresEncouraging people to live in flats above the shopsIntroducing security cameras Choose two of the solutions listed or others that you have studied Explain how your chosen solutions might improve a citys CBD. (4MARKS)

Changing Urban EnvironmentsThere should be some evidence of the use of Figure 3 by reference to closed/boarded up shops. Question can be answered by consideration of the problems/disadvantages of city centres and/or the advantages of out-of-town shopping centres/business parks with office development. Issues associated with CBDs are crime and vandalism, congestion, high business rates and costs. The advantages of developments in the rural-urban fringe are greater space, cheaper land, greater accessibility. Traffic congestion and more pollution and the vicious cycle of decline.(4 marks)Level 1 (Basic) (1-2 marks)Simple statements largely listing the problems facing CBDs with little or no explanation.Crime and vandalism. Shops closing down. High business rents and costs.Traffic congestion. Empty at night.Level 2 (Clear) (3-4 marks)Linked statements showing explanation of the problems facing CBDs. Must show evidence of the use of Figure 3 and own knowledge.As very few people live in the CBDs they often become empty at night and can be dangerous to go into because of the crime and vandalism. Many shops are closing down because of growth of out-of-town shopping parks. There may be a great deal of traffic congestion due to the accessibilityof the CBDs leading to air pollution.Mark scheme

Changing Urban Environments2x2 or 1x3+1 Reserve 1 mark under each heading for an indication ofhow the suggested solution will improve the CBD.Giving money to build indoor shopping centres allow people to shopin the warm and dry whatever the weather. They often have parkingspaces provided making them accessible and so encouraging morepeople to shop in the city centre.Encouraging people to live in flats above the shops if people liveabove the shops there will be more people in the city centre at nightand so the shops and other land-uses like entertainment are likely togain more custom.Introducing security cameras may reduce crime or at least makepeople less frightened and so they are more likely to use the citycentre especially at night.Mark scheme

Changing Urban Environments

Found via uberhumor.com well worth a facebook like and/or a twitter followShortage of housing (covered in RUF above and later with LDDC)Run down CBDs (covered above in exam question and in Salisbury CBD exampleTraffic issues we went to Bath; yet to cover todayEthnic Segregation yet to cover today

Changing Urban EnvironmentsIssues in MEDC cities

Changing Urban EnvironmentsIssues in MEDC cities traffic issues.ProblemsSolutionsMore air pollution leading to health issuesImprove public transport WHICH MEANS THAT .More air pollution leading to damaged buildingsIncrease parking costs WHICH MEANS THAT .More road accidentsBus priority lanes and cycling lanes WHICH MEANS THAT .More traffic jams/congestion leading to delays for allPedestrianisation WHICH MEANS THAT ..

Changing Urban EnvironmentsIssues in MEDC cities ethnic segregation.Why do different ethnic groups live in the same area?SolutionsPeople like to live amongst others who share the same language, religion and/or cultureImprove access to useful information by printing it different languages WHICH MEANS THAT .People like to live near facilities and services for their culture, e.g. places of worship, shopsImproving communication between different groups by involving community leaders in meetings WHICH MEANS THAT .Some ethnic groups may be less wealthy on average (esp. recent migrants) so they live together in cheaper housing areasProvide interpreters at hospitals, doctors and police stations WHICH MEANS THAT .Provide suitable services for different cultures (e.g. same sex doctors) WHICH MEANS THAT ..

Changing Urban EnvironmentsCASE STUDIESImpact of government policies in MEDC - We looked at the London docklandsSquatter settlement favela in BrazilExample of sustainable urban community we looked at BedZed

Changing Urban EnvironmentsCASE STUDY London DocklandsWhat it coversWhat a government has done toimprove inner citiesHousing issues in part of a MEDC cityAlso you can refer to it in some questions on sustainability in urban areasMEDC Land Use Change Regeneration of London Docklands In 1981 the London's Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) was set up to improve the economic, social and environmental problems that had developed in the area that was once one of the world's busiest ports.. The area became on the first Enterprise Zones in 1981. The land was made rate free for ten years. In the 1980s in an effort to reverse the process of inner city decline the UK government set up Urban Development Corporations (known as UDCs). Why did the London Docks go into decline?1. An increase in ship size meant they found it difficult to come down the river as far as the Isle of Dogs where the river wasn't as deep. (the position of the docks moved further downstream to Tilbury);2. Containerisation meant few dockers were needed with large cranes used to lift containers from ships;3. The decline of portside industries and manufacturing

Environmental Regeneration- network of pedestrian and cycle routes - creation of pedestrian bridges- creation of new open spaces (150ha)- Water based Ecology Park and London's first bird sanctuary at East India Dock Basin - one of 17 conservation areas set up- planting of 200,000 trees;- the area has now received many awards for architecture, conservation and landscaping

Unemployment had fallen & business increased- transport revolution - opening of the Docklands Light Railway in 1987 - now carrying 35,000 passengers a week;- 7.7 billion in private sector investment-Building of the City Airport - attraction of financial and high-tech firms,- TV studios and newspapers such as The Guardian now have offices in the prestigious Canary Wharf business complex.

Economic Changes10 million spent homes- a total of 22,000 new homes built of old warehouses to new homes- New shopping centre built - refurbishment of shopping parades - - many restaurants, pubs and cafes built- Docklands Sailing and Watersports Centre- 100 million spent on health, education, job training etc Social ChangesSuccessIncrease in tradeLarge TNCs cameBetter transportSustainable building (Brownfield sites)ConservationCriticismsDidnt benefit the original residents, couldnt afford new housesNo community High skilled jobs not for old dockers

Changing Urban EnvironmentsCASE STUDY BedZedAn example of a sustainable urban communityEnvironmental: the importance of conserving historical and natural features, using brownfield sites, providing open spaces, reducing and disposing of waste. Social: including local people in decision making, providing an efficient public transport system

Changing Urban EnvironmentsCASE STUDY BedZedThis was the re-sit class and homework you found the easiest all year. So I have gathered together some of your answers (all 8/8) and we can use them as a revision guide)

Changing Urban EnvironmentsCASE STUDY Squatter SettlementThe most important case study in the Urban topic as it covers so many different points and is therefore most likely to appear in the examThe characteristics of a squatter settlement; growth, appearance, housing, social issues, economy, environmentSelf help site and service and local authority plans to improve squatter settlementsThe effects and management of air and water pollution in LEDC cities (not strictly part of the case study, but it can give some examples of these)

Changing Urban EnvironmentsCASE STUDY Squatter SettlementThe revision guide does this very well so lets have a look at that (pages 89-91)