How to Drive Steel Sheet Piles
description
Transcript of How to Drive Steel Sheet Piles
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American
Piledriving
Equipment, Inc.
How to Drive Steel Sheet Piles
APE Pile Driving School
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What Is a Steel Sheet Pile?
Sheets of Steel plates that interconnect.
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Examples
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Examples
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Example
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Examples
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What Do They Look Like?
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Various Types at a Glance
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Job Examples
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Section Name: Manufacturer’s Designation to identify the section. Example: PZ-27
PZ-27 means Z-Shaped with 27 pounds Per square foot.
Sheet Pile Terminology:
Section Data: Name
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Job Examples
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Sheet Pile Terminology: Producer
and Country of Origin
Germany, England, Japan, USA, Korea, Luxemburg, Etc.
Arbed PU
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Sheet Pile Terminology: Shape: 4 Basic Types
1. Z-type (Z)
Used for Intermediate to Deep Wall Construction
Arbed PU
PZ-22 PZ-27 PZ-35 PZ-40
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Sheet Pile Terminology: Shape: 4 Basic Types
2. U-type (U)
Used For Applications Similar to Z-Piles
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Used to form Cellular Cofferdams
Sheet Pile Terminology: Shape: 4 Basic Types
3. Flat Sheets (F)
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Flat Sheets
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Circular cofferdams
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Examples
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Sheet Pile Terminology: Shape: 4 Basic Types
4. Arch (A)
Used For Shallower Wall Construction. Also Comes in Light Weights or Gauges.
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Description
Two Z Shaped Steel Sheet PilesInterlocked together to form a
“pair” or “double sheet”.
One SheetInterlock area
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Types of Steel Sheet Piles: Trench Shoring HOESH
Note: No interlocks
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Types of Interlocks
Ball and Socket Type Positive Points:
• Easy to thread. Hangs up less.
• Pile Crews Desire This Type of Interlock
• Super Rugged Interlock
• Great for Repeated Use.
• Easy to Drive because Interlock displaces less soil
PZ-27
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Types of Interlocks
Double Jaw Single Jaw
Positive Points:
• Proven Track Record
• Tight interlocks-Less Seepage
• Strong for repeated use.
• Good in Hard Driving Situations
•Small profile Interlocks
• Negative:
• Less Swing
• Hangs up more
• Holds up good but not as good as the ball and socket type interlock.
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Types of Interlocks
Double Hook
Positive Points: Proven Track Record
Negative: Limited Swing
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Types of Interlocks
Cold Rolled Hook and Grip
•Avoid if hard driving
•Avoid if sealing out water
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Types of Interlocks
Thumb and Finger- Three Point Contact
Thumb and Finger Interlock is Used on Flat Sheet Piles. Interlock is rated by Tension Strength. Used for Cofferdams.
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Types of Interlocks
Thumb and Finger- One Point Contact
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Reading Sheet Pile Dimensions: Section Area
Cross-sectional area is listed as square inches per foot of wall.
Areas shown for flat piling are based on the single section only.
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Reading Sheet Pile Dimensions: Nominal Width
Centerline from Interlock to Interlock
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Reading Sheet Pile Dimensions: Weight
Weight of Square Foot of Wall
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Reading Sheet Pile Dimensions: Wall Depth
Distance between outboard and
inboard Faces
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Reading Sheet Pile Dimensions: Wall Web and Flange
FlangeWeb
Web
Flange
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Reading Sheet Pile Dimensions: Moment of Inertia
Product of cross-sectional area and squared distance from a reference axis
Neutral axis of wall
Reference Axis
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Reading Sheet Pile Dimensions: Section Modulus
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What to Consider Beyond Section Modulus and Moment of
Inertia.
Choosing The Right Sheet Pile for The Job Based on Driving Conditions and Dewatering
Requirements.
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Understanding the Difference Between Hot Rolled and Cold Formed.
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Sheet Pile Terminology: Hot Rolled (HR)
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Hot Rolled Steel SheetsGood Points:
•Proven track record since early 1900’s
•Tight interlock for good water seal
•Proven procedures to reduce seepage based on 100 years of data
•Less interlock slop reduces tendency to lean and reduces template criteria
•Strong interlock for hard driving
•Can be made with thick (up to ¾ inch) wall for super hard driving
•Web layout superior to cold formed (for hammer energy transfer)
•More elastic at angle area (cold forming process reduces elasticity)
•Excellent for reuse due to strong interlocks
•Available for rent and rental/purchase
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Hot Rolled Steel SheetsBad Points:
•Costs more than cold formed
•Restricted lengths 25 feet to 60’
•Lengths restricted to 5’ intervals
•Special lengths are special order
•May weigh more per foot of wall
•May not be necessary in super soft soils
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Cold Formed Steel Sheet Piles Are:
Cold Formed From Steel Sheet Rolls Called Scalp or
Coils
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Cold Formed Steel SheetsGood Points:
•Much Cheaper to make than hot rolled
•Can get cut to any length and quantity
•Fast delivery and production
•15 to 20 different shapes & thick nesses
•Good for soft driving but requires careful alignment
•Greater swing than hot rolled allows greater curves
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Cold Formed Steel SheetsBad Points:
•Weak interlocks
•Cold formed sheet interlocks much larger than hot- harder to clamp*
•Sloppy interlocks get jammed easy from soil entering
•Seepage problems
•Brittle at bent areas due to dynamic loading when cold formed
•Interlocks fail in hard soils or when striking obstacles
•Web is longer. Vibratory hammers will rip out tops
•Not good for jobs where sheets must be reused several times
•Not available for rent because interlock failures
•Requires more attention when driving
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Jaws on Cold Formed Interlocks
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Interlock Jamming
Hot rolled sheets have tighter tolerances that keep larger particles out. Large particles cause hitch hiking of the sheets. Hitch hiking
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Dynamic Loading
Bending during cold forming loads areas.
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Driving Methods-Easy Driving-pitch and Drive
•Soft Driving
•No obstacles
•Short Piles
•Smart crew
•Good sheets
•Light Vibro
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Examples-Soft Soils, Short Sheets
Pitch and drive
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Driving MethodsUse at Least a Four Foot Level
Use a String Bob
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1
2
Driving Methods-other than soft
Two templates or more. Upper and Lower.
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Example of Double Templates
Upper template should be substantial fraction of the pile length.
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Driving MethodsGaining or Loosing
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Driving Methods- Leaning
Stop! Take Corrective Action.
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Methods-leaning Corrections
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Impact Hammers
Things to consider:
•Heavy ram, shorter stroke
•Ram weight should be 1.5 to 2 times the combined pile and cap weight
•Diesel hammer may be best choice
•Leader mounted
•Good drive cap to pile fit
•Drive in shorter steps
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Impact Hammers-drive Caps
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Diesel Hammer
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Understanding Vibros
Suppressor
Gearbox
Clamp Device
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Vibro Suppressor-rubber Springs
Isolates vibro action from crane line.
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Vibro of Rotating Eccentrics
Paired Eccentrics
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Eccentric
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Four Strokes of the Eccentric
1 work
2
3 work
4
Forces the vibro and the casing downward
Nothing happens. Each eccentric cancels other out.
Both eccentrics for vibro and casing upward
Nothing happens. Each eccentric cancels other out.
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Vibro-Driver/ExtractorsEccentric moment
Center of rotation
Center of gravity
Eccentric moment = distance between the center of rotation and the center of gravity x the total mass of the eccentric.
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Example of calculating eccentric moment of one eccentric:
2 inchesMass: 500 lbs.
Equation:
Distance between
Center of Rotation
and
Center of Gravity
Multiplied by
The Mass
2 times 500 equals: 1,000 inch pounds
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Eccentric moment of a vibro is measurement of all eccentrics
combined.
If each eccentric has 1,000 in-lbs then the vibro has a total of 2,000 in-lbs.
1,000 in-lbs 1,000 in-lbs equals: 2,000 in-lbs.
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Some vibros Have Many Small Eccentrics to Get a Large Total Inch Pounds While Others
Have Less Eccentrics That Are Bigger.
More vibrating weight Less vibrating weight
Less amplitude More amplitude
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Smaller Weights Means More Bearings, Shafts, Gears.
More parts Less parts
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Amplitude
A = 2 x Mt
Mv
Mt = Eccentric Moment in inch pounds
Mv = Total Vibrating Weight
A = Amplitude in inches
Vibrating weight: Mv
The vibrating weight is the sum of all
the weights of the vibrating mass.B: Dynamic weight (vibrating mass)
C: Clamping device including all plates or clamps
D: Pile weight vibrating mass
Suppressor does not vibrate.
Non-vibrating mass.
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Amplitude
4000 in-lb.
Vibrating mass: 5000 lbVibrating mass: 6500 lb
The hammer on the left has the same eccentric moment but less amplitude because the vibrating mass is heavier.
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Amplitude will decrease with increase of pile weight. Big piles need bigger vibros to offset loss of amplitude.
4000 in-lbs.
Amplitude
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Amplitude will decrease with increase of:
• Pile weight
• Soil resistance
• Weights, gears, shafts, hoses, motors
• Extra clamp attachments
• Anything that increases vibrating mass.
Amplitude
Amplitude = 2 x EM
VM
EM: Eccentric Moment
VM: Vibrating Mass
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Frequency (Vibrations Per Minute) or (Cycles Per Minute)
Frequency is the rotational speed of the vibro eccentrics.
VPM CPM
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Drive Force (Dynamic Force)
Drive Force = Eccentric Moment x 0.142 x Frequency squared
1,000,000
Example:Moment: 4400 in-lb.
Frequency: 1600 Cycles per minute
4400 x 0.0142 x 1600x1600
1,000,000 = 159.94 Tons
Drive Force
(Cycles per minute)
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How Frequency Matters
4000 in-lb.
1600 cpm1100 cpm
4400 x 0.0142 x 1100x1100
1,000,000= 75 tons 159.94 =
4400 x 0.0142 x 1600x1600
1,000,000
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Higher Frequency Dramatically Increases Drive Force Because Frequency is squared.
5208 in-lbs
1600 cpm1100 cpm
= 89 tons 159.94 =4400 x 0.0142 x 1600x1600
1,000,000
5208 x 0.0142 x 1100x1100
1,000,000
4400 in-lbs
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Vibro Jaws
Moveable Jaw
Fixed Jaw
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Vibro Clamps-basic Rules
•Wait for hammer to come to speed
•Clamp in center
•Clamp always in line with pile axis
•Avoid clamping on interlocks
•All of teeth in work
•Watch jaws and interlocks for heat
•Do not pull or drive vibro until speed is reached
•Do not open until vibro stops moving
•Melting interlocks means jaws are also taking a beating
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Jaws-watch the InterlocksDo Not Crush Interlocks
Special deeper Jaws
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Sheet piles for Air Force missile silos.
Model 400 on Sheets
Hard
Driving
Required
The
Use
Of
Super
Vibro.
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Pile Buck Tools for Driving Sheets
This tool holds leading sheet pile to lower guide.
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Stab Cat