Citations

Or Acknowledging the Source

IN-TEXT CITATION ALSO CALLED:PARENTHETICAL CITATIONAUTHOR-DATE REFERENCE

REFERENCE LIST

Citations

CitationA reference or listing of the key pieces of information about a work that make it possible to identify and locate it again. The citation normally include: author, title, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication for a book; and journal title, volume, number, issue, year, and page numbers for an article or for a journal reference.

Reference

What we quoted in the text needs detail consisting of : author name (Not inverted), title, pages of sources it could be as footnote, at the end of chapter or at the end of thesis.

BibliographyIn the context of academic research, a list of books or references to sources cited, for further reading, usually printed at the end of an article or in the back matter of a book. This includes: author name, title, year, place of publication, publisher.

Foot Note Any note used to further explain a detail outside of the main text. The term usually refers to notes at the bottom of a page

Ibid

Latin word and stands for "ibidem",

Meaning Same as above and is used in numerical references.

op cite

A Latin word which stands for: "opus citatum"

"opere citato",

Meaning as quoted above and is used in numerical references.

Examples: for Ibid and Op-Cite

1. Henley and Bates (2007) Commercialization of SOEs, London, OUP.

2. Ibid., p.3.

3. Tom Lines (2006) Potential of Foreign Investment in Kenya, London, OUP.

4. Henley, OP Cite, p.5.

Types of Citation:Numerical Citations

2. Non numerical Citations

1. Harvard Referencing Style2. APA3. MLA 4. Chicago Style5.Turabian Style based on Chicago Style6. ASA7. CBE - Council of Biology Editors8. IEEE

1. APA American Psychological Association[Used in Psychology, Education, and other Social Sciences]

2. MLA Modern Language Association [Used in literature, Arts, and Humanities]

3. Chicago Style Chicago Manual of Style[used with all subjectsVarious Citation Style Manuals

4.Turabian Style based on Chicago Style [Designed to use with all subjects]

5. Harvard Referencing System [Used for all scholarly work]

6. ASA American Sociological Association [Used in all social Sciences Subjects]

7. CBE - Council of Biology Editors [Used in all Medical Science Research]

8. IEEE [Used for Computers and Engineering fields]

Which one Style to use?Ask your Supervisor which style he /she wants you to use.

If there is no preference, you can use any of the style described.

Details of the Citations Styles

APA, Turabian, Chicago, AMA Author, Date, Title of Article/Title of Periodical/Book, Page, Place, Publisher MLAAuthor, Title of Article/Title of Periodical, Place, Publisher , Date, Page (if any).HarvardAuthor (s), Date, Title of Book, Title of Article/Title of Periodical, Volume, Page, Place of Publication, Publisher.

IEEE Format:

Same as MLA only diff of number in the ref/bib at the end of the paper.

Author, Title of Article/Title of Periodical, Place, Publisher , Date, Page

[1] Bates, Beyond the Miracles, Karachi, SZABIST - Karachi. 1997.

Citation Details How to quote through diff sources?

BookAuthor (s) Date, Title of Book, Place of Publication, Publisher

Henley John [1987] Converging on the evanescent, San-Francisco, Threshold Publications.Book with one author

Book Article or Chapter James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise, in D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, OUP.

More than Two Authors

Jagezai Aurangzeb, et al [1976] Introduction to Political Science, 3rd ed., Macgraw, Hill Koga, Ltd., Tokyo.

et al is an Italian Phrase derived from et alia means and others.

JournalAuthor (s) Date, Title of Article, Title of Journal, Volume, Pages, Place of Publication, Publisher.Khan Hamadullah [2007] Senior Citizens in Pakistan: A Case Study of Karachi. Journal of Independent Studies and Research, (Bi- Annual), volume: 2, no: 5, Karachi, SZABIST-Khi.

Editor as an Author:

Lawrence H Seltzer, [1964] in ed., New Horizons of Economic Progress, Oxford University Press, London.

Books with both Author and EditorHanley John, [1999] Beyond the Privatization, in ed., John W. Doberstein, Commercialization of the SOEs, New York, OUP.

American Psychological Association.(2001). Publication Manual of theAmerican Psychological Association Washington, DC, OUP .Group Author

WebsiteLynch, T. (1996) Pakistans Foreign Policy. RetrievedOctober 8, 1997, from Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html Newspaper ArticleFarooqui Jalees, [Jan 27 Feb 2, 2003] Sugar Economys Complexities, Daily Dawn Karachi, EBR section, p.I.

Example:Full Title: California Cigarette Tax Deters SmokersCitation: (California, 1999)

If no Author given: Cite in the text the first one or two words of the article title.

News Paper without Author

Daily Dawn, Karachi [ Feb 17, 2003] Export Through Karachi Customs up by 19 pc, Staff Reporter.

Encyclopedia

Encyclopedia Americana, 1999, ed., v.11.

Documents

U.S Department of State [Jan 2003] Declaration of the U.N Conference on Food and Agriculture, War Document Series, no. 2162.

Interview

John Naught [12 May 2002] CEO Primus Co. San Jose, California.

Radio and TV ProgramBBC Hard Talk, 28 October 2002, narrator xyz,

Personal Communication/Interview

Example: T.K. Lutes, September 19, [2001], Personal Communication.

Koch, S. (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Multivolume book

Corporate/Organization as an Author

Ohio State University, [1977] College of Administrative Science, Center for Human Resources, The National Longitudinal Surveys Handbook.

State/Organization as an AuthorPakistan Government of [2003] Economic Survey 2002-3, Islamabad.

State Bank of Pakistan [2002] Annual Report 2001-2, Karachi.

Haleem Shaikh (2000). Coping Strategies of Counseling Professionals, Masters Thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.Thesis

Bethesda (1980) National Institute on Mental Health, Drug abuse [videotape]Videotape

Cassette/CD:

Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational decision making [Cassette/CD]. Gainesville: Edwards

Green, C. (2000, April 16). History & philosophy of psychology web resources. Retrieved May 22, 2001,from ttp://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm

Web page

In source, if the date is unknown:If the date is unknown, make a guess and indicate [ca 2007].

If impossible to guess the date then indicate [no date].

Sample Reference ListCalvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August 21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html Flory, R. K. (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-foodinterval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12, 825-828.

Flory, R. K. (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386. Conti:

One Author Example: (Kosik, 1999, p. 127)

Two Authors citation Example: (Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127)

Three or more authors citation: Example (Wilson et al., 2000)Citation in the text

Quoting same author, with several work published in diff years(chronological order, separated by comma)

Example: (Burke, 1998, 1999, in press)

Quoting same author, with several work published in the same year.

Example: (Burke, 1998a, 1988b, 1988c)

Quoting same work of more than one author with the same last name.

Example:(H. James, 1878; W. James, 1880)

If the source has no known Author,

Then use an abbreviated version of the title:

Example:Full Title: California Cigarette Tax Deters SmokersCitation: (California, 1999)

Text with Harvard Citations Style

Example:The notion of an indivisible college has been explored in the sciences (Crow, 1980). Its absence amongst historians is noted by Sticks (1981b). As Barton (1985) points out that they have no assistant or are reluctant to delegate (Smith, 1988, Chump 1999).

Text with Numerical Citations Style [APA]Example:

The notion of an indivisible college has been explored in the sciences1. Its absence amongst historians is noted by Sticks 2. As Barton points out that they have no assistant or are reluctant to delegate3

References[Numerical Citation]1. R. Millan, "Art of Latin grammar" (Academic, New York, 1997), p. 23.

2. Ibid, 1

3. G.Wiki "Blah and its uses" (Blah Ltd., Old York, 2000), p.17.

4. R. Millan, Op cit

IEEE Citation Style

References should be numbered sequentially by order of mention in the text, with the number placed in brackets and printed on the same line (not as a superscript) like [1]. The list of all references cited in the text should appear in numeric order at the end of the paper[2]. Don't use footnotes [1].

Samples of IEEE Reference Style Books [1] E. R. Tufte, Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press, 1996.

[2] J. H. Watt and S. A. van den Berg, Research Methods for Communication Science. Boston, MA: Allyn

Thank You

*Notes: