How the VMF matrix works Godfrey Rust, Rightscom Presentation to VMF seminar
How the VMF matrix works Godfrey Rust, Rightscom Presentation to VMF seminar
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Transcript of How the VMF matrix works Godfrey Rust, Rightscom Presentation to VMF seminar
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
How the VMF matrix worksGodfrey Rust, Rightscom
Presentation to VMF seminarBritish Library, LondonNovember 9, 2009
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Everything should be made as simple as possible,
but not simpler.
Albert Einstein
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
VMF goal
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Automatically compute the “best fit” mappings between any two pre-defined vocabularies.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
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3 stages of VMF project
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
vmf
vocab1
vocab2
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3 stages of VMF project
1. Create the matrix and map vocabularies in (what we’ve mainly done so far).
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
vmf
vocab1
vocab2
vocab3
vocab4
3 stages of VMF project
1. Create the matrix and map vocabularies in (what we’ve mainly done so far).
2. Scheme to scheme mappings out (some first tests of this).
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
vmf
vocab1
vocab2
vocab3
vocab4
3 stages of VMF project
1. Create the matrix and map vocabularies in (what we’ve mainly done so far).
2. Scheme to scheme mappings out (some first tests of this).
3. Establish VMF as an ongoing resource.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
RDA (libraries)ONIX (book/serials publishing)DDEX (recorded music)Dublin Core (web metadata)FRBR (libraries)LOM SCORM (education)MARC21 (libraries)DOI (any content)CIDOC CRM (museums and archives)FRAD (libraries)MPEG21 RDD (digital rights)RDA ONIX Framework
Initial schemes to map
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Concentrating on:
Resource categoriesResource-to-Resource relatorsResource-to-Party relatorsParty-to-Party relatorsParty categories
Vocabularies
Metadata is increasingly seen to be more about Relators than attributes – FRBR, indecs, CIDOC CRM, RDA all Relationship based.
Always been there – just hidden. 9 of the Dublin Core 15 terms are actually Relators.
Semantic Web/RDF point in the same direction. Distributed data means linking identities – which means Relators.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Approximate figures for the matrix today:
10 schemes53 vocabularies mapped in whole or part500+ concept families8000+ unique terms30,000+ RDF triples
Concentrated on resource-to-party relators (highest overlap, most important verbs) at the outset.
Some further work to do before releasing the matrix publicly.
Matrix stats
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
The data model of the matrix has to accommodate the data models of all the vocabularies mapped to it, and the relationships between them.
The VMF data model and ontology is based on Rightscom’s COA model, which grew from the <indecs> framework and has much in common with FRBR and CIDOC CRM.
COA also provides the “model of making” – an analysis of the relationship between Works and their Manifestations which is of particular use in library/content provider metadata.
Data model: the challenge
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vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
How does VMF work?
Terms are mapped into an ontology (the VMF matrix) built up from “families” of concepts based on verbs.
The matrix can be queried to get the “best fit” match from one term or vocabulary to another.
(Note: the matrix is for machine processing – not for human use, and it is not a cataloguing tool or a standard vocabulary).
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vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context Create (or Creating Event)
A Concept Family
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context Create (or Creating Event)
A Concept Family
Create (to Make something (as a human being)
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context Create (or Creating Event)
A Concept Family
ParentMake (to bring something into existence)
Create (to Make something (as a human being)
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context Create (or Creating Event)
A Concept Family
ParentMake (to bring something into existence)
Create (to Make something (as a human being)
Children Conceive, Originate, Derive, Create Work, Create Perceivable Resource, Create with Tool, Create with Material, Direct, Contribute etc…
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context Create (or Creating Event)
A Concept Family
ParentMake (to bring something into existence)
Children Conceive, Originate, Derive, Create Work, Create Perceivable Resource, Create with Tool, Create with Material, Direct, Contribute etc…
Create (to Make something (as a human being)
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context Create (or Creating Event)
A Concept Family
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context Create Agent CreatorResource Creation
A Concept Family
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation
A Concept Family
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_Creator
A Concept Family
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_Create
A Concept Family
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Family A Concept Family provides a complete set of terms that describe a type of Event or State (“Context”), always based on a verb.
A Concept Family provides a complete set of terms that describe a type of Event or State (“Context”), always based on a verb.
All relationships (and so most meanings) are based on Events, so this is a good place to start.
All relationships (and so most meanings) are based on Events, so this is a good place to start.
Every term in the VMF matrix is a member of a Concept Family.
Every term in the VMF matrix is a member of a Concept Family.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Family
How do these terms relate to the vocabularies we are mapping?
How do these terms relate to the vocabularies we are mapping?
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Familyonix:CodeList17Created by
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Familyonix:CodeList17Created by
marc21:RelationshipCreator
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Familyonix:CodeList17Created by
marc21:RelationshipCreator
lom:role_lifecycleauthor
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Familyonix:CodeList17Created by
marc21:RelationshipCreator
lom:role_lifecycleauthor
Dc:dc15Creator
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Familyonix:CodeList17Created by
marc21:RelationshipCreator
lom:role_lifecycleauthor
Dc:dc15Creator
crm:propertywas created by
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Familyonix:CodeList17Created by
marc21:RelationshipCreator
lom:role_lifecycleauthor
Dc:dc15Creator
crm:propertywas created by
crm:propertyhas created
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Familyonix:CodeList17Created by
marc21:RelationshipCreator
lom:role_lifecycleauthor
crm:classMan-made object
Dc:dc15Creator
crm:propertywas created by
crm:propertyhas created
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Familyonix:CodeList17Created by
marc21:RelationshipCreator
lom:role_lifecycleauthor
crm:classMan-made object
frbr:Endeavour
Dc:dc15Creator
crm:propertywas created by
crm:propertyhas created
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Familyonix:CodeList17Created by
marc21:RelationshipCreator
lom:role_lifecycleauthor
crm:classMan-made object
frbr:Endeavour
Dc:dc15Creator
crm:propertywas created by
rdd:verbsMake
crm:propertyhas created
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Familyonix:CodeList17Created by
marc21:RelationshipCreator
lom:role_lifecycleauthor
crm:classMan-made object
ddex: (nothing)
frbr:Endeavour
Dc:dc15Creator
crm:propertywas created by
rda: (nothing)
frad: (nothing)
rdd:verbsMake
crm:propertyhas created
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context CreateAgent CreatorResource Creation
Relator Creator_Creation Creation_CreatorRelator Create_Creation Creation_CreateRelator Create_Creator Creator_CreateRelator Creator_CreatorRelator Creation_Creation
A Concept Familyonix:CodeList17Created by
marc21:RelationshipCreator
lom:role_lifecycleauthor
crm:classMan-made object
ddex: (nothing)
frbr:Endeavour
Dc:dc15Creator
crm:propertyhas created
crm:propertywas created by
rda: (nothing)
frad: (nothing)
rdd:verbsMake
Every term in a vocabulary maps onto a term in some Concept Family.
Every term in a vocabulary maps onto a term in some Concept Family.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Value of the Concept Family (1)
The Concept Families provide all possible points (“nodes”) in the matrix for vocabulary terms to be mapped.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context DeriveAgent DeriverResource1 DerivationResource2 Source
Relator Deriver_Derivation Derivation_DeriverRelator Deriver_Source Source_DeriverRelator Derivation_Source Source_DerivationRelator Derivation_Derive Derive_DerivationRelator Deriver_Derive Derive_DeriverRelator Source_Derive Derive_SourceRelator Deriver_DeriverRelator Derivation_DerivationRelator Source_Source
A (bigger) Concept Family
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Context DeriveAgent DeriverResource1 DerivationResource2 Source
Relator Deriver_Derivation Derivation_DeriverRelator Deriver_Source Source_DeriverRelator Derivation_Source Source_DerivationRelator Derivation_Derive Derive_DerivationRelator Deriver_Derive Derive_DeriverRelator Source_Derive Derive_SourceRelator Deriver_DeriverRelator Derivation_DerivationRelator Source_Source
Automated naming of Relators (easy to create and find terms).
Automated naming of Relators (easy to create and find terms).
A (bigger) Concept Family
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Value of the Concept Family (2)
The Concept Family allows large numbers of terms to be generated in the matrix very efficiently.
A single concept will typically produce 15-25 terms (3-5 classes and 8-24 relators).
Less than a quarter of those will directly map onto vocabularies, but most will be used as pathways in computing relationships between different terms.
Because the model is simple in concept, and the process is reasonably flexible and automated, the maintenance of a large and complex ontology is manageable (“as simple as possible…”).
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Value of the Concept Family (3)
The “family tree” of verbs provide the skeleton of the whole matrix, going from the most general concepts at the top down to the most detailed anyone might need to imagine.
Because of the concept families, the matrix is made up of a number of parallel hierarchies, joined across by the family links.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Contextualize
Exist
ExistStatically
ExistDynamically
Act
Do
DoTransitively
DoIntransitively
DoAsPrincipalAgent
DoAsSupportingAgent
Make
Cause
CauseState
Create
Derive
Adapt
Translate
Compile
Interact
Derive
Use
Perceive
See
Some top level concepts: verbs
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Contextualize
Exist
ExistStatically
ExistDynamically
Act
Do
DoTransitively
DoIntransitively
DoAsPrincipalAgent
DoAsSupportingAgent
Make
Cause
CauseState
Create
Derive
Adapt
Translate
Compile
Interact
Derive
Use
Perceive
See
Some top level concepts: verbs
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Contextualize
Exist
ExistStatically
ExistDynamically
Act
Do
DoTransitively
DoIntransitively
DoAsPrincipalAgent
DoAsSupportingAgent
Make
Cause
CauseState
Create
Derive
Adapt
Translate
Compile
Interact
Derive
Use
Perceive
See
Some top level concepts: verbs, agents
Agent
Doer
DoerTransitively
DoerIntransitively
DoerAsPrincipalAgent
DoerAsSupportingAgent
Maker
Causer
CauserOfState
Creator
Deriver
Adaptor
Translator
Compiler
Interacter
Deriver
User
Perceiver
Seer
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Contextualize
Exist
ExistStatically
ExistDynamically
Act
Do
DoTransitively
DoIntransitively
DoAsPrincipalAgent
DoAsSupportingAgent
Make
Cause
CauseState
Create
Derive
Adapt
Translate
Compile
Interact
Derive
Use
Perceive
See
Some top level concepts: verbs, agents, resources
Agent
Doer
DoerTransitively
DoerIntransitively
DoerAsPrincipalAgent
DoerAsSupportingAgent
Maker
Causer
CauserOfState
Creator
Deriver
Adaptor
Translator
Compiler
Interacter
Deriver
User
Perceiver
Seer
Resource
Existent
StaticResource
DynamicResource
Patient
PatientDoneTo
TransitivePatient
DoAsPrincipalAgent
DoAsSupportingAgent
Output
Consequence
ConsequentState
Creation
Derivation, Source
Adaptatation, SourceOf..
Translator, SourceOf..
Compilation, Component
Input
Derivation, Source
UsedResource
PerceivedResource
SeenResource
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Contextualize
Exist
ExistStatically
ExistDynamically
Act
Do
DoTransitively
DoIntransitively
DoAsPrincipalAgent
DoAsSupportingAgent
Make
Cause
CauseState
Create
Derive
Adapt
Translate
Compile
Interact
Derive
Use
Perceive
See
Some top level concepts: verbs, agents, resources
Agent
Doer
DoerTransitively
DoerIntransitively
DoerAsPrincipalAgent
DoerAsSupportingAgent
Maker
Causer
CauserOfState
Creator
Deriver
Adaptor
Translator
Compiler
Interacter
Deriver
User
Perceiver
Seer
Resource
Existent
StaticResource
DynamicResource
Patient
PatientDoneTo
TransitivePatient
DoAsPrincipalAgent
DoAsSupportingAgent
Output
Consequence
ConsequentState
Creation
Derivation, Source
Adaptatation, SourceOf..
Translator, SourceOf..
Compilation, Component
Input
Derivation, Suurce
UsedResource
PerceivedResource
SeenResource
…and of course all the Relators between these classes.
…and of course all the Relators between these classes.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Make From Material
Create Part Of Film
Create Parody Of FRBR Expression
Smell
Moderate Panel
Create Content As Librettist
Conduct Experiment
Design Cover Or Cover Artwork
Take Moving Photograph
Be Human
Perform Music As Primary Performer
See With Microform Reader
Be Changeable Necessarily
Add Ink Outline Or Add Color To Visual
Be HTML
Realize On Mirror Site
Some lower level verbs
However granular or obscure, everything belongs to a Concept Family.
The matrix should be able to include almost any concept at any level of detail – but is extended on a “need to know basis” (the principle of Functional Granularity).
However granular or obscure, everything belongs to a Concept Family.
The matrix should be able to include almost any concept at any level of detail – but is extended on a “need to know basis” (the principle of Functional Granularity).
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Value of the Concept Family (4)
The relators within a Concept Family, and between different families, create the network of meaning to allow “best fit” mappings to be computed when an exact equivalent is not available.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
vmf:Adaptor
vmf:WordsAdaptor
vmf:Translator
vmf:SubtitlesTranslator
vmf:WordsCreator
vmf:TranslatorAndCommentator
vmf:Commentator
Mapping to the matrix
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
vmf:Adaptor
vmf:WordsAdaptor
vmf:Translator
vmf:SubtitlesTranslator
vmf:WordsCreator
vmf:TranslatorAndCommentator
vmf:Commentator
Mapping to the matrix
Every term in a vocabulary is given an equivalent term in a VMF concept family…
Every term in a vocabulary is given an equivalent term in a VMF concept family…
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
vmf:Adaptor
vmf:WordsAdaptor
vmf:Translator
vmf:SubtitlesTranslator
vmf:WordsCreator
vmf:TranslatorAndCommentator
vmf:Commentator onix:Translated by
onix:Translated withcommentary by
ddex:Translator
Ddex:SubtitlesTranslator
Mapping to the matrix
Every term in a vocabulary is given an equivalent term in a VMF concept family…
Every term in a vocabulary is given an equivalent term in a VMF concept family…
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
vmf:Adaptor
vmf:WordsAdaptor
vmf:Translator
vmf:SubtitlesTranslator
vmf:WordsCreator
vmf:TranslatorAndCommentator
vmf:Commentator onix:Translated by
onix:Translated withcommentary by
ddex:Translator
ddex:SubtitlesTranslator
Queries can then be used to find the “best fit” mappings between two terms or complete vocabularies.
Queries can then be used to find the “best fit” mappings between two terms or complete vocabularies.
Mapping scheme to scheme
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
vmf:Adaptor
vmf:WordsAdaptor
vmf:Translator
vmf:SubtitlesTranslator
vmf:WordsCreator
vmf:TranslatorAndCommentator
vmf:Commentator onix:Translated by
onix:Translated withcommentary by
ddex:Translator
Ddex:SubtitlesTranslator
Mapping scheme to scheme
Queries can then be used to find the “best fit” mappings between two terms or complete vocabularies.
Queries can then be used to find the “best fit” mappings between two terms or complete vocabularies.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
An early test…
We wrote some simple SPARQL queries which map any one vocabulary to any other, asking it to find for each term:
- exact matches- parents- children- siblings (other children of parents)
Mapping results
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Mapping results
This is a sample of vocabulary-to-vocabulary mapping results produced by simple queries from the matrix (some more is shown in the VMF Introduction document).
This is a sample of vocabulary-to-vocabulary mapping results produced by simple queries from the matrix (some more is shown in the VMF Introduction document).
Marc 21 Relationship Onix Code List 17
Actor same as Actor
Adapter Child Dramatized by
Adapter Parent Adapted by
Adapter Sibling Abridged by
Adapter Sibling Other adaptation by
Adapter Sibling Translated by
Architect Parent Designed by
Architect Sibling Cover design or artwork by
Arranger same as Arranged by music
Artist same as By artist
Author Child By author
Author Child By composer
Author Child Software written by
Author Sibling From an idea by
Author of introduction etc Child Introduction by
Author of introduction etc Sibling Commentaries by
Author of introduction etc Sibling Memoir by
Author of introduction etc Sibling Notes by
Author of introduction etc Sibling Summary by
Author of screenplay same as Screenplay by
Cartographer same as Maps by
Commentator same as Commentator
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
There is rarely a “right” answer to a complete vocabulary mapping – we’re looking for the “best fit”. No mapping can create meaning that is not already in the target scheme – it can only try to find it.Some people will want the decisions made for them, others will want to be given the options so that they can choose.
Do we want “Recommended” mappings for particular vocabulary pairs? Yes – then with what rules, and who agrees the results?
There are many possibilities for refining the ontology structure and query methods, including the addition of conditonal rules that go beyond the basic OWL axioms.
Testing and review also provide the best QA for the ontology (at least 10% of mappings likely to be “less than optimal” at this stage).
VMF is “cooking nicely” but needs time to try different things.
Question: how to get the “best fit”?
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Matrix data prep in Excel, extracted automatically to RDF triples (TTL format), reviewed using Protege.
A small amount of inference is required to complete gaps in the super-relator hierarchy.
Current query testing using SPARQL, but the matrix and queries could be put automatically into many logic formalisms and queried with many languages. It will be generally available, so help yourself if you want to experiment.
VMF is about the semantics, not the tools.
Technology
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
rdfs:subClassOf between a class and its parent(s)rdfs:subPropertyOf between a relator and its parent(s)rdfs:domain the domain class of a relatorrdfs:range the range class of a relator owl:inverseOf reciprocal relators rdf:type membership of classesowl:disjointWith classes with no common membersowl:complementOf disjoint classes that make up a parent conceptowl:intersectionOf classes made by combining two or more conceptsowl:unionOf classes whose members must be one thing or another
Matrix axiomsThese RDFS and OWL axioms provide the core logic
These RDFS and OWL axioms provide the core logic
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
rdfs:subClassOf between a class and its parent(s)rdfs:subPropertyOf between a relator and its parent(s)rdfs:domain the domain class of a relatorrdfs:range the range class of a relator owl:inverseOf reciprocal relators rdf:type membership of classesowl:disjointWith classes with no common membersowl:complementOf disjoint classes that make up a parent conceptowl:intersectionOf classes made by combining two or more conceptsowl:unionOf classes whose members are one thing or anotherowl:equivalentClass mapped classesowl:equivalentProperty mapped relators
Matrix axioms
vmf:IsResourceInCFvmf:IsContextInCFvmf:IsRelatorInCF
This extra set of “vmf” Relators define the relationships within a Concept Family (CF).
They can be translated into logical rules to allow more complex inference.
This extra set of “vmf” Relators define the relationships within a Concept Family (CF).
They can be translated into logical rules to allow more complex inference.
These RDFS and OWL axioms provide the core logic
These RDFS and OWL axioms provide the core logic
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Matrix rules
The concept families and RDFS/OWL axioms provide a “simple as possible” framework for the matrix, and deliver most of what is needed – but some further logical connections need to be made with rules that go beyond the scope of the basic axioms.
For example…
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Displaced attributes
Some terms collapse two or more concept families into one. For example – the “Original Author” of a work.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Displaced attributes
Some terms collapse two or more concept families into one. For example – the “Original Author” of a work.
Author_Work
W Shakespeare
Romeo & Juliet
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Displaced attributes
Some terms collapse two or more concept families into one. For example – the “Original Author” of a work.
Author_Work
Adapter_ Source
W ShakespeareJ Smith
Romeo & Juliet
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Displaced attributes
Some terms collapse two or more concept families into one. For example – the “Original Author” of a work.
Author_Work
Source_ Adaptation
Adapter_ Source
W ShakespeareJ Smith
Romeo & Juliet
Romeo & Juliet – the pop up cartoon version
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Displaced attributes
Some terms collapse two or more concept families into one. For example – the “Original Author” of a work.
Author_Work
Source_ Adaptation
Adapter_ Adaptation
Adapter_ Source
W ShakespeareJ Smith
Romeo & Juliet
Romeo & Juliet – the pop up cartoon version
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Displaced attributes
Some terms collapse two or more concept families into one. For example – the “Original Author” of a work.
Author_Work
Source_ Adaptation
Adapter_ Adaptation
Adapter_ Source
W ShakespeareJ Smith
Romeo & Juliet
Romeo & Juliet – the pop up cartoon version
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Displaced attributes
Some terms collapse two or more concept families into one. For example – the “Original Author” of a work.
Author_Work
Source_ Adaptation
Adapter_ Adaptation
Adapter_ Source
W ShakespeareJ Smith
“Original Author”
Romeo & Juliet
Romeo & Juliet – the pop up cartoon version
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Displaced attributes
Some terms collapse two or more concept families into one. For example – the “Original Author” of a work.
Author_Work
Source_ Adaptation
W Shakespeare
SourceAuthor_ DerivationWithSourceAuthor
Romeo & Juliet
Romeo & Juliet – the pop up cartoon version
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Displaced attributes
Some terms collapse two or more concept families into one. For example – the “Original Author” of a work.
Author_Work
Source_ Adaptation
W Shakespeare
SourceAuthor_ DerivationWithSourceAuthor
Romeo & Juliet
Romeo & Juliet – the pop up cartoon version
A rule is needed in the ontology to show that this one relator actually represents a chain of two existing concept families.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Challenges facing the matrix?
The “lattice” approach is logically robust (a common model for ontology), but it can result in a “combinatory explosion” of concepts with multiple parents. One additional attribute at the top can turn into dozens or hundreds further down – a “combinatory explosion”.
RDF/OWL/SPARQL are relatively easy and accessible – but not as powerful as full FOL (First Order Logic) inference.
No easy remedy – everything has trade-offs. The family approach helps you see both the wood and the trees – but we need to look for best ontology practice to get best results (the matrix can be automatically converted into other formalisms if it is helpful).
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Refining the matrix
In next stage we would like to:
- extend mappings and validate them with scheme authorities
- develop and test mapping rules, produce candidate mappings for main vocabulary pairs
- welcome suggestions to extend the semantics or organization of the matrix
- welcome all experiments with inference rules to get “best fit”.
- welcome one or two specific projects which can make practical use of VMF.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
The need for authorisation
vmf
vocab1
vocab2
vocab3
vocab4
For example, if vocabulary 2 is to map “as well as possible” to vocabulary 4, then both 2 and 4 should validate their mappings to the matrix.
Mapping should be a two way process – most accurate if both parties agree.
Changes must be maintained - the rate of change is increasing.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Availability
VMF matrix freely available as an RDF/OWL ontology before the end of the year.
Tools? Dependent on next stages. We have used Protégé for viewing and validating.
Further details in the VMF Introduction document.
vmf Godfrey Rust, Rightscom: How the VMF matrix works, Nov 2009
Uses of VMF?
Authoritative source for public vocabulary mappings (but providing a tool for choice if needed)
Incorporate mappings automatically into schema transformations.
Provide QA or options for scheme/vocabulary developers.
Mapping proprietary schemes? Taxonomies/subject indexes?
No limit to scope in principle – concept family model is generic.
Extend to full schema mapping/transformation?
What other uses or benefits can you see?