How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.
-
Upload
ann-gregory -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.
![Page 1: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How the TransmissionSystem Works
Really
William F. Reinke
![Page 2: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Acknowledgements
● Don Benjamin – NERC Staff www.nerc.com
● Terry Boston - TVA
![Page 3: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Topics
● Purpose of the transmission system● Structure
Bits and pieces, odds and ends
● How to buy and sell electricity Before and after deregulation
● Major blackout chronology● Important dates
![Page 4: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Characteristics of Electricity
● Travels at the speed of light● Cannot be stored● Network must be continuously
connected Cannot be “routed”
![Page 5: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Terms
● Voltage volts pressure● Current amps flow● Power watts v x a● Energy watt-hours watts x
time● Frequency hertz cycles/sec● Fundamental Laws
Ohm Kirchhoff
![Page 6: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Power System Overview
![Page 7: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Substations
![Page 8: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Circuit Breakers
● Open breaker Power can’t flow
● Closed breaker Power can flow
● Trip: Closed Opened
![Page 9: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Bulk Power Transformers
![Page 10: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
![Page 12: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
![Page 13: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
![Page 14: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Distribution Transformers
![Page 15: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Purpose of Transmission
● Connect generators to each other and to the distribution system Handle contingencies (equipment
failures) Dispatch generation economically
● Connect utilities to each other Buying and selling electricity Reserve sharing
![Page 16: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
But it’s not like...
● The natural gas pipeline system● The telephone system● The water system● The transportation system● These are examples of “switched”
systems…because electricity can’t be routed!
![Page 17: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Control Area (Balancing Authority)
MM
ControlCenter
Generating Plant #1
Generating Plant #2 Customers
![Page 18: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Control Areas (Balancing Authorities)
MA
CD
BM
M
M
M
M
M
M
![Page 19: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Steps of an Interchange TransactionBefore Deregulation
● 3:40 pm Schedule● 3:55 pm Confirm● 4:00 pm Begin
interchange Seller increases generation Buyer decreases generation
● 5:00 pm End Seller decreases generation Buyer increases generation
Sale from A to B at 4-5 pm of 100 MW
A$20/MWh
B$40/MWh
100 MW
Interchange Price= (A+B)/2= $30/ MWhSet up by system operators
![Page 20: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Steps of an Interchange TransactionAfter Deregulation
● 3:40 pm Schedule● 3:55 pm Confirm● 4:00 pm Begin
interchange Seller increases generation Buyer decreases generation
● 5:00 pm End Seller decreases generation Buyer increases generation
Sale from A to B at 4-5 pm of 100 MW
100 MW
• Interchange Price Depends on Market
• Set up by Merchants
M1 M2
A$20/MWh
B$40/MWh
![Page 21: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Interconnections
EasternInterconnection
WesternInterconnection
ERCOTInterconnection
![Page 22: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Regional Entities
![Page 23: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23November 9, 1965April 3/ 4, 1976July 13, 1977July 2/3, 1996August 10, 1996June 25, 19982000/2001May 15, 2003August 14, 2003
Widespread DisturbancesWidespread Disturbances
March 8, 2004
SERSERCC
![Page 24: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
KEY INDUSTRY DATES● 1965 Northeast Blackout● 1968 NERC Formed● 1970 SERC Formed● 1973 Oil Embargo, end of 7% annual growth● 1977 National Energy Plan – Created DOE● 1978 Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act
(PURPA)● 1978 Power Plant and Fuel Use Act● 1979 Three Mile Island● 1992 Energy Policy Act● 1996 FERC Orders 888, 889● 1996 California Restructuring● 2000 FERC Order 2000 RTOs
![Page 25: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
KEY INDUSTRY DATES● 2001 September 11● 2002 FERC Standard Market Design
Notice Of Proposed Rulemaking● 2003 FERC Wholesale Power Market
Platform White Paper● August 2003 Blackout● August 2005 Energy Policy Act of 2005● February 2006 FERC Order 672 establishing
rules concerning the certification of the Electric Reliability Organization and procedures for the establishment, approval, and
enforcement of Electric Reliability Standards
![Page 26: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
KEY INDUSTRY DATES● April 2006 NERC files Application to become
the Electric Reliability Organization
● July 2006 NERC Certified as the Electric Reliability Organization
● Nov 2006 Regional Entity Delegation Agreements Filed
● March 2007 FERC Order 693 approving 83 reliability standards and making compliance with reliability standards mandatory for all owners, operators and users of the bulk power system
![Page 27: How the Transmission System Works Really William F. Reinke.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c01e1a28abf838cd120a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
KEY INDUSTRY DATES
● April 2007 FERC approves Delegation Agreements between NERC
and the eight Regional Entities● June 18, 2007 Reliability Standards
become mandatory for all owners, operators and users of the bulk power system