How the Earth’s Rocks Were Formed
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Transcript of How the Earth’s Rocks Were Formed
How the Earth’s Rocks Were Formed
Chapter 5
I will be able to …
Explain the principle of uniformitarianism and relate it to the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
Discuss the differences between plutonic and volcanic igneous rock.
Define rock texture and list some factors that control the texture of igneous rock.
Name and describe members of the granite, diorite, and gabbro igneous rock families
Igneous Rock
Uniformity of Process
Modern geology began in 1795 This is when Scottish geologist James
Hutton described a new concept called uniformitarianism
Uniformity of Process
Before Hutton goelogists thought Earth was formed by spectacular events
and catastrophes They believed these catastrophies
formed mountains, canyons, waterfalls and almost all land forms
Uniformity of Process
James Hutton’s ideas were different. He came to the conclusion, “the
present is the key to the past” This statement has 2 key concepts
1. The geological process now at work were also active in the past
2. The present physical features of Earth were formed by these same processes, at work over long periods of time
Uniformity of Process
For example: a river valley Otheres would describe this as a sudden
split of the Earth’s crust Hutton explained it as the slow steady
wearing away of the land by the river over thousands of years
Three Groups of Rock
A rock is defined as a group of minerals bound together in some way.
Using Hutton’s principle, and studying different rocks around the Earth goelogists have concluded all rock from the earths crust is formed in one of 3 ways
Three Groups of Rock
Igneous Rock – formed by the cooling and hardening of magma from inside the earth. Magma is hot molten rock (under
surface).
Three Groups of Rock
Sedimentary rock –formed by hardening and cementing of layers of sediments. Sediments may consist of rock
fragments, plant and animal remains, or chemicals that form on lake and ocean bottoms.
Three Groups of Rock
Metamorphic Rocks – formed when rocks that already exist are changed by heat and pressure into new rocks. Garnet is an example
Recognizing Igneous RockPlutonic, or intrusive, igneous rock Rocks that form underground from
cooled magma These rocks are seen on the surface
only after the rocks that cover them are cleared away.
Example: Granite
Recognizing Igneous RockVolcanic, or extrusive, igneous rock Magma that pours onto the earths crust during a volcanic eruption is called lava
These rocks are formed when the lava cools
They can also be formed out of the dust and ash of a volcanic eruption
Recognizing Igneous Rock Volcanic rock example:
Scoria – formed from lava slowly cooling
Recognizing Igneous Rock Plutonic and volcanic rocks are
simular in mineral composition, but volcanic rocks lack mineral grains
Example: obsidian – volcanic rock formed from lava cooling rapidly
Kinds of Magma
There are 2 general kinds that are most common1. Felsic2. Mafic
Kinds of Magma
Felsic when hardens forms rocks with
mainly light coloured minerals high-silica Does not have much clacium, iron or
magnesium Thick and slow flowing magma
Kinds of Magma
Felsic Granite is a common felsic rock
It contains light coloured minerals like quartz and orthoclase
Most plutonic rocks are felsic
Kinds of Magma
Mafic Low percentage of silica Higher percentage of calcuim, iron,
and magnesium Magma is hotter, thinner, and more
fluid than felsic When solid forms rocks with dark
ferromagnesian minerals
Kinds of Magma
Mafic An example is basalt
It contains a number of dark minerals like hornblende, augite, and biotite
Most volcanic rock are mafic.
Textures of an Igneous Rock Texture is another way to group
rocks. A rock’s texture depends on the size,
shape, and arrangement of it’s mineral crystals.
Igneous rock textures range from glassy-smooth (obsidian), to course grained
(granite).
Textures of an Igneous Rock Crystal size is most important for
texture.
This depends on how fast the magma hardens. The amount of gas dissolved in the
magma
Textures of an Igneous RockCOARSE-GRAINED TEXTURE Magma deep within
the crust cools slowly Creates large mineral
grains of fairly uniform size
Plutonic rock has this texture
Granite is an example
FINE-GRAINED AND SMOOTH TEXTURE Magma that reaches
the Earth’s crust as lava hardens quickly
This rock has tiny crystals
The crystals are too small to see without a microscope
Volcanic rock like basalt is fine-grained; obsidian is glassy
Porphyritic Texture
Porphyry (POR fur ee) rock has 2 distinctly different textures.
Porphyritic Texture
How are these rocks formed? There are 2 stages of cooling
1. Magma is at a large depth, and here is cools slowly so large crystals can form of one mineral, the rest remains liquid
2. As the magma gets closer to the surface the rest of the magma cools into fine grained rock around the larger crystals
Families of Igneous Rock
Igneous rock is grouped into families according to mineral composition
Granite Family Gabbro Family Diorite Family And some igneous rocks don’t fit into
any of these families
Families of Igneous Rock
Granite Family Forms from felsic magmas Consist mainly of orthoclase feldspar
and quartz▪ These are light in colour, so the rocks in this
family are usually light-coloured other minerals likely present are
plagioclase feldspar, mica, and hornblende
Rocks in this family will have different textures, but simular chemical compositions
Families of Igneous Rock
GRANITE FAMILY
Course grained granite
GRANITE FAMILY
Fine-grained rhyolite
Families of Igneous Rock
GRANITE FAMILY
Glassy obsidian
GRANITE FAMILY
Families of Igneous Rock
Gabbro Family Forms from mafic magma Made mainly of dark plagioclase feldspar
and augite Other likely minerals are olivine,
hormblend, and biotite. These are generally darker and more
dense than those found in the granite family
Families of Igneous Rock
GABBRO FAMILY
Course-grained gabbro
GABBRO FAMILY
Fine-grained basalt
Families of Igneous Rock
Gabbro Family Glassy example:
basalt glass
Families of Igneous Rock
Diorite Family Composition and colour between the
granite and gabbro families
Families of Igneous Rock
DIORITE FAMILY
Diorite: Course-grained Has less quartz than
granite Has less dark
plagioclase than gabbro
DIORITE FAMILY
Andesite: fine-grained
Families of Igneous Rock
Some igneous rock do not fit into any of these 3 families.
Families of Igneous Rock
DON’T FIT
Granodiorite Course grained rock Composition between
granite and diorite
DON’T FIT
Pyroxenite – nearly all pyroxene Coarse, dark and heavy May be like rock in
Earth’s mantle
Families of Igneous Rock
DON’T FIT
Dunite – almost all olivine Coarse, dark and heavy May be like rock in
Earth’s mantle
DON’T FIT
Peridotite – a mix of pyroxene and olivine Coarse, dark and heavy May be like rock in
Earth’s mantle
Description of Common Igneous Rock Granite
Made of:▪ quartz – looks like tiny chips of cloudy or grayish
glass▪ orthoclase feldspar – often has smooth cleavage
surfaces and is white, gray, pink or orange▪ and one other mineral like mica (shiny black flakes)
or hornblende (tiny dull black chunks or sticks) Ranges in colour from light to medium gray
and pinks Have course-grained texture
Description of Common Igneous Rock Granite
The most common continental igneous rock Occurs in thr Rockies, the Aairondacks of
New York State, the Black Hills in South Dakota, the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and in many other mountain areas
It is plutonic, and when it appears on the surface it shows errosion removed thousands of meters or rock since the magma cooled
Description of Common Igneous Rock Granite
Felsite is the general name for light-coloured, fine grained granite
Rhyolite is an example of a fine-grained, light gray to pink rock
Description of Common Igneous Rock Obsidian
Volcanic glass of the granite family▪ Contains many of the same minerals and
other light coloured rocks like granite Usually dark brown or black▪ This is due totiny amounts of dark coloured
minerals scattered throughout the rock Is hard and brittle It has a conchoidal, or shell-like, fracture
Obsidian
Descriptions of common Igneous Rocks Pumice
Formed from felsic lava that hardened while steam and other gases were still bubbling out of it
It looks like a sponge with many small holes in it
Because of all the air holes, it is sometimes light enough to float on water
Pumice
Descriptions of common Igneous Rocks Basalt
The most common rock in the gabbro family A fine-grained rock Ranges in colour from dark green to black Basalt is the igneous rock on the ocean floor On land it is the most common rock formed
from flows of lava Large areas occur in the lava flows of:
Iceland, Hawaiian Islands, and Columbia and Snake River in western United States
Basalt
Descriptions of common Igneous Rocks Gabbro
Has about the same composition as basalt
It is cooled slowly deep underground, so it is course-grained
Very dark in colour
Gabbro
Descriptions of common Igneous Rocks Diabase
Has a composition simular to gabbro It has a finer texturethan gabbro, but
courser than basalt
Diabase
Descriptions of common Igneous Rocks Basalt Glass
Is like obsidian, but has a mafic composition
Descriptions of common Igneous Rocks Scoria
Is full of holes like pumice Is made of denser material than pumice,
so not all scoria floats
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