How Psychologists Study the Brain. Accidents Brain damage due to: ▫Whiplash: aka – diffuse...
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Transcript of How Psychologists Study the Brain. Accidents Brain damage due to: ▫Whiplash: aka – diffuse...
Accidents
•Brain damage due to:▫Whiplash: aka – diffuse axonal injury
Stretching, twisting, damage to the axon▫Isotropic Stress: high speed change scenarios
Car crash, explosions, sky-diving, etc Creates a “pressure wave” or pulse Causes damage to neurons
•Psychologists/Doctors examine:▫Loss of Vision▫Loss of Hearing▫Loss of Memory▫Confusion
LesionsDef: cutting the brain, removing portions of the brain
•Commonly done in the past•Today: lobotomy
▫Last resort, experimental surgery McDreamy
▫Observe and document changes▫Animal experimentation commonly performed
Are correlations reliable and valid?•Harvesting brains of the dead
▫Concussion victims, dementia, Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, etc
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Why would you get one?▫ Sleep Disorder▫ Having Seizures
(epilepsy)▫ Determine “brain death”
• How does it work?▫ Electrodes attached to the
scalp (exterior)▫ Perform mental function
or physical action▫ Brain waves produced &
recorded
Electrical Brain Stimulation (EBS)
• How: ▫ Electrodes attached, inserted
in the brain (interior)▫ Charge emitted▫ Measure results performed by
patient• Findings
▫ Specific regions of the brain linked to sensory or motor cortex regions
▫ Ventral Nerves: neurons sending messages to the brain Epilepsy patients OCD subjects
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scanaka – CT scan
• Why would you get one?▫ Car accident▫ Suspected concussion▫ Locate blood clot,
infection, or tumor• How is it done?
▫ X-ray of the brain▫ Brain absorbs radiation
and computer produces an image
• Can be done on any organ
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)• Why would you get one?
▫ CAT Scan inconclusive▫ Looking for a tumor or
aneurism▫ Examine bleeding in the brain▫ Damage to optic or auditory
nerves• How does it work?
▫ Brain produces “energy”▫ Computer measures radio
waves▫ Looking for abnormalities,
“hotspots”
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
• Why would you have one?▫ To confirm CAT Scan▫ To measure blood flow▫ Diagnose: Alzheimer’s,
Parkinson’s, MS, ALS, or Cancer (lymphoma)
• How does it work?▫ Chemical injected
(glucose)▫ Chemical “lights-up”▫ Image captured
PET & CT Machines often are the same
PET Scan ImagesSchizophrenia Experiment Alzheimer’s Patient
PET scans of five normal individuals (left); each row is one person, and each image is a slice from five different levels of the person's brain. The red areas show regions of the brain that are activated when a person performs a memory task. In PET scans of five individuals with schizophrenia (right), each row represents a different person, with comparable slices. Clearly, the patients with schizophrenia do not generate the dramatic brain activity in the circuits of the brain critical to the memory task.