How Plants Grow - University of Missouriextension.missouri.edu/learnforlife/documents/Osher...
Transcript of How Plants Grow - University of Missouriextension.missouri.edu/learnforlife/documents/Osher...
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HOME GARDENING
OSHER LIFELONG LEARNING
SPRING 2015
How Plants Grow
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What is a plant?
1.bp.blogspot.com
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What is a plant?
“Living organism that, unlike an animal, cannot move voluntarily, manufactures food from the sun’s energy and carbon dioxide and has no sense organs . . .”
Webster
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How Plants Grow
Part 1:
Plant Anatomy and
Structure
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The Cell
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Plant Tissues
Groups of cells similar in appearance or function.
Differentiate from meristematic tissues.
Vascular tissue is an example.
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Root Functions
Anchor the plant in the soil
Absorb nutrients and moisture
Serve as food storage organs
Provide a means of propagation
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Roots
Taproot
Primary root continues to elongate downward to the soil
Becomes dominant and most important root feature
Lateral
Side or branch roots that grow from another, larger root
Fibrous
Root system where primary root
never existed or developed
Numerous smaller or lateral roots
develop
Branching repeatedly to form
absorptive fibrous root system
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Types of Roots
Root Hairs
-Develop on root just behind zone of elongation
-Perform much of the work for water and nutrient absorption
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Mycorrhizae (white) growing on a root
Mycorrhizae
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Mycorrhizae
Fungus benefits from a steady supply of sugar donated by the host plant
Plant benefits from added absorptive surface area
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Stems
Support leaves to maximize light absorption
Part of conduit for transport of water, minerals, and organic solutes
Storage
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Stems
Cambium
Herbaceous dicot
Woody dicot
monocot
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terminal bud
lateral bud
node
leaf scar
internode
terminal bud scar
Stem (twig) Parts
Thorns- Develop as modified twigs on stem
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Above Ground Modified Stems
Crowns Compressed stems having leaves /flowers on short
internodes
Strawberries, dandelions, African violets
Spurs Short stubby stems, arise from the main stem
Pears, apples, cherries
Stolons Horizontal stems that are fleshy or semi-woody
Lie along top of the ground
Strawberry runners and spider plants
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Modified Stems
C R O W N
S P U R
T H O R N
S T O L O N
Modified Stems
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Below Ground Modified Stems
Rhizomes Grow underground
Compressed and fleshy
Bulbs Short stem surrounded by fleshy leaves/scales
Tulips, lilies, daffodils, onions
Corms Solid, swollen stems with dry, scale-like leaves
Gladiolus
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Modified Stems
Tuber
Bulb
Corm
Modified Stems
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Buds
Undeveloped shoot, containing leaves or flowers
Protect from cold (scales)
Require chilling to resume growth
Classified by their location on the stem
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The Leaf
Principal function is to absorb sunlight and manufacture sugars.
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The Leaf
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Leaf Types
Margins Veination
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Leaf Modifications(all leaves are modified stems)
Cotyledons Seed leaves; storage organs to feed the germinating
seedling while true leaves develop
Spines and tendrils Protect the plant or assist in support
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Leaf Modifications, cont.
Bracts
Brightly colored; showy structures
Storage leaves
Serve as storage organs containing starch and water in bulbs and other structures
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The Flower
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Pistil
Stamens
Petal
Sepal
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Types of Flowers
Complete Has stamens, pistil, petals, and sepals
Perfect Contains functional stamens and pistils
Pistillate (Female) Flower that possesses a functional pistil or pistils
Staminate (Male) Flower that contains stamens
Dioecious Male and female flowers on separate plants
Monoecious Male and female flowers on same plant
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PART 2:
PLANT PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
How Plants Grow
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Plant Processes: Photosynthesis
The process of a plant manufacturing its own food
This requires:
Energy from the sun
Carbon dioxide from the air
Water, usually from the soil
Chlorophyll harnesses light energy
Use this energy to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen
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Factors Affecting PHO
Light
Carbon dioxide
Temperature
Water
Photosynthesis Illustrated
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Respiration
Chemical process by which sugars and starches produced by photosynthesis are converted to energy
Energy is used to build new tissues and help the plant grow
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PHO vs. Resp. and Plant Growth
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
Photosynthsis
Respiration
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Transpiration
Transpiration—loss of water vapor from the plant
Process is a consequence of plants having stomata open to take in air containing carbon dioxide
Excessive transpiration leads to wilting and closing of stomata
Transpiration does help to cool leaves
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Plant Growth and the Environment
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Environmental Influences: Water
Primary component of cells
Necessary for turgidity
Solvent and transport agent
Biochemical reagent
Water-related conditions
Water stress
Drought tolerance
Excess moisture
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Environmental Influences: Light
Quantity
Up to a point, more sunlight the received by a plant the greater its capacity to produce food
If light intensity becomes too high, photosynthesis can actually be reduced
Intensity varies with the season of the year
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Light: Quantity
Low-light plants High-light plants
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Spectrum of electro-magnetic wave radiation
Photosynthesis- red and blue wavelengths
Photoperiodism- red and far-red wavelengths
Light: Quality
Color or wavelength reaching the plant affects growth
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Light: Duration
Photoperiod: Length of time that a plant is exposed to sunlight or
darkness
Short-day: Length of uninterrupted darkness is critical to flowering
Long-day: Day lengths longer than a certain number of hours critical
for flowering to occur
Day-neutral: Form flowers regardless of day length
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Two short-day effects
Chrysanthemum Sugar Maple
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Environmental Influences: Temperature
Affects productivity and growth By affecting photosynthesis and respiration
A plants response: Depends upon its needs
Adaptability to warm or cool season conditions
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The Cardinal Temperatures
Minimum
Optimum
Maximum
Plant Growth
Te
mp
era
ture
images.search.yahoo.com
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Influence of Temperature
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
Photosynthsis
Respiration
Growth rate
Te
mp
er
atu
re
(o
C)
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High Temperature Stress
Reduced PHO
Starvation
Plant injury
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Low Temperature Stress
Reduced PHO
Poor growth
Chill injury
Freeze damage
Freeze Damage
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Zone 5
(-10 to -20)
Zone 7
(0 to +10)
Zone 6
(0 to -10)
USDA Cold-hardiness Map
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Heat Zones Map
Days hotter than 86
oF
35-40
45-60
60-90
90-120
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Environmental Influences: Air
Contains nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide Also water vapor or humidity
Number of other gaseous compounds
79% nitrogen
20% oxygen
.04% carbon dioxide = 400 ppm
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Why carbon dioxide?
Carbondioxide
Water Glucose Oxygengas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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The Soil Atmosphere
Air in the soil usually contains more carbon dioxide than atmospheric air
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Air Pollutants
Many of the gases in the air will affect plant growth
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Air Pollution Symptoms
Ozone: tissues become marked white to tan specks; destroys plant cells by damaging their membranes
Ethylene: drooping (epinastic) leaves
-mostly occurs in greenhouses with malfunctioning heaters
Sulfur dioxide: causes dry, dead leaves at the leaf margins and between veins
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Questions?