How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.
-
Upload
kenneth-simpson -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.
![Page 1: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How Much Do You Remember???
![Page 2: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Character
A heritable feature
![Page 3: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Trait
A variant for a character
![Page 4: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
True-breeding
Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate
![Page 5: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hybridization
Crossing of two true-breeding varieties
![Page 6: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
P Generation
Parental generation; the true-breeding parents
![Page 7: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
F1 Generation
First filial generation; hybrid offspring from the P generation
![Page 8: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
F2 Generation
Second filial generation; offspring of F1 hybrids that self-pollinate
![Page 9: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Allele
Alternative versions of a gene
![Page 10: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Dominant allele
When 2 alleles at a locus are different, it determines the organism’s appearance
![Page 11: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Recessive allele
When two alleles at a locus are different, it has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance
*both alleles must be recessive to see this trait
![Page 12: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Law of Segregation
The two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
*an egg or sperm only gets one of the two alleles that are present in the somatic cells
![Page 13: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Punnett Square
A diagram for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup
*Practice…
![Page 14: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Homozygous
An organism having a pair of identical alleles for a character
![Page 15: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a gene
![Page 16: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Phenotype
An organism’s traits
![Page 17: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Genotype
And organism’s genetic makeup
![Page 18: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Test Cross
Breeding of a recessive homozygote with an organism of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype to determine the unknown genotype
![Page 19: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Monohybrid
Organism that is heterozygous for one character
![Page 20: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dihybrid
Organism that is heterozygous for two characters
![Page 21: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Law of independent assortment
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation
![Page 22: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Laws of Probability and Inheritance Patterns
![Page 23: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Laws of Probability
Probability: 1 = will occur, 0 = will NOT occur
Probabilities of all possible outcomes must add up to 1. For a coin,
If the sides are both “heads,” the probability of landing on that side is 1; and the probability of landing on “tails” is 0.
If the coin has two different sides, there is a ½ chance of landing on a particular side.
For a stack of 52 different cards, there is a 1/52 chance that you will select any given card, and there is a 51/52 chance of selecting a card other than the one you want.
Outcome is not affected by previous trials.
![Page 24: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Laws of Probability
Just as each coin toss’s outcome is independent of the others, so the alleles of a gene segregate into gametes independently of another gene’s alleles. (law of independent assortment)
Two rules will help predict the outcome of the fusion of gametes: Multiplication Rule
Addition Rule
![Page 25: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Multiplication Rule
Take the individual probabilities of the given outcome and multiply them together Example: For a monohybrid cross Rr x Rr (R is dominant and r is
recessive) the possibility of each allele for a particular gamete being given to the offspring is ½.
The probability of both gametes giving the same allele to the offspring is ½ x ½ = ¼.
![Page 26: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Addition Rule
Add the individual possibilities together when determining if one of two or more mutually exclusive events is going to occur.
For example: In a monohybrid cross (Rr x Rr), the probability of the dominant allele being passed on by one of the gametes is ½ x ½ = ¼ , and the probability of the dominant allele being passed on by the other gamete ½ x ½ = ¼ .
Probability of a heterozygote (Rr): ¼ + ¼ = ½.
![Page 27: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the Rules of Probability
Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene: the Spectrum of Dominance Complete Dominance – heterozygote and dominant homozygote
are indistinguishable
Mendel’s pea crosses (white OR purple, round OR wrinkled)
Codominance – both phenotypes are exhibited at the same time
Human blood surface molecules (MN has M AND N molecules)
Incomplete Dominance – phenotype is between the phenotypes of the parents
Snapdragons with red and white parents have pink offspring
![Page 28: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Multiple Alleles
Human Blood Type: A, B, AB, O
Determined by which of two carbohydrates (A or B) are found of the surface of a person’s red blood cells
An enzyme (I) attaches the carbohydrates
I adds A, I adds B, i adds neither
Each person has 2 alleles, so there are 6 possible genotypes and 4 phenotypes
A B
Genotype
Phenotype
![Page 29: How Much Do You Remember???. Character A heritable feature.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052509/56649d745503460f94a53cff/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The End