How many bones do humans have?
Transcript of How many bones do humans have?
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How many bones do humans have? • When you were born you had over 300 bones. As
you grew, some of these bones began to fuse together. The result? An adult has only 206 bones!
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Factoids: • The human hand has 27 bones; your face has 14!
• The longest bone in your body? Your thigh bone, the femur -- it's about 1/4 of your height. The smallest is the stirrup bone in the ear which can measure 1/10 of an inch.
• Did you know that humans and giraffes have the same number of bones in their necks? Giraffe neck vertebrae are just much, much longer!
• You have over 230 moveable and semi-moveable joints in your body.
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The Skeletal System
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton- skull, spinal column
Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
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Functions of Bones
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
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Bones of the Human Body
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Homogeneous
Spongy bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces Figure 5.2b
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Bones are classified by their
shape:
1. Long- bones are longer than they
are wide (arms, legs)
2. Short- usually square in shape,
cube like (wrist, ankle)
3. Flat- flat , curved (skull, Sternum)
4. Irregular- odd shapes (vertebrae,
pelvis)
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Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
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Types of Bone Cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Changes in the Human Skeleton
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
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Joints A joint, or articulation, is the place where
two bones come together.
• Fibrous- Immovable:connect bones, no movement. (skull and pelvis).
• Cartilaginous- slightly movable, bones are attached by cartilage, a little movement (spine or ribs).
• Synovial- freely movable, much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.
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The Synovial Joint
Slide 5.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.28
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Slide 5.52a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29a–c
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on
Shape
Slide 5.52b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29d–f
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Types of Joints
Hinge- A hinge joint allows extension and
retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)
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Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint
allows for radial movement in almost
any direction. They are found in the hips
and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
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Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones
slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid-
tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands,
Feet)
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Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the
touching surfaces of two bones have both
concave and convex regions with the shapes
of the two bones complementing one other
and allowing a wide range of movement.
(Thumb)
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Bone Fractures A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Greenstick- frays, hard to repair, breaks like a green twig
Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
Realignment of the bone
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The Axial Skeleton
Slide 5.20a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral Column
Rib Cage
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The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
This is the main body including the pelvis, thorax, and skull (excluding the arms and legs).
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The Skull
•8 sutured bones in cranium
•Facial bones: 13 sutured bones
1 mandible
Cranium
encases brain
attachments for muscles
sinuses
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Bones of the Skull
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.11
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Allows for
growth
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Paranasal Sinuses
Slide 5.25a
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Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
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The Hyoid Bone
Slide 5.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The only bone that
does not articulate
with another bone
Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue, and
other muscle
attachments Figure 5.12
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Thorax • the bones of the thorax (ribs, sternum and thoracic
vertebrae) form a cage which protects many of the body's vital organs.
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The spine • Is divided into 5 main areas and each verebrae has a
letter and number. – Cervical vetebrae C1 - C7 the neck region. C1 is the
upper most vertebrae. (7 total)
– Thoracic vertabrae T1 - T12 vertebrae of the upper body or thorax. (12 total)
– Lumbar vertebrae L1 - L5 vertebrae of the lower back (5 total)
– Bones of the sacrum S1 - S5 vertebra within the pelvic girdle. These bones fuse together between ages 16 and 18. (5 fused into 1)
– The coccyx Co1 - Co4 The lower tip of the spine. These bones fuse together between ages 20 to 30. (4 fused into 1)
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Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic Vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages
•True ribs are directly
attached to the sternum
(first seven pairs)
•Three false ribs are
joined to the 7th rib
•Two pairs of floating ribs
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10A. Sacrum • 10B. Alae (wing like processes) • 10C. Sacral promontory • 10D. Sacral canal • 10E. Sacral foramina • 10F. Median sacral crest (remnant of spinous processes)
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13A. Clavicle
• 13B. Sternal end (meets with the sternal manubrium)
• 13C. Acrominal end (meets with the acromion process of the scapula)
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Parts of a rib. • 12A. Head • 12B. Neck • 12C. Tubercle (articulates with vertebrae) • 12D. Shaft • 12E. Costal groove (lodges intercostals nerves & blood
vessels)
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Parts of the ilium (ilium = “flank”). • 19A. Iliac crest 19B. Iliac fossa • 19C. Anterior superior iliac spine 19D. Anterior inferior iliac spine • 19E. Posterior superior iliac spine 19F. Posterior inferior iliac spine • 19G. Greater sciatic notch (passage for the thick sciatic nerve to the thigh) • 19H. Auricular surface (“ear-shape” – meets with the auricular surfaces of
the sacrum) • 19I. Acetabulum
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Parts of the ischium (purple) and pubic (red). • 20J. Ischial spine 20K. Ischial tuberosity (you sit on this) • 20L. Lesser sciatic notch 20M. Superior pubis ramus • 20N. Inferior pubis ramus • 20O. Symphysis pubic (a fibrocartilagenous disc that joins the two public
bones) • 20P. Pubic arch (forms an acute angle in males and a more open obtuse
angle in females to help widen the birth canal) • 20Q. Obturator foramen
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• O. Symphysis pubic (a fibrocartilagenous disc that joins the two public bones)
• P. Pubic arch (forms an acute angle in males and a more open obtuse angle in females to help widen the birth canal).
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Skeletal Regions: The Appendicular Skeleton
• Any appendage coming off of the Axial skeleton (Arms and Legs)
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The Proximal skeleton
• The femur and humerus (ie the bones proximal to the Axial skeleton)
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The Distal skeleton
• The lower legs (tibia, fibula, and feet bones) and lower arm (radius, ulna, and bones of the hand).
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Parts of the scapula. • 14A. Superior border 14B. Vertebral (medial) border • 14C. Axillary (lateral) border 14D. Superior angle • 14E. Inferior angle 14F. Glenoid cavity (humerus fits into this) • 14G. Spine 14H. Acromion process • 14I. Coracoid process (“corac” = beak like) • 14J. Supraspinous fossa 14K. Infraspinous fossa • 14L. Subscapular fossa
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Parts of the humerus. • 15A. Head • 15B. Anatomical neck • 15C. Surgical neck • 15D. Greater tubercle • 15E. Lesser tubercle • 15F. Intertubercular groove
(tendon of biceps muscle runs thru)
• 15G. Radial groove (marks route of radial nerve)
• 15H. Deltoid tuberosity (for insertion of deltoid muscle)
• 15I. Lateral epicondyle • 15J. Medial epicondyle (the
ulnar nerve runs behind this, causes “funny bone” sensation)
• 15K. Trochlea (articulates with trochlear notch of ulna)
• 15L. Capitulum (articulates with radius)
• 15M. Coronoid fossa • 16N. Olecranon fossa
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Parts of the ulna. • 16A. Trochlear (semilunar) notch 16B. Olecranon process (fits into olecranon fossa on humerus) • 16C. Coronoid process (fits into coronoid fossa on humerus) • 16D. Radial notch (where ulna articulated with the head of the radius) 16E. Head Parts of the radius. • 17A. Head 17B. Radial tuberosity (for insertion of biceps muscle)
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Bones of the hand.
• 18A. Carpals (8 total in each wrist)
• 18B. Metacarpals (5 total in each hand)
• 18C. Proximal phalange
• 18D. Middle phalange
• 18E. Distal phalange
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Parts of the femur. • 21A. Head • 21B. Neck • 21C. Greater
trochanter • 21D. Lesser
trochanter • 21E. Gluteal
tuberosity • 21F. Linea aspera
(“rough line”) • 21G. Medial
epicondyle • 21H. Lateral
epicondyle • 21I. Medial condyle • 21J. Lateral condyle
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Parts of the tibia. • 23A. Medial condyle 23B. Lateral condyle • 23C. Tibial tuberosity 23D. Medial malleolus Parts of the fibula. • 24A. Head 24B. Lateral malleolus
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Bones of the foot.
• 25A. Tarsals (there are 7 total tarsals)
• 25B. Calcaneus (“heel bone”)
• 25C. Talus (“ankle bone”)
• 25D. Metatarsals
• 25E. Proximal phalange
• 25F. Middle phalange
• 25G. Distal phalange
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Diseases and Conditions
of the Skeletal System
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Arthritis
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Bursitis • Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid filled
sac surrounding the joint).
• A bursa can become inflamed from injury, infection (rare in the shoulder), or due to an underlying rheumatic condition.
• Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area.
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Tendonitis • Sometimes the tendons become inflamed for
a variety of reasons, and the action of pulling
the muscle becomes irritating. If the normal
smooth gliding motion of your tendon is
impaired, the tendon will become inflamed
and movement will become painful. The most
common cause of tendonitis is overuse.
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Any condition that causes swelling or a change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate the median nerve. Irritation of the median nerve in this manner causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers, a condition known as "carpal tunnel syndrome."
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Osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis is a term that means "porous
bones." It is a skeletal disease affecting
women and men. Osteoporosis is a condition
in which bones have lost minerals especially
calcium making them weaker, more brittle,
and susceptible to fractures (broken bones).
Any bone in the body can be affected by
osteoporosis, but the most common places
where fractures occur are the back (spine),
hips, and wrists.
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Scoliosis • Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the
spine. If your child has scoliosis, the view
from behind may reveal one or more
abnormal curves.Scoliosis runs in families,
but doctors often don't know the cause. More
girls than boys have severe scoliosis. Adult
scoliosis may be a worsening of a condition
that began in childhood, but wasn't diagnosed
or treated. In other cases, scoliosis may result
from a degenerative joint condition in the
spine.
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Kyphosis • With kyphosis, your spine may look normal or
you may develop a hump. Kyphosis can occur
as a result of developmental problems;
degenerative diseases, such as arthritis of the
spine; osteoporosis with compression fractures
of the vertebrae; or trauma to the spine. It can
affect children, adolescents and adults.
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Lordosis
• A normal spine, when viewed from behind
appears straight. However, a spine
affected by lordosis shows evidence of a
curvature of the back bones (vertebrae) in
the lower back area, giving the child a
"swayback" appearance.
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Rickets
• Rickets is the softening and weakening of
bones in children, usually because of an
extreme and prolonged vitamin D
deficiency.
• Some skeletal deformities caused by
rickets may need corrective surgery.
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Gout
• Gout is a disease that results from an overload of uric acid in the body. This overload of uric acid leads to the formation of tiny crystals of urate that deposit in tissues of the body, especially the joints. When crystals form in the joints it causes recurring attacks of joint inflammation (arthritis). Chronic gout can also lead to deposits of hard lumps of uric acid in and around the joints and may cause joint destruction, decreased kidney function, and kidney stones.
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Acromegaly
• Acromegaly is a serious condition that occurs when
the body produces too much of the hormones that
control growth. ・The hormone most often affected is
called growth hormone, or GH. Itハis produced by the
pituitary gland, a tiny organ at the base of the brain.・・Growth hormoneハpromotes growth of bone, cartilage,
muscle, organs, and other tissues.・・When there is
too much growth hormone in the body, these tissues
grow larger than normal. This excessive growth can
cause serious disease and even premature death.
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Spina Bifida • Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the
incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. The term spina bifida comes from Latin and literally means "split" or "open" spine.Spina bifida occurs at the end of the first month of pregnancy when the two sides of th embryo's spine fail to join together, leaving an open area. In some cases, the spinal cord or other membranes may push through this opening in the back. The condition is usually detected before a baby is born and treated right away.
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Talipes Equinovarus- “Clubfoot”
• Clubfoot is a deformity of the whole foot that is present at birth. There are several types of clubfoot that are jointly known as 'talipes', as the deformity is mostly in the talus (a bone in the ankle). The most common of the talipes is what is known as "talipes equino varus" - it is so common that the word clubfoot is commonly used to refer to this. In talipes equino varus, the child is born with the foot pointing down and twisted inwards at the ankle.
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Sarcoma
• Osteosarcoma-The most common type of
bone cancer. It arises in bone and is most
commonly found in children and
adolescents but a rare form occurs in
adults, particularly in patients who have
been cured of other cancers with radiation
therapy.
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Myeloma • Multiple myeloma is a cancer in which abnormal cells
collect in the bone marrow and form tumors. Sometimes
these abnormal cells (called myeloma cells) collect in
only one bone and form a single tumor known as a
plasmacytoma. However, in most cases, the myeloma
cells collect in many bones, forming several tumors and
causing other problems. When this happens, the disease
is called multiple myeloma.
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