How many adjectives can you use to describe a person? Try it!
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• How many adjectives can you use to describe a person?
• Try it!
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The Essential-Trait Approach
• Odbert and Allport found over 4,500 adjectives that describe personality traits– 17,953 adjectives overall (but some were not traits)
• Are all of these really independent of each other?
• Essential Approach tries to find how many and which traits are essential
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The Big Five:History
• Allport and Odbert (1936)– 17,953 trait terms
• Cattell (1943)– Factor analysis finds 35
clusters
• Fiske (1949)– Factor analysis results in 5
factors
• Tupes & Christal (1961)– Replicate Fiske
• Norman (1963) replicates Tupes & Christal, and writes a review about these “big five” traits– Surgency (extraversion)– Agreeableness– Conscientiousness– Emotional stability– Culture
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Essential Trait
• Big-Five Inventory
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E1, 11, 16, 26, 36 R 6, 21, 31
A7, 17, 22, 32, 42 R 2,12, 27, 37
C3, 13, 28, 33, 38 R 8, 18, 23, 43
N4, 14, 19, 29, 39 R 9, 24, 34
O5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 44 R 35, 41
R1 = 52 = 43 = 34 = 25 = 1
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Agreeableness
TrustStraightforwardness
AltruismCompliance
ModestyTender-mindedness
Obi-Wan Kenobi -- This loyal, kind, and honorable young Jedi is a good man.
Emperor Palpatine -- An evil, power hungry tyrant, he is manipulative, evil, and ruthless.
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Extraversion
WarmthGregariousnessAssertiveness
ActivityExcitement seekingPositive emotions
Lando Calrissian -- An energetic, sociable man. He is adventure seeking, talkative, and socially skilled.
Wampas -- reclusive creatures of the ice planet Hoth. They are rarely seen & generally shy, leading a solitary existence
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Conscientiousness
CompetenceOrder
DutifulnessAchievement striving
Self-disciplineDeliberation
Admiral Ackbar -- This rebel Admiral is renowned for his great powers of organization, responsibility, and administrative abilities. He is individual who can be relied upon.
Han Solo -- This disheveled and scruffy smuggler leads a reckless and haphazard life, with little respect for rules and procedures.
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Neuroticism
AnxietyAngry hostility
DepressionSelf-consciousness
ImpulsivenessVulnerability
Princess Leia -- A confident & calm individual who does not crack under pressure (e.g.,. when being threatened by Lord Vader). She is brave and relaxed, even when in great danger (e.g., when disguising herself as a bounty hunter to gain access to Jabba the Hutt’s palace).
Tusken warriors -- These inhabitants of Tatooine are unpredictable, temperamental, and excitable, and known to be especially moody.
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Openness to Experience
FantasyAestheticsFeelingsActionsIdeas
Values
Yoda -- This wise, philosophical, and thoughtful Jedi master challenges the establishment, encouraging his pupils to unlearn what they have learned and see the world in novel, creative ways.
C-3PO -- This droid versed in political protocol of thousands of cultures is governed by rules and prefers not to meddle with the ways and traditions of his hosts.
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The Big Five• Also known as the Five-Factor Model
• Extraversion• Agreeableness• Conscientiousness• Neuroticism• Openness to Experience
• OCEAN
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Example
• Preadolscent girls and risk behavior– Markey, Markey, and Tinsley 2003
• Subjects were 60 girls– 5th grade mothers completed BFI and girls
pubertal development was assessed– 6th grade girls reported engagement in risky
behaviors• e.g., smoking, drinking, deep kissing, etc.
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Results
Puberty .29
Extraversion .10
Agreeableness -.38
Conscientiousness -.42
Neuroticism .03
Openness -.04
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Results
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1 2 3
Openness to Experience
Ris
k B
ehav
ior
Early Puberty Risk = .44 (Open) + .54
Average Puberty Risk = -.01 (Open) + .41
Late PubertyRisk = -.25 (Open) + .28
Low Average High
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Results
• Demonstrates predictive power of the Big-5
• Demonstrate show traits can interact with other elements (e.g., pubertal development) to create different behaviors
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Using Traits to Understand Behavior
• Different approaches:
• The Single-Trait Approach• The Many-Trait Approach• The Essential-Trait Approach• The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
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The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• Trait approaches tend to be “one-dimensional”
• They only consider one trait at a time
• “He is extraverted”• Pro: Simple and automatic• Con: Not all extraverts act the same
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The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• An “extraverted” and “agreeable” person
• An “extraverted” and “disagreeable” person
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The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• An “extraverted” and “agreeable” person– Warm
• An “extraverted” and “disagreeable” person– Controlling
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The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• This approach examines how traits “blend” together within an individual
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The Interpersonal Sphere
• Ask yourself:• High (+)• Moderate (0)• Low (-)
– How dominant are you?– How warm are you?
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Interpersonal Circumplex
WarmCold
- 0 +
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Interpersonal CircumplexDominant
Submissive
+
0
-
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Interpersonal Circumplex
WarmCold
Dominant
Submissive
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Interpersonal Circumplex
Warmth +Warmth -
Dominance +
Dominance -
Cold-Hearted
Arrogant-Calculating
Assured-Dominant
Gregarious-Extraverted
Warm-Agreeable
Unassuming-Ingenuous
Unassured-Submissive
Aloof-Introverted
E
xtrave
rsion
Agreeableness
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Participants
n = 184 (50% female; 50% male)
Age M = 19.62 Range 17 to 29 years old
Markey & Funder, 2002
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Behaviors Relevant to Agency and Communion
• Each participant interacted in three different situations with an opposite sex stranger
Unstructured Cooperative Competitive
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Coding Behaviors
• For each interaction, 64 social behaviors were coded by four different judges
• e.g., “Speaks quickly” “Displays ambition” “Offers advice”
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Warm-Agreeable
• Seems to enjoy the interaction• Seems to like the other person• Expresses warmth• Behaves in a cheerful manner • Makes or approaches physical
contact
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Gregarious-Extraverted
• Exhibits social skills• Interviews their partner• Is talkative• Engages in constant eye contact• Initiates humor
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Assured-Dominant
• Tries to control the interaction• Dominates the interaction• Shows a wide range of interests• Appears relaxed and comfortable• Volunteers a large amount of
information about self
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Arrogant-Calculating
• Exhibits condescending behaviors
• Speaks in a loud voice• Speaks quickly• Talks at rather than with partner
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Cold-Hearted
• Expresses criticism• Keeps partner at a distance• Acts irritated• Speaks sarcastically • Tries to undermine, sabotage, or
obstruct
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Aloof-Introverted
• Reserved and unexpressive• Seems detached from the
interaction• Shows physical signs of tension• Exhibits awkward interpersonal style• Expresses insecurity (overly
sensitive)
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Unassured-Submissive
• Expresses guilt• Behaves in a fearful or timid
manner• Expresses self pity or feelings of
victimization
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Unassuming-Ingenuous
• Laughs frequently• Seeks reassurance from others• Smiles frequently• Expresses agreement frequently
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• Applying the Interpersonal Circumplex to predict important childhood events
Markey, Markey, & Tinsley, 2004
Affiliation +Affiliation -
Control +Control -
Cold-Hearted
(DE)
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)
Assured-Dominant
(PA)Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)
Warm-Agreeable
(LM)
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)Unassured-Submissive
(HI)
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)
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Method
• Participates
– 117 preadolescent children • 52 girls, and 65 boys
– All were in the 4th grade (M = 9.88).
• Each child was videotaped interacting with his or her parent(s).
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Coding Behaviors• Children were coded using the
Interpersonal Circumplex
Affiliation +Affiliation -
Control +Control -
Cold-Hearted
(DE)
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)
Assured-Dominant
(PA)Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)
Warm-Agreeable
(LM)
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)Unassured-Submissive
(HI)
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)
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Method
• One year after study 1 children were asked to complete the Risk Behavior Assessment
• 94 completed the assessment (M = 10.87 years)
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Method
• Asked if they had participated in the following behaviors
• Smoked a cigarette (9% had)
• Consumed alcohol (22% had)
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“Risky” Child
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Interpersonal Circumplex
• Note: the IC measures 2 FFM traits
• By using only 2 traits you can actually measure 8 personality characteristics
– This number can actually be even larger!
Affiliation +Affiliation -
Control +Control -
Cold-Hearted
(DE)
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)
Assured-Dominant
(PA)Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)
Warm-Agreeable
(LM)
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)Unassured-Submissive
(HI)
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)
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Interpersonal Circumplex
By using only 2 traits you can actually measure 8 personality characteristics
Affiliation +Affiliation -
Control +Control -
Cold-Hearted
(DE)
Arrogant-Calculating
(BC)
Assured-Dominant
(PA)Gregarious-Extraverted
(NO)
Warm-Agreeable
(LM)
Unassuming-Ingenuous
(JK)Unassured-Submissive
(HI)
Aloof-Introverted
(FG)
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What if another dimension is added?
• What if we add another dimension to the IC?
– Consider 3 dimensions simultaneously
Markey & Markey, 2006
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What is the best dimension to add?
Warmth +Warmth -
Dominance +
Dominance -
Cold-Hearted
Arrogant-Calculating
Assured-Dominant
Gregarious-Extraverted
Warm-Agreeable
Unassuming-Ingenuous
Unassured-Submissive
Aloof-Introverted
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The Interpersonal Sphere
• Extraversion and Agreeableness
• Conscientious
– Contains interpersonal information– Together EAC are the “largest” factors of the
FFM• “The Big 3”
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The Interpersonal Sphere
• Ask yourself:• High (+)• Moderate (0)• Low (-)
– How dominant are you?– How warm are you?– How conscientious are you?
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A three-dimensional approach to personality
• How might conscientiousness “blend” with dominance and warmth?
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Conscientiousness and Dominance0e
0e
Driven-Determined
. UnconscientiousConscientiousness
Dom
inance
Assured-Dominant
Unassured-Submissive
Passive-Indifferent
Conscientious .
Cautious-Gaurded
Reckless-Rash
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Conscientiousness and Warmth0e
0e
Warmth
Conscinetiousness
Unconscientious
Conscientious
Warm-Agreeable
Dependable-Helpful
Stolid-Stern
Unreliable-Disloyal
Cold-. Hearted
Sensitive-Tender
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A three-dimensional approach to personality
• Combining these three circles creates the Interpersonal Sphere (IPS).0e
0e
Extraversion
Dom
inance Warmth
Agreea
blene
ss
Gregarious-Extraverted
Warm-Agreeable
Unassuming-Ingenuous
Unassured-Submissive
Aloof-Introverted
Cold-Hearted
Arrogant-Calculating
Assured-Dominant
0e
0e
Warmth
Conscinetiousness
Unconscientious
Conscientious
Warm-Agreeable
Dependable-Helpful
Sesitive-Tender
Stolid-Stern
Unreliable-Disloyal
Cold-. Hearted
0e
0e
Driven-Determined
. UnconscientiousConscientiousness
Dom
inance
Assured-Dominant
Unassured-Submissive
Passive-Indifferent
Conscientious .
Cautious-Gaurded
Reckless-Rash
+ + =
Markey & Markey (2006). European Journal of Personality.
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Conclusion
• Personality is a unique “blend” of traits
• Like chemistry’s periodic table– Elements do not exist in a vacuum– Combine together!
• H20, NH3, CO2, etc.
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Using Traits to Understand Behavior
• Different approaches:
• The Single-Trait Approach• The Many-Trait Approach• The Essential-Trait Approach• The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
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Question
• Where did your personality come from?
• Random• Environment• Genetics
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“Twin Study”
Dizygotic (DZ)
“Fraternal”
No more genetically related than siblings
Monozygotic (MZ)
“identical”
Genetically identical
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“Twin Study” ExampleGive 100 MZ pairs a measure of
Extraversion
Calculate a correlationr = .50
Give 100 DZ pairs a measure of Extraversion
Calculate a correlationr = .30
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Twin Study
• Why is MZ > DZ?
• Heritability Coefficient– The proportion of behavioral variance that can be
explained by genetic variance
• (MZr – DZr) x 2• (.50 - .30) x 2 = .40• Heritability of Extraversion = 40%
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Behavior Genetics
• Note: Doesn’t really study behavior or genetics directly
• Typical Heritability of personality traits is around 40%
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Behavior Genetics
• Genes matter!
• Heritability are almost always greater than zero
• Not all of personality is determined by the environment or random chance
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Genes and Environment
• Environment can affect heritability
• Example:– Height and food intake
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Genes and Environment
• Genes work though the environment to affect behavior
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Genes and Environment
Genes gave him bad eyesight
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Genes and Environment
Wearing glasses caused him to be teased and rejected by the opposite sex
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Genes and Environment
Due to these interaction he becomes introverted
Note: Introversion due in part to genes, but only came about through environment
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Genes and Environment
• Diathesis-Stress Model
• A genetic predisposition can cause a person to develop maladaptive behaviors in stressful situations
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Diathesis-Stress
GeneticPredisposition
No GeneticPredisposition
GeneticPredisposition
No GeneticPredisposition
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Diathesis-Stress
GeneticPredisposition
No GeneticPredisposition
GeneticPredisposition
No GeneticPredisposition
Stressful Event Occurs No Stressful Event Occurs
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Diathesis-Stress
Disorder No Disorder No Disorder No Disorder
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Behavior Genetics
• Limitations
• All humans are highly similar to each other– Share 90% of genes
• BG is only looking at differences in the remaining 10%
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Behavior Genetics• Limitations
• Saying “A father shares 50% of his genes with his daughter” really means
• “A father shares 50% of the genetic material that varies across individuals with his daughter”
• Heritability Coefficient– The proportion of behavioral variance that can be
explained by genetic variance
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Behavior Genetics
• Why do you have two feet? – Environment?– Genes?
• Heritability of arms would be zero!
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Behavior Genetics
• Thus, if there is no variation due to genetic influences heritability will be zero
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Question
• Where did your personality come from?
• Random• Environment• Genetics
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Behavior Genetics
• Genes matter!
• Heritability are almost always greater than zero
• Not all of personality is determined by the environment or random chance
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Behavior Genetics
• Limitations
• All humans are highly similar to each other– Share 90% of genes
• BG is only looking at differences in the remaining 10%
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Behavior Genetics
• Thus, if there is no variation due to genetic influences heritability will be zero
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• Why would some elements of our personality and body not vary across people?
• Important for survival!
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Evolution
• Applied to human behavior:
• Behaviors are present because in the evolutionary history of human species, these behaviors were helpful or necessary for survival.– Survive– Reproduce
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Evolution
• Examines the shared 90% of genes
• Asks: How a behavior pattern could have been adaptive during the development of the human species
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Evolution
• Not forward thinking– e.g., giraffes neck
• Don’t want to consciously do this (we are wired)– Its not about what you consciously want, its
about what you ultimately try to do!
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But I don’t want to have kids!• You would not be here if SOMEONE didn’t have children.
• What caused them to reproduce?
• Sexual urges (do you think you would be here otherwise?)
• Your sexual urges are based on an inherited instinct
• Even if you don’t WANT to reproduce, your sexual urges make it more likely that you WILL have children
• Other examples: pornography, etc.
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Evolution
• Morality and evolution
• Naturalistic Fallacy• If it is natural it is good• e.g., you and kids
• Political objections are irrelevant from a scientific standpoint
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Evolution
• Works at the level of the GENE, not the individual
• “You” really are not even important (or any animal) in an evolutionary framework it is all about the GENES!– “The Selfish Gene”