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(How) is big data re defining the “urban?”€¦ · How maybig data re‐defineurban politics?...
Transcript of (How) is big data re defining the “urban?”€¦ · How maybig data re‐defineurban politics?...
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(How) is big data re‐defining the“urban?”
Big Data in an Urban ContextISSC, World Social Science Fellows Seminar
Christine RichterUniversity of Amsterdam
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Initial thoughts
• What is the “urban context?”
• What is (new about) “big data?”
• How can the two be brought together toderive conceptual entry points for discussion?
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1. Setting the scene: historical notes
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Cities in the era of Big Data
… “smart city,” “virtual city,” “wired cities,”
“cybercities,” “information cities,” “digital cities” …
(Angelidou, 2015, p. 98)
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The urban‐technology alliance• Historically, cities grew from economicagglomeration & diversification, and as centers of governance (at a distance)
• Since 19th century the idea of “cities as machines:” technology driven efficiency, equity, and seamlessness
• Especially since 1990s nexus between cities, information technology and knowledge economy
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Big Data
“… everything captured or recorded digitally bymodern information and communication
technologies such as networked sensors, ‘smart’ objects and devices, the web and social media.”
(Rabari & Storper, 2014, p. 28)
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One of Big Data’s Lineages*
• 1960s Quantitative revolution in geography• 1980s & 90s Geographic Information Science• 1990s to 2000s Integration of (spatial) data (spatial data infrastructure)
• 2000s Open Data & Transparency Intitiatives, Web 2.0 technologies, & “Neo‐geography”
• … ‘big data’ …
*through lens of geography discipline in Anglo‐saxon region
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What can we learn from past –present continuities and discontinuties for:
• big data use for/by social science in urbancontext
and• social science about big data (use) in urbancontext
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2. Three broad questions based on past and current research
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Legibility making – Re‐making urbanspaces
(Sources: Scott, 1998; Richter, 2014)
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How may big data re‐define urbanspaces?
Continued issue: data re‐makes what it seeks to depict >> categorizingpeople
But also:
• The influence of information technology on real‐estate and urbandevelopment
• The changing uses of space and legal regulations of space in response toincreasingly denser network of private and public sensor devices
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Integrating new data – Re‐orientingurban policies
Source: Baud, I. S. A., N. Sridharan, et al. (2008).
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How may big data re‐define urbanpolicies?
Continued question: competing representations as well as challenges to andrisks of socio‐technical integration
But also:• Data flows de‐coupled from existing governance structures & reaching
beyond established administrative scales and boundaries• Opacity of government‐private data integration
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New transparencies – re‐scaling urbanpolitics
(Source: Richter & Georgiadou, 2014; heelhollandtransparent.nl)
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How may big data re‐define urbanpolitics?
• Citizen awareness & concern, and new forms of citizen participation = empowerment ?
“What to do, even if they ask for permission, you have to say yes, if you want touse the service on or offline.” (KIP Maps4Society focus groups in Amsterdam)
• “Governance at a distance” and new forms of surveillance:
• “Governance of the future:” the balance between living with risk anduncertainty, on one hand, and planning for stability and security, on theother:
“Le Corbusier and Jane Jacobs” / “Data retention and encrypted smart phones”
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References:
Angelidou, M. (2015). “Smart cities: A conjuncture of four forces” Cities 47: 95‐106.
Baud, I. S. A., N. Sridharan, et al. (2008). "Mapping urban poverty for local governance in Indian mega‐city; the case of Dehli." Urban Studies 45(7): 1385‐1412.
“Maps 4society” Kleine Innovatieve Projekt: “From data subjects to data producers: negotiating the role of the public in urban geo‐information data “ University of Amsterdam, 2015 (project description)
Rabari, C. & M. Storper (2014) “The digital skin of cities: urban theory and research in the age of the sensored and metered city, ubiquitous computing and big data.” Cambridge Journal of regions, economy and Society 8:27‐42.
Richter, C. (2014) “Digital Transformations in Indian Cities: Between paper list and GIS Map.” PhD dissertation. University of Twente, The Netherlands. Available at: http://www.itc.nl/library/papers_2014/phd/richter.pdf.
Richter, C. & Y. Georgiadou (2014) “Practices of Legibility making in Indian Cities: GIS property mapping and slum listing in government schemes.” Information Technology for Development. DOI:10.1080/02681102.2014.886548
Scott, A.J and M. Storper (2014) “The nature of cities: The Scope and Limits of Urban Theory.” International Journal of Urban andRegional Research. DOI: 10.111/1468‐2427.12134
Scott, J. C. (1998). Seeing like a state – how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.