How I treat HR-MDS · 2012. 5. 20. · Overall (CR+PR) 29 12 5 12 40 0.0001 CR 17 8 1 8 36 0.02 PR...
Transcript of How I treat HR-MDS · 2012. 5. 20. · Overall (CR+PR) 29 12 5 12 40 0.0001 CR 17 8 1 8 36 0.02 PR...
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How I treat HR-MDSHow I treat HR-MDS
Valeria Santini,
UF Ematologia, Università di Firenze
Valeria Santini,
UF Ematologia, Università di Firenze
Santini, Leuk Res 2010
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OO
NN
NN
NH2NH2
2’-Deoxycytidine2’-Deoxycytidine
OOHOHO
HOHO
OO
NN
NN
NH2NH2
5-aza-2’deoxycitidine5-aza-2’deoxycitidine
OOHOHO
HOHO
NN
OO
NN
NN
NH2NH2
ara-Cara-C
OOHOHO
HOHO
HOHO
OO
NN
NN
NH2NH2
CytidineCytidine
OOHOHO
HOHO OHOH
OO
NN
NN
NH2NH2
5-azacytidine5-azacytidine
OOHOHO
HOHO OHOH
NN
OO
NN
NN
ZebularineZebularine
OOHOHO
HOHO OHOH
Hypomethylating drugs and ARA-C
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Mechanism of 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2’ deoxycytidine incorporation into DNA
RNARNA
DNADNA
5-aza-CTP5-aza-CTP5-aza-CDP5-aza-CDP5-aza-CMP5-aza-CMP5-aza-CR5-aza-CR
5-aza-dCTP5-aza-dCTP5-aza-dCDP5-aza-dCDP5-aza-dCMP5-aza-dCMPdecitabinedecitabine
RibonucleotideReductaseRibonucleotideReductaseUridine-Cytidine
KinaseUridine-Cytidine
Kinase
DeoxycytidineKinase
DeoxycytidineKinase
phosphatasephosphatase
phosphatasephosphatase
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DNMT inhibitors induce DNA hypomethylation
DNMT inhibitors induce DNA hypomethylation
• Azacitidine (AZA) is incorporated into RNA and then DNA• Inactivates DNMT• Leads to formation of newly synthesized DNA with unmethylated cytosine residues• Results in hypomethylation and transcription of previously quiescent genes
• Azacitidine (AZA) is incorporated into RNA and then DNA• Inactivates DNMT• Leads to formation of newly synthesized DNA with unmethylated cytosine residues• Results in hypomethylation and transcription of previously quiescent genes
DACDACDNMTDNMT
ACG
mCG
ACG
mCG
TGCGCm
TGCGCm
:::::
::::: DNMTDNMT
AZAAZA
ACGCG
ACGCG
TGCGC
TGCGC
:::::
:::::
AzAzDMT
DMT
Silverman L. Oncologist 2001;6(S5):8–14Permission from The Oncologist, AlphaMed Press
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Blood 64:922-927, 1984
No cytotoxicity differentiation
a 20 mg/m2/day for 14 days every 28-42 days.AZA, azacitidine; BSC, best supportive care; CCR, conventional care regimen; chemo, chemotherapy.
AZA-001: Phase 3 Survival Study Design
Fenaux P, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:223-232.
• Treatment continued until relapse, unacceptable adverse events, or disease progression
• Primary endpoint: overall survival
Low-dose cytarabinea
(n = 94)Best supportive care
(n = 222)Intensive chemo
(n = 42)
AZA(n = 117)
AZA(n = 45)
AZA(n = 17)
BSC(n = 105) (n = 49)
Low-dose cytarabinea
(n = 49)
Chemo(n = 25)
Randomization
Investigator preselection of appropriate CCR
358 patients enrolled
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Baseline Clinical CharacteristicsN = 358
Baseline Clinical CharacteristicsN = 358
ParameterAZA
N=179CCR
N=179
CCR RegimensBSC Only
N=105LDAC N=49
Std Chemo N=25
Age (yrs) MedianPts ≥ 65 (%)
6968
7076
7077
7186
6552
FAB (%) RAEBRAEB-TCMML
58343
58353
65294
51392
40520
IPSS (%) INT-1INT-2High
34346
73948
94444
44343
81272
AZA-001: Azacitidine vs CCR – Overall Survival
Log-rank P < .0001HR: 0.58; 95% CI 0.43-0.77 Deaths: AZA = 82; CCR = 113
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Time From Randomization (Months)
0
10
20
30
40
5060
70
80
90
100Pe
rcen
tage
Sur
vivi
ng
CCRAZA
24.5 months
15 months
50.8%
26.2%
AZA, azacitidine; CCR, conventional care regimens; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival.
• AZA significantly prolonged OS compared with CCR (P < .0001)‒ Difference in median OS was 9.5 months
Adapted from Fenaux P, et al. Lancet Oncology. 2009;10:223-232 © 2009 with permission from Elsevier.
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• Median OS was significantly longer with AZA vs LDAC (24.5 vs 15.3 months)– 2-year OS was 54% for AZA and 27% for LDAC
AZA vs LDAC Subanalysis: Overall Survival
AZA, azacitidine; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; LDAC, low-dose ara-C; OS, overall survival.
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Fenaux P, et al. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:244-249.
24.5 months
15.3 months
P = .0006
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Prop
ortio
n Su
rviv
ing
Time From Randomization (Months)
AZA
LDAC
AZA-001: Clinical Responsea to Azacitidine in Higher-Risk MDS1,2
• Of 179 higher-risk patients (RAEB, RAEB-t, or CMML), 91 (51%) achieved a response
– 33% CR (n = 30)
– 23% PR (n = 21)
– 44% HI (n = 40) • 91% of responding patients (CR, PR, or HI) achieved a
response by cycle 6, and the remaining 9% of responders by cycle 12 (except 1 responder at cycle 16)
• 48% of responders achieved an improved response after their first response with continued azacitidine treatment
1. Silverman LR, et al. Cancer (in Press).2. Cheson BD, et al. Blood. 2000;96:3671-3674.
a Per IWG response criteria.2CMML, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia; CR, complete response/remission; HI, hematologic improvement; MDS, myelodysplastic syndromes; PR, partial response/remission; RAEB, refractory anemia with excess blasts; RAEB-t, RAEB in transformation.
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Secondary EndpointsSecondary Endpoints
• Time to AML or death– 13 mos with AZA vs 7.6 mos with CCR, p=0.003
• Time to AML– 26.1 mos with AZA vs 12.4 with CCR, p=0.004
• RBC Transfusion Independence– 45% with AZA vs 11% with CCR, p<0.0001
• Infections Requiring IV Antimicrobials– Reduced by 33% with AZA vs CCR
Secondary Endpoints: IWG (2000) RR and HISecondary Endpoints: IWG (2000) RR and HI
Response
AZA N=179
(%)
CCR N=179
(%)
CCR RegimensBSC Only
N=105(%)
LDAC N=49
(%)
Std Chemo N=25
(%)
P-ValueAZA vs
CCROverall (CR+PR) 29 12 5 12 40 0.0001
CR 17 8 1 8 36 0.02PR 12 4 4 4 4 0.009
IWG HIMajor+Minor 49 29 31 25 28 <0.0001HI-E Major 40 11 8 10 22 <0.0001HI-P Major 33 14 10 19 20 0.0003HI-N Major 19 18 20 11 24 0.87
Additional Analysis: Median OS by Investigator Selection
Additional Analysis: Median OS by Investigator Selection
Treatment
DifferencesK-M OS
Time mosK-M OS
Time mosHazard Ratio
Log-rank P
AZA (N=117)vs BSC (N=105)
21.1
11.5 9.6 0.56 0.002AZA (N=45)vs LDAC (N=49)
24.5
15.3 9.2 0.58 0.075AZA (N=17) vsStand Chemo (N=25)
25.1
15.7 9.4 0.87 0.75
Grade 3 and 4 Hematologic ToxicityGrade 3 and 4 Hematologic Toxicity% of Patients
Conventional Care Regimens
Grade 3-4 ToxicityAZA
N=175BSC
N=102LDAC N=44
Std Chemo N=19
Neutropenia 91 71 88 94Thrombocytopenia 85 71 98 100Anemia 56 67 76 61Pts with Baseline Grade 0-2 shifting to Grade 3-4 on TxNeutropenia 84 48 79 83Thrombocytopenia 74 54 97 100Anemia 54 61 79 50
Hazard Ratio and 95% CI for Overall SurvivalHazard Ratio and 95% CI for Overall SurvivalITT Subgroups Total - Event / N
Cytopenias: 0/1 20 / 53
WHO: RAEB-1 15 / 31
0.125 0.250 0.500 1 2 4
Favors Azacitidine Favors CCR
≥ 65 150 / 258
Female 61 / 107FAB: RAEB 95 / 207
RAEB-T 80 / 123
RAEB-2 102 / 193IPSS: INT-2 71 / 146
High 98 / 167Cytogenetics: Good 80 / 167
Intermediate 38 / 76Poor 67 / 100
2/3 167 / 290
Karyotype: -7/del (7q) 42 / 57
≥ 21% to < 31% 58 / 99
AGE: < 65 45 / 100
LDH: ≤ 240 U/I 97 / 208
RAEB & RAEB-T: AGE ≥ 65 138 / 240
> 240 U/I 94 / 145
ITT 195 / 358
≥ 75 50 / 87
≥ 11% to < 21% 98 / 192
Male 134 / 251
BM Blasts: ≥ 5% to < 11% 34 / 61
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OS with AZA by Best Response (IWG 2000)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Time (months) from Randomization
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.40.5
0.60.7
0.8
0.91.0
Prop
ortio
n Su
rviv
ing HI
PRCR
SDCCR
DP
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67.5% (p=0.006)
71.7% (p<0.0001)
41.3% (p=0.041)
78.4% (p<0.0001)
26.2%
List, 2008
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AZA vs CCR: OS in Pts with Best Response of CR
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Time (months) from Randomization
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
Prop
ortio
n Su
rviv
ing
AZA-CR
CCR-CR
# at riskAZA 30 30 29 24 13 7 3 0 0CCR 14 14 13 10 7 3 1 0 0
26.3 months
21.9 months
Log rank p = 0.078HR=0.39 [95% CI: 0.14–1.15]Death: AZA = 7, CCR = 9Difference: 4.4 months
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43.7%
78.4%
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AZA vs CCR: OS in Pts with Best Response of CR + PR
Log rank p=0.314HR=0.66 [95% CI: 0.30–1.48]Death: AZA = 14, CCR = 11
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Time (months) from Randomization
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
Prop
ortio
n Su
rviv
ing
AZA – CR+PR
CCR – CR+PR24.8 months
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52.6%
74.7% Median not Reached
List, 2008
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AZA vs CCR: OS in Pts with Best Response of HI
AZA vs CCR: OS in Pts with Best Response of HI
Log rank p = <0.0001HR=0.23 [95% CI: 0.10-0.51]Death: AZA = 8, CCR = 27
# at riskAZA 40 40 36 25 15 7 2 0 0CCR 41 37 26 18 8 5 3 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (months) from Randomization
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
Prop
ortio
n Su
rviv
ing
AZA - HI
CCR - HI
16.6 months
24
71.7%
27.1%
Median not reached
Patients should be treated with azacitidine for at least 6 cycles
or until disease progression
Santini V, et al. Eur J Hematol
AZA-001: baseline demographics of azacitidine responders*
AZA(N=91)
AZA(N=91)
ECOG status, n (%) IPSS, n (%)†
Grade 0 47 (52) Low 0Grade 1 39 (43) Intermediate-1 3 (3)Grade 2 4 (4) Intermediate-2 38 (42)Missing 1 (1) High 44 (48)
Cytopenias, n (%) Not Applicable 2 (2)1 3 (3) Indeterminable 4 (4)2 30 (33) Transfusion dependent, n (%)3 58 (64) RBC 57 (63)
*IWG 2000 CR, PR, or HI; †Diagnosis by Central Review CommitteeECOG = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; RBC = red blood cell; CR = complete responsePR = partial response, or hematologic improvement
Silverman LR, et al Cancer in press
AZA Cycles
IWG 2000 Response Median RangeOverall (n=91) 14.0 2-30
CR (n=30) 16.5 5-30
PR (n=21) 14.0 2-27
HI (n=40) 11.5 3-25
Of 179 patients who received AZA, 91 (51%) achieved an IWG 2000 response (CR, PR, or HI)
Azacitidine treatment cycles received by patients achieving a
response
Silverman LR, et al. Cancer in press
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Time to First Response (CR, PR, or HI)
Cum
ulat
ive
Prob
abili
ty
Number of Subjects91 34 12 6 3 1 1 1
Time (cycles)
50%, 2 cycles
87%, 6 cycles
Range: 1-22 cycles
Silverman, et al Cancer in press
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Time to Best Response C
umul
ativ
e Pr
obab
ility
Number of Subjects91 64 31 16 7 2 1 1
Time (cycles)
50%, 4 cycles
Silverman, et al. Cancer in press
0
1
2
3
PR as Best Response After aFirst Response (HI)
CR as Best Response After aFirst Response (HI or PR)
Time from first to best responseContinued azacitidine dosing led to a higher IWG response
category in 48% of patients
Med
ian
Mon
ths
from
Fi
rst t
o B
est R
espo
nse
(n=21) (n=30)
3.2 months(95% CI: 2.4–6.9)
2.3 months(95% CI: 0.3–3.0)
Silverman LR, et al. Cancer in press
• Patients achieving a best response of HI+ with AZA had a significantly longer OS than those achieving an HI+with CCR
AZA, azacitidine; CCR, conventional care regimen; CR, complete response/remission; HI, hematologic improvement; HI+: CR, PR, and/or HI; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; PR, partial response/remission.
0 3 6 9 12 18 24 30 36
0 3 6 9 12 18 24 30 36
AZA-001 ‒ Multivariate Analysis: Relationship Between OS and HI+
HI+ at 6 Months
HI+ at 9 Months
Gore S, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:abstract 6503.
0 3 6 9 12 18 24 30 36
HI+ at 3 Months
AZA-001 ‒ Multivariate Analysis: Relationship Between OS and SD at 3 Months
AZA, azacitidine; CCR, conventional care regimen; OS, overall survival; SD, stable disease.
• Overall survival in patients achieving a best response of SD with AZA or with CCR was similar at 3, 6, and 9 months of therapy
Gore S, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:abstract 6503.
AZA-001 ‒ Multivariate Analysis: Continued AZA Improved Responses Beyond Stable Disease
Response at 6 months for patients with SD at 3 months
• 21% of AZA-treated patients compared with 14% of CCR-treated patients with SD at 3 months achieved an HI+ by 6 months
• 14% of AZA-treated patients compared with 0% of CCR-treated patients with SD at 6 months achieved an HI+ by 9 months
AZA, azacitidine; CCR, conventional care regimen; CR, complete response/remission; HI, hematologic improvement; HI+, CR, PR, and/or HI; OS, overall survival; PR, partial response/remission; SD, stable disease.
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Gore S, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:abstract 6503.
Response at 9 months for patients with SD at 6 months
Azacitidine in MDS – AEs can be managed
• Most common AEs in AZA-001 (≥20%) included non-hematologic (injection site reactions and GI) and hematologic events
• Majority of events were transient (median 13 days), non-serious and resolved during the trial
• Most hematologic events occurred during the first two cycles
• There were no cumulative or delayed toxicities
Santini V, et al Eur J Hematol, 2010 GI = gastrointestinal
Hospitalization rates per patient year
20.1
29.0
21.825.5
31.6
38.8
0
10
20
30
40
50AZA CCR
All* AE
Rat
e Pe
r Pat
ient
-yea
r
RR=0.77P=<0.0001
Transfusions
RR=0.70P=<0.0001
RR=0.82P=<0.0001
Santini V, et al Eur J Hematol, 2010
*Excluding “social” reasons; i.e. pt remained in hospital overnight due to transportation issueRR = response rate; AE = adverse event
AZA-001: Common AEs Consistent with Known Azacitidine Safety Profile
Grade 3/4 AEs AZA-001 (n = 175)Hematologic, %
Anemia 13.7Neutropenia 61.1Thrombocytopenia 58.3
Nonhematologic, %Constipation 1.1Diarrhea 0.6Nausea 1.7Fatigue 3.4Injection site reaction 0.6Pyrexia 4.6
Santini V, et al. Eur J Haematol. 2010;85:130-138. AE, adverse event.
• The majority of AEs (> 83%) were transient and resolved during therapy
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Mean hemoglobin change from baseline: azacitidine vs CCR
# at riskAZA 175172172 172172172172172172172172172172172172172172172 172 172 172 172CCR 176159159 159159159159159159159159159159159
Time (months) from Randomization
-5
-2.5
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
Mea
n (±
SE) H
emog
lobi
n (g
/L)
Cha
nge
from
Bas
elin
e AZA CCR
0 6 10 16 20 26 30 36 402 4 8 12 14 18 22 24 28 32 34 38 42
Celgene, data on file
Mean platelet change from baseline: azacitidine vs CCR
# at riskAZA 167 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164 164CCR 170 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153 153
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
Mea
n (±
SE) P
late
let (
10%
/L)
Cha
nge
from
Bas
elin
e
AZA CCR
0 6 10 16 20 26 30 36 402 4 8 12 14 18 22 24 28 32 34 38 42
Celgene, data on file
Time (months) from Randomization
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a Asterisks (*) indicate transfusions of platelets or packed RBC transfusions given. Dashed lines indicate individualized subject targets: platelets 140 g/L, hemoglobin 133 g/L, blasts 5%. WBC values > 10 g/L are plotted as 10.RBC, red blood cells; RAEB, refractory anemia with excess blasts; WBC, white blood cells.
White male, 69 years of age with RAEB MDS diagnosis at study entry
Azacitidine treatment
Initial Cytopenias Improve With Continued Treatmenta
Data on file.
100
200
300
400
Plat
elet
s (g
/L)
2468
10
WB
C(g
/L)
Hem
oglo
bin
(g/L
)
6080
100120140160 * * * **
48
121620
Bla
sts
(%)
-100 0 100 200 300 400Days From First Exposure to Azacitidine
AZA-001: Most AEs Decreased With Continued Azacitidine Treatment
a All grades. b Multiple reports of the same AE during a cycle were counted once.AE, adverse event; ISR, injection site reaction; Neutro, neutropenia; Thrombo, thrombocytopenia.
Hematologic AEsa Nonhematologic AEsa
• Adverse events occurred early in treatment and decreased in frequency over time
• Adverse events were transient, resolving within 16 days
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Santini V, et al. Eur J Haematol. 2010;85:130-138.
AZA-001: Approaches to Managing AEsAEs in AZA-001 tended to resolve with continued treatment and management
AZA, azacitidine; AE, adverse event; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
Type of AE` AZA Dose Reduction/Delay Management
Hematologic
• 29% events managed by dose delay
• 9% events managed by dose reduction
• Anemia: transfusions (87%)• Thrombocytopenia: transfusions
(29%)• Febrile neutropenia: antibiotics
(15%)• Neutropenia: short course of G-CSF,
if severe
Gastrointestinal ―• Concomitant medication: anti-emetics,
laxatives, stool softeners, and anti-diarrheals
Injection site reactions ―
• Concomitant medication: corticosteroids and/or antihistamines
• Fewer than 12% events required treatment (most were self-resolving)
Fatigue and pyrexia
• 5% (fatigue) and 6%(pyrexia) events managed by dose delay
―
• The majority of patients (86%) received the full dose of AZA during the study with a median cycle length was 28 days
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Santini V, et al. Eur J Haematol. 2010;85:130-138.
Dose modification or cycle delay if:
Baseline WBC ≥ 3 × 109/L and ANC ≥ 1.5 × 109/L and platelets ≥ 75 × 109/L
Baseline WBC < 3 × 109/L or ANC < 1.5 × 109/L or platelets < 75 × 109/L
ANC nadir ≤ 1 × 109/L and/or platelet nadir < 50 × 109/L
WBC or ANC or platelet nadir decreased ≥ 50% from baseline
ANC = absolute neutrophil countG-CSF = granulocyte colony-stimulating factorWBC = white blood cell
Management of hematologic AEs
Santini V, et al. Eur J Haematol. 2010;85:130-138.
AEs With Continued Azacitidine in AZA-001: Summary
• Most hematologic events occurred during the first 1-2 cycles (33%-54%) and were reported less frequently in later cycles
• Bleeding and infection rates were not increased in patients treated with azacitidine vs BSC
• Most common AEs should be:– Monitored– Managed by dose delays or reductions – Managed by supportive care
• Most AEs improved with continued treatment– Majority of AEs were transient (> 83%) and resolved with ongoing
treatment
AE, adverse event; BSC, best supportive care.
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Santini V, et al. Eur J Haematol. 2010;85:130-138.
Are there factors predictive of response to azacitidine?
Age
Elderly MDS patients respond to azacitidine treatment
1. Fenaux P, et al. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:223–322. Seymour JF, et al. Poster presented at ASH 2008, San Francisco, CA, USA
0102030405060
Azacitidine CCR2-
year
sur
viva
l (%
) 55
15
p<0.0003
0102030405060
Azacitidine CCR
2-ye
ar s
urvi
val (
%) 51
26
p<0.0001
2-year survival(all patients)1
2-year survival(patients aged >75 years)2
AZA-001: azacitidine significantly improves overall survival in elderly
patients (≥75 years)
5544
58
1522
39
0
20
40
60
80
100
2-year OS Transfusionindependence
IWG 2000 HI (any HI)
AZA CCR
p = 0.0193p = 0.139
p = 0.088
Perc
enta
ge
Seymour JF, et al. Poster presented at ASH 2008. [abstract 3629]
AZA-001: azacitidine is well tolerated by elderly patients
(≥75 years)AZA
(n = 38)CCR
(n = 47)
Age, years, median (range) 78 (75–83) 77 (75–88)Male gender, % 71 63Grade 3 and 4 treatment related AEs
Patients with ≥1 AE, % 82 72Discontinuations due to AE, % 13 8Anaemia, % 13 4Neutropenia, % 61 17Thrombocytopenia, % 50 30Infections and infestations, % 40 26
Seymour JF, et al. Poster presented at ASH 2008. [abstract 3629]AE = adverse event
• OS similar in patients aged < 80 and ≥ 80 years (P = .6)
• Median OS 12.1 months; 1- and 2-year OS: 50% and 23.2%
Itzykson, R., et al. Blood. 2009;114(22):705.OS, overall survival.
Azacytidine (AZA) in Higher Risk MDS Patients (pts) Aged ≥ 80 Years : OS1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
5
OS
Time (months)
‘Real-world’ experience with azacitidine in patients with MDS, AML or CMML: Austrian Azacitidine Registry
Pleyer L, et al. Poster presentation at 11th International Symposium on MDS 2011, Edinburgh, UK. Abstract 101
Age <80 years (n=139)
Age ≥80 years (n=44)
p=0.298312.6 months
9.2 months
OS was similar in patients aged <80 years old and patients aged ≥80 years old
Poor karyotype
• There was a trend for a survival advantage with AZA vs CCR in pts with normal karyotype
• Patients with non-complex karyotypes had a substantially longer OS than patients with complex karyotypes, regardless of treatment
AZA, azacitidine; CCR, conventional care regimen; HR, hazard ratio; NR, not reached; OS, overall survival.
NR
25.1
9.9
24.5
5.3
26.3
17.317.2 17.3
4.98.1
4.2
8.74.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
AZA CCR
Med
ian
Surv
ival
(mon
ths)
HR = 0.63(0.39 – 1.03)
HR = 0.43(0.05 – 3.80)
HR = 0.55(0.29 – 1.05)
HR = 0.33(0.10 – 1.13)
HR = 0.45(0.17 – 1.22)
HR = 0. 20(0.06 – 0.65)
HR = 0.42(0.10 – 1.69)
Deaths: 29 41 3 9 20 23 7 9 11 14 6 11 5 7# pts: 77 76 5 10 29 29 16 11 14 15 16 12 9 9
Normal -5/5q- -7/7q- Trisomy 8Non-complex Complex Non-complex Complex Non-complex Complex
Mufti GJ, et al. Blood. 2009;114(22):697-698.
Effect of Cytogenetic Abnormalities on Overall Survival
AZA-001: Azacitidine vs CCR – Overall Survival By Cytogenetic Risk
AZA vs CCR1
Cytogenetic Parameter Hazard Ratio 95% CI P Value
Poor-prognosisa 0.53 0.32-0.87 .012Intermediate-prognosisa 0.44 0.22-0.88 .021Good-prognosisa 0.59 0.37-0.92 .021-7/del(7q) 0.34 0.17-0.67 .0017
1. Fenaux P, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:223-232. 2. Yiu RC, et al. Haematologica. 2010;95:abstract 324.
• AZA significantly prolonged OS compared with CCR, regardless of IPSS-defined cytogenetic risk1
• AZA significantly prolonged OS in patients with -7/del(7q) compared with CCR (13.1 vs 4.6 months)1
a IPSS-defined risk.AZA, azacitidine; CCR; conventional care regimens; CI, confidence interval; IPSS, International Prognostic Scoring System; OS, overall survival.
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Overall OS in MDS Patients with -7/del(7q)AZA vs CCR (AZA-001)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Time (months) from Randomization
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
Prop
ortio
n Su
rviv
ing
AZA
CCR
# at riskAZA 30 22 20 9 5 1 0 0 0CCR 27 10 5 4 2 1 1 0 0
HR = 0.33 (95% CI: 0.16, 0.68)log-rank p-value: 0.002
4.6 months
13.1 months
Methylation status
53
Gene methylation and prolonged OSCDH1 methylation 0.00
Time (months) from randomization
Pro
porti
on s
urvi
ving
7.2 months
AZA
CCR
12.0 months†HR: 0.68, 95% CI (0.30–1.55)
p=0.353
† Relative to CCR methylation 0.00 Herman JG, et al. Presented at AACR 2009 [Abstract 4746]
54
Gene methylation and prolonged OS
Time (months) from randomization
19.5 months†HR: 0.51, 95% CI (0.25–1.06)
p=0.071
26.3 months†HR: 0.26, 95% CI (0.12–0.53)
p<0.001
AZA
CCR
CDH1 methylation >0 – ≤0.62
† Relative to CCR methylation 0.00
Pro
porti
on s
urvi
ving
Herman JG, et al. Presented at AACR 2009 [Abstract 4746]
55
Time (months) from randomization
Pro
porti
on s
urvi
ving
18.7 months†HR: 0.40, 95% CI (0.20–0.83)
p=0.013
25.1 months†HR: 0.39, 95% CI (0.20–0.76)
p=0.006
AZA
CCR
CDH1 methylation >0.62 – ≤1.62
† Relative to CCR methylation 0.00
Gene methylation and prolonged OS
Herman JG, et al. Presented at AACR 2009 [Abstract 4746]
56
12.3 months†HR: 0.74, 95% CI (0.38–1.41)
p=0.355
17.1 months†HR: 0.44, 95% CI (0.22–0.89)
p=0.022
AZA
CCR
CDH1 methylation >1.62
† Relative to CCR methylation 0.00
Gene methylation and prolonged OS
Time (months) from randomization
Pro
porti
on s
urvi
ving
Herman JG, et al. Presented at AACR 2009 [Abstract 4746]
Methylation pattern and response
Shen , 2010
Methylation pattern and responseto therapy
Shen , 2010
AZA in AML
• AML in the elderly carries a poor prognosis even when treated with intensive chemotherapy (IC) (median survival of 7 to12 months) and most elderly AML patients cannot receive IC due to their age and/or comorbidities
• 1/3 of pts in AZA-001 had WHO AML with 20-30% of marrow blasts
Overall Survival in AML /RAEB-T: AZA vs CCR Fenaux et al. JCO, 2010
OS in Patients AML/RAEB-TUnfit for IC Fenaux et al. JCO, 2010
Marrow CR Rates in AML/RAEB-T pts
% o
f pts
with
CR p=0.80
(10/55) (9/58)
CCR Regimens
(3/20) (6/11)(0/27)
Fenaux et al. JCO, 2010
Hem
oglo
bin
(g/d
l)N
eutr
ophi
ls
(x 1
09/l)
azacitidine 100 mg 5gg 11 cy azacitidine 75 mg/m2 7 gg 3 cy
0,000,400,801,201,602,002,40
02468
1012
Which is the best dose? Courtesy MT Voso
Comorbidities
Italian registry for MDS (1617pts)age distribution
A. Levis, 2011 data on file
Italian registry for MDSpresence of comorbidities
(388 pts)
63% withcomorbidities (CIRS)
Grade 0-2
37% 37% 20% 18%
A. Levis, 2011 data on file
67
IWG Response to azacitidine is not adversely influenced by comorbidities
Sanna A, et al. Oral Presentation at ASH 2010, Orlando, USA
0
20
40
60
80
100
Charlson Comorbidity Index
Cumulative Illness Rating Scale
Adult Comorbidity Evaluation-27
Res
pons
e ra
te*
(%)
0 1 2 3 50
20
40
60
80
100
Res
pons
e ra
te*
(%)
0 1 2 3 4 6
ScoreScore
0
20
40
60
80
100
Res
pons
e ra
te*
(%)
Non
e
Mild
Mod
erat
e
Sev
ere
Score
A single centre study of 59 elderly patients with MDS treated with azacitidine§ Mean age, years (range) = 69 (50–82)§ Mean number of cycles, n (range) = 9 (2–42)
*CR+PR+HI
Distribution per score of 127 IPSS HR MDS pts treated with azacitidine
none
mildmoderatesevere
01>=2
01 and 2
>=3
ACE 27CCI
CIRS
LowINTHigh
MDS-CI
Sanna et al, abs1756, ASH 2010
OS from diagnosis: AZA vs CCR
CIRS TrattamentoK-M OS
Dalla diagnosi
DifferenzeK-M OS
Differenza mesi
Log Rank p
Tutti i patienti
AZA (n 172)vsCCR (n 157)
36
17
19 0.000
0AZA (n 64)vsCCR (n 118)
50
21
29 0.002
1-2AZA (n 84)vsCCR (n 33)
29
9
20 0.000
>=3AZA (n 17)vsCCR (n 5)
14
11
3 0.429
A Prognostic Score for Overall Survival (OS) with Azacitidine (AZA) In Higher Risk MDS
282 HR- MDS ; 74/282 sMDS treated with AZA;
• Prognostic factors for response: prior therapy, marrow blasts, poor cytogenetics
• PF for OS: secondary MDS, cytogenetics, PB blaststransfusion dependency and PS
• 1 point for ECOG performance status >= 2• 1 point for Presence of circulating blasts• 1 point for RBC TD 4 RBC units/8 weeks• 1 for IPSS intermediate- cytogenetics• 2 points IPSS poor-risk cytogenetics * Itzykson , Blood 2011
•3 risk categories: Low (score 0)Intermediate (score 1-3)High (score 4-5)
* Itzykson , Blood 2011
Occurrence of adverse eventsduring azacitidine therapy is notsignificantly influenced by agenor moderate comorbidities.
.
Age per se should not drivetherapeutical decisions in HR-MDS .
Careful scoring of comorbitiesmay help in decision making.
.
Clinical case• Female patient aged 78 with two previous acute
myocardial infarctions, diabetes, but otherwise in good general condition, still active at work, referred for pancytopenia
Clinical assessment: DyspnoeaWBC: 2.1 x109/LANC: 0.45 x109/L Hb: 8.6g/dLPlatelets: 79 x109/LBone marrow aspirate: 10% blastsKaryotype: 45XX, –7WHO classification: RAEB-2IPSS: Score 2 = Int-2
Question: what is your first-line treatment?
1. Intensive anthracycline–AraC chemotherapy (3+7)
2. Supportive care only
3. Low-dose AraC
4. Fludarabine + AraC + G-CSF (FLAG)
5. Azacitidine
Treatment decision
• Treatment decision: azacitidine 75 mg/m2/day for 7 days every 28
• Patient was treated in a hospital near home because she had her hat factory to run and manage
Treatment follow-up
• After 2 courses, the referring and treating haematologists called our Centre– blood counts were unchanged– patient required 2 RBC units every 2 weeks– marrow blasts 9%, karyotype unchanged
• The patient claimed that her symptoms were getting worse (dyspnoea, fatigue) and she was not as active as before
• She was very disappointed and wanted to stop treatment
Question: what would you do at this stage?
1. Continue azacitidine
2. Switch to low-dose Ara-C
3. Switch to intensive chemotherapy
4. Supportive care only
5. Proceed to HLA typing with the idea of an allogeneic SCT transplantation
Question: How would you manage pancytopenia?
1. Delay the following cycle for one week
2. Wait until counts are normal
3. Start cycle 3 with dose reduced to 75% (=100mg, one vial)
• During the first three cycles, thepatient claims severe stipsis andinjection site reactions.
AZA-001: injection site reactions
No injection site reaction required adjustment ofazacitidine dosing or resulted in discontinuation
• The median duration of injection site reactionswas 12 days
• Overall, <12% of injection site reactions, including erythema, required treatment with concomitant medications
Santini V, et al. Eur J Haematol 2010;Epub ahead of print
Patient Follow-up
• Cycle 6 transfusion independent, PR
• Very active at work
• No complaints
Question: what would you do at this stage?
1. Continue azacitidine
2. Switch to low-dose Ara-C
3. Switch to intensive chemotherapy
4. Supportive care only
5. Proceed to HLA typing with the idea of an allogeneic SCT transplantation
Patient Follow-up
• Patient has completed 18 cycles
• Still hematological response
• Bone marrow response to be checked
MDS group in FlorenceMDS group in Florence