How Google Works: Are Search Engines Really Dumb and Why Educators
Transcript of How Google Works: Are Search Engines Really Dumb and Why Educators
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How Google Works:Are Search Engines Really
Dumb and Why VEMAns Should Care
Paul Barron
Director of Library and Archives
George C. Marshall Foundation
All Right Reserved. This presentation may be copied and distributed for
nonprofit educational purposes only. Revised October 2010
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Search Engines – The Web’s Gatekeepers
“Search engines are
the most important
gatekeepers in today‟s
digitally network environment.”
Regulating Search Engines: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead
Urs Gasser
Yale Journal of Law and Technology
Spring 2006
http://tinyurl.com/332rna
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And we know our students …
For them, “to Google” is a lifestyle, a habit
pattern. Do you agree?
JEFF STAHLER: (c) Columbus Dispatch Dist.
by Newspaper Enterprise Association, Inc
“Whereas libraries once seemed
like the best answer to the
question, Where do I find…? the
search engine now rules.”
“No Brief Candle: Preconceiving Research
Libraries for the 21st Century;” Part II
Council of Library and Information Resources
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub142/pub142.pdf
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If educators hope …
To change students’ excessive use of Google,
educators must embrace
Google and learn how
the search engine works, in order …
To influence students to integrate Google use
with other reliable sources of information.
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Also, to improve students’ media literacy …
They need to understand how the search engine
determines and ranks results.
Why?
Students “trust” search engines and perceive credible
sites because a site was returned at the top of the
results by the search engine.
“Trust Online: Young Adults’ Evaluation of Web Content”
Journal of Communications: 4 (2010), 468-494
ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/download/636/423
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Presentation Objective
Increase our understanding of how search engines
and Google work by dispelling search engine myths
Propose a plan to increase the use of library research
databases
Not by excluding Google use
Integrate Google use with use of library databases
Goal - Enable us to help our students become better
researchers
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Presentaion Objective: Dispel …
Search engine myths:
understand a searcher’s query,
treat all sites and domains the
same when determining results, and
determine the results based on the popularity of the
site with searchers.
I‟m
.edu.
I‟m
.net.
But we‟re
not equal.
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Why should we learn how Google works?
“Users are not familiar with how search engines “find”
what they are looking for. [U]sers
might benefit from having more
information [how] Google “crawls”
the Web and determines how a website
is ranked.”
In Google We Trust: Users’ Decisions on Rank, Position, and Relevance
Laura Granka and others
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
User Experience Researcher
Google, Inc
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The Center of the Search Universe
2010
2000
http://www.bruceclay.com/serc_histogram/histogram.htm2000
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# 1 Search Engine in the
http://gs.statcounter.com
10
80%
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Google’s Influence
“They [Google] are going to have more influence and
more control over the structure of the world information
industry than any other.”
David B. Yoffie
Senior Associate Dean, Chair, Executive Education; Harvard Business School
Quoted in: “Google Ends Microsoft’s Yahoo Search;” New York Times, May 6, 2008
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/06/technology/06google.html
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Google’s Power: From Duke U Law
“Google has become the index of choice for online
information; [it] steers our thoughts and
learning online. Google‟s control …
constitutes an awesome ability to
set the course of human knowledge.”
Google‟s Law
Greg Lastowka
Duke University School of Law
http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=lastowka
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Without access to Google …
“Chinese scientists say their research will be
dramatically compromised if Google shuts down its search
engine in China.”
“One scientist [said], „If I lose Google,
it will [be] just like a man without his eyes.
Another says it „would be like life without electricity.‟ ”
“A land without Google?”
Nature 463, 1012-1013 (2010)
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100224/full/4631012a.html
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And from another law review …
“Whoever controls search has enormous
influence on us. Search engines shape what we
read, who we listen to, and who gets heard.
No search engine comes closer to controlling
search than Google.”
James Grimmelmann; "The Google Dilemma"
New York Law School Law Review ; Jan. 2009: 939
http: works.bepress.com/james_grimmelmann/19
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Student’s # 1 Online Information Source
15
Google Google was the go-to
resource for almost all of the
students in the sample.
Nearly all of the students in
the sample reported always
using Google, both for
course-related research and
everyday life research.
“How College Students Seek
Information in the Digital Age”
http://tinyurl.com/yfp7ol5
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Should educators be concerned?
“There are consequences to
our students and our educational
system if we [allow] a search
engine to define the parameters
of effective research.”
The University of Google: Education in the (Post) Information Age
Tara Brabazon
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Expectations of Search Engine Users
“Searchers are now expecting
search engines to not just index the
Internet; they are starting to expect that
the search engine will understand the
intent of the query better.”
Interpreting Hitwise Statistics on Longer Queries
http://blog.ask.com/2009/03/interpreting-hitwise-statistics-on-longer-queries.html
And
neither
does
Google!
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Expectations of Search Engine Users
“We expect a lot search engines. We ask them vague
questions about topics that we are unfamiliar and anticipate
a concise organized response.”
“You would have better success if
you laid your head on the keyboard
and coaxed the computer to read your mind.”
Understanding Search Engines: Mathematical Modeling and Text Retrieval
Michael W. Berry and Murray Browne
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Why? Because …
“I‟ve been at this for two decades
now; search isn‟t out of its infancy yet.
The science is at the point where we
are crawling. Soon we‟ll walk. I hope in
my lifetime; I‟ll see search enter its
adolescence.”
Amit Singhal; Google Fellow
“This is tough stuff”
25 February 2010
http://googlepolicyeurope.blogspot.com/2010/02/this-stuff-is-tough.html
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More significantly …
“(S)earch engines have no
understanding of words or
language. (They) don't
recognize user intent, can't
distinguish goal-oriented search
from browsing search.”
A ResourceShelf Interview: 20 Questions with Dr. Gary Flake, Ph.D.
Head of Yahoo! Research Labs
http://searchenginewatch.com/showPage.html?page=3372051
Thursday, June 3, 2004
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And …
“We can write a computer program to beat the very
best human chess players, but
we can't write a program to
understand a sentence anywhere near the precision
of a child.”
“Helping Computers Understand Language”
Steven Baker, Google Software Engineer
Official Google Blog
January 19, 2010
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If Google doesn’t understand my query …
… how does Google
determine how to select and rank the
results in response to my query?
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How does Google determine a result’s ranking?
http://www.google.com/corporate/tech.html
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How Google Determines Relevance
Top 5 Ranking Factors Rank
Keyword Focused Anchor Text from External Links(The anchor text is the text description of a link.)
1
External Link Popularity
(Quantity/quality of external links)
2
Diversity of Link Sources
(Links from many unique root domains)3
Keyword Use Anywhere in the Title Tag 4
Trustworthiness of the Domain Based on Link Distance from
Trusted Domains (Trust diminishes as links become further removed from the trusted site.)
5
http://www.seomoz.org/article/search-ranking-factors#overview
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How Google Determines Relevance
Ranking Factors Rank
Diversity of Link Sources
(Links from many unique root domains)6
Page-Specific TrustRank (Whether the individual page has earned links from trusted
sources)
7
Global Link Popularity of the Domain
(Based on an Iterative Link Algorithm) 8
http://www.seomoz.org/article/search-ranking-factors#overview
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How Google Determines Relevance
Ranking Factors Rank
Link Diversity of the Domain
(Based on number/variety of unique root domains linking to pages on
this domain)
9
Links from Hubs/Authorities in a Given Topic-
Specific Neighborhood 10
Iterative Algorithm-Based, Global Link Popularity (PageRank)
11
http://www.seomoz.org/article/search-ranking-factors#overview
See also: “Exclusive: How Google’s Algorithm Rules the Web”
http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/02/ff_google_algorithm/all/1
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In summary:
“Google uses many factors in ranking.
PageRank … the best known … evaluates:
how many links there are to a web page from other pages, and
the quality of the linking sites.”
“With PageRank, five or six high-quality links from
websites would be valued much more highly than twice as
many links from less reputable or established sites.”
Librarian Central
How does Google collect and rank results?
http://www.google.com/librariancenter/articles/0512_01.html
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What factor was missing in that table?
The fact that
the site is
popular with
us, the
searchers who
view the sites!
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Searcher’s Usage Data – Low Importance
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Consider Google’s challenge when …
Google processes
hundreds of million queries every
day and “20% of those queries
have never been seen before.”
Amit Singhal; Google Fellow
“Half of the search terms
[searched for in Google] occur
less than once a month.”Peter Norvig
Google Inc.Director of Search Quality and Research
“Masters of Information”
Forbes; September 5, 2005
www.google.com/trends
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Google’s Solution
"We believe the approach which relies heavily on an individual's
tastes and preferences [to rank results] just doesn't produce the
quality and relevant ranking that our algorithms do." Amit Singhal
Google Fellow
“This is tough stuff”
25 February 2010
http://googlepolicyeurope.blogspot.com/2010/02/this-stuff-is-tough.html
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Continuous Process Improvement
Google’s Matt Cutts answered
the question, “How many search
algorithm changes were made
in 2009?”
Matt said that Google makes a
change per day to the search
algorithm. He said, “in 2009,
Google probably made between 350 to 400 changes to
the search algorithm.”“Google Makes One Change Per Day To Search Algorithm”
April 22, 2010
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_jm_isupFY&feature=player_embedded
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Google and Usage Data
“Peter Norvig confirmed that
Google does collect usage data.
However when Google tries
new ranking models, Google does not use real
usage data to tune their search ranking algorithm.”
“How Google Measures Search Quality”
Datawocky
http://tinyurl.com/6mpt4u
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Why!?!
First: “We have all been trained to trust
Google and click on the first result.”
Ibid
College students trust Google; they
click on the number one abstract most
of the time, even when the abstracts are
less relevant.”In Google We Trust: Users’ Decisions on Rank, Position, and Relevance
Laura Granka
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
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College Students (& some Faculty) Trust Google
“[S]tudents and faculty appear to be satisfied, especially
with Google. [Librarians] stressed that there is blind trust
and an increasing reliance on search results, especially on
whatever appears on the first couple of screens.”
Search engine use behavior of students and faculty: User perceptions and implications for future research
Oya Y. Rieger. First Monday
http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/2716/2385
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Trusting Google too Much?
“Second: For informational queries …
if a result on page 4, provides better
information than the results on the first three
pages, users will not know this result
exists!
Therefore, usage behavior does not
provide the best feedback on the rankings.”
“How Google Measures Search Quality”
Datawocky
http://tinyurl.com/6mpt4u
But we are
the best
results!
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Looking at Only How Many Results!
“[F]ixations are around the top 5 results; the
majority of clicks are on the top 3 results.”Has Google Gotten Better
http://thinkeyetracking.com/Blog/?p=4
Searchers
reviewed the first
10 results in 2005.
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And in ’09 …
“… most users
found what they were
looking for among the
first two results
and they never
needed to go further
down the page.”
“Eye-tracking studies: more than meets the eye”
http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/02/eye-tracking-studies-more-than-meets.html
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Consider this …
“The computer screen is … literally
a small thing [that] may display just
over 300 words. If this world becomes
our reality, we actually are relying on
less information, not the more that is available.”
“The Google-ization of Knowledge”
Natasja Larson, Laura Servage, and Jim Parsons
Faculty of Education; University of Alberta
http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/28/03/99.pdf
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From Google’s CEO
"I worry that instantaneous technologies might be
bad for deep reading of longer things like books and
magazines. We don't know what that means for
cognition." “Davos Day 3: Technology Is Like Magic”
http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/pontin/tags/eric+schmidt/
40
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Question! Just librarians?
Can librarians help us rediscover the value of deep reading?
“The danger for librarians is that they will
think of themselves as Googlers. They need to
resist the pressure to rely on search engines.”
“Librarians can help us broaden out beyond the results that
search engines provide. [They can] and take us off the beaten track
to cover more perspectives and to offer more intellectually rigorous
takes on a particular subject.”
“An Interview with Nicholas Carr;” Information Outlook; http://www.sla.org/io/2010/04/863.cfm
41
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Intellectual Vigorous Content
42
http://www.procon.org
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Google doesn’t need to consider …
… the popularity of a website with
searchers because their algorithm is
so up-to-date that Google always
returns the best results.
Right?
RIGHT!
RIGHT!
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Relevance in Google = Only an Opinion
Google’s … “assessments of the "value"
of a web page are subjectively-determined [by]
formulae to come up with a ranking. PageRanks
are opinions. They're professional opinions, but
they remain opinions.”
“Google Replies to SearchKing Lawsuit”
http://research.yale.edu/lawmeme/
Thursday, January 9, 2003
Google v.
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Google's rankings are protected opinion.
"The court simply finds there is
no conceivable way to prove that the
relative significance assigned to a given
Web site is false. Accordingly, the court concludes
Google's PageRanks are entitled to full constitutional
protection.”
“Judge Dismisses Suit Against Google”
http://news.cnet.com/2100-1032_3-1011740.html
May 30, 2003
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Evaluating Google’s Opinion
Google returns all sites with the phrase,
martin luther king.
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Google’s 3rd Result
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Martin Luther King.org Homepage
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Martin Luther King.org is hosted by …
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The student wants to know …
Why was that site returned
as the 3rd result among the
millions of results!?!
I thought Google and
other search engines always
returned the best results.
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144,000 Links from .edu Sites
For what purpose are the
academic libraries linking
to martinlutherking.org?
51
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Links from .edu & .gov Sites = Trust
“Google places a heavy bias on informational
resources; .edu and .gov sites tend to rank
higher than others.”
“Google is the best at
determining true link quality and places a lot of
weight on domain trust levels.”
“Can You Please Them All?”
http://www.bruceclay.com/blog/archives/2006/08/can_you_please.html
Reputation
and well
established
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High Quality Links
“Contextual links on the pages of certain:
Industry research websites
Major news websites
High Google Page Rank websites
University websites
Major industry organizations
High traffic websites in your industry
Major corporate websites”Pandia Search World
“Link building for high quality links”
http://www.pandia.com/sew/2595-quality-links.html
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Google‘s opinion about webpages is important.
What can I do to influence the results
returned by Google?
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Question!
Search Engine Components
Spider/Web Crawler/Robot
Index
Search Engine
The only feature that you can
control is the query entered
into the search engine.
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With the Fewest Words as Possible
“There's a real imbalance in
Web search. Users give us three
words at a time. People type the
query "map," and then they get
upset if it's not the map they were
thinking of.”“The Future of Search:
The head of Google Research talks about his group's projects.”
MIT Technology Review
http://tinyurl.com/2pmfsu
81% of search engine queries are 4 words or
less.
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Remember the Google Trends?
How many of the queries were more than three
(3) words?
82%
http://blog.alessiosignorini.com/2010/02/average-query-length-february-2010/
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Queries by Middle School Students
“A predominate difficulty students experience while performing
Web-based research is constructing effective search strings.”
“[M]iddle school students demonstrate
unsophisticated skills when constructing
search strings, using mainly broad terms
and phrases.”
“Internet Searching by K-12 Students: A Research-based Process Model”
http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/1b/a8/26.pdf
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Queries by High School Students
“[H]igh school students
struggle with conceptualizing
the topic for their query, sometimes omitting
required concepts.”
“Internet Searching by K-12 Students: A Research-based Process Model”
http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/1b/a8/26.pdf
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Queries by College Students
“[S]earch engines generally performed poorly, a lack of
computer skills and an inability
to construct appropriate search
statements limited students'
success.”
Nowicki, Stacy.
Student vs. Search Engine: Undergraduates Rank Results for Relevance
portal: Libraries and the Academy - Volume 3, Number 3, July 2003
60
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Can students craft a four-word query on …
… the effects on climate change on global
temperatures and sea levels worldwide?
61
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Why are WIKIPEDIA results ranked so highly?
Is there a preference for WIKIPEDIA or other
top level domains?
Why Search? Just Take Me to WikipediA.
62
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Yes!
“Google‟s authority-based algorithm is
domain-centric. Google has focused on
domain-trusting by pushing to
the top of the results massive sites
like Wikipedia that couldn‟t have been
created by spammers.”The Google Cache
Google’s New Algorithm: if($domain==’wikipedia.org’){$rank=1;}
http://tinyurl.com/yv3xo6
63
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WIKIPEDIA – One of the Most Important Domains
http://www.seomoz.org/top500
64
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WIKIPEDIA Use by Students
“Wikipedia is a unique and indispensible resource for
students; [they] begin their research process
with Wikipedia; [it is] their „first go-to place."
“Wikipedia entries provide „a simple
narrative that gives me a grasp‟ and [that]
„helps when I have no idea what to do for
a research paper.‟ ”
“Finding Context: What Today’s College Students Say about Conducting Research in the Digital Age”
Project Information Literacy Progress Report: February 2009
http://www.projectinfolit.org/pdfs/PIL_ProgressReport_2_2009.pdf
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From the Founder of WIKIPEDIA
“For God sake, you‟re in college; don‟t
cite the encyclopedia.”Jimmy Wales
Wikipedia Founder Discourages Academic Use of His Creation
The Chronicle of Higher Education
http://tinyurl.com/lxhxo
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So tell me again, what can an educator do?
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We probably won’t see this from …
You are not lucky. Connect to the nearest reference librarian.
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But this is not the answer!
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Why?!?
“Schooled on Google and WIKIPEDIA, [students] want to
inquire, not rely on the professor for a detailed roadmap. They want
an animated conversation, not a lecture.
They want an interactive education. Rather
than waiting for a trusted professor to tell them what's going on, they
find out on their own from Google to WIKIPEDIA.”
The Impending Demise of the University
Don Tapscott
http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/tapscott09/tapscott09_index.html
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Teach the Use of Advanced Search Syntaxes
“Advanced syntax users demonstrate search expertise
that the majority of user population does not. They are:
more adept at combining query operators to
formulate powerful query statements and
return more relevant results
Not only were they more successful in their searching,
they were consistently more successful.”
Investigating the Querying and Browsing Behavior of Advanced Search Engine Users research.microsoft.com/~ryenw/papers/WhiteSIGIR2007b.pdf
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Searching: An Aid to Complex Reasoning
“Internet searching engages complicated brain activity which may
help improve brain function. [The] Web-savvy group registered activity in the
areas of the brain which control decision-making and complex reasoning.”
“UCLA study finds that searching the Internet increases brain function”
November 15, 2008
http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/ucla-study-finds-that-searching-64348.aspx
Brain Activity from Internet Search
The image on the left displays brain activity while reading a book;
the image on the right displays activity while engaging in an Internet search.
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Now that we hooked ’em with Google …
By teaching options …
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From Google to the Proprietary Databases
Demonstrate that Google syntaxes and queries,
with minor modification work in the proprietary
databases and may provide more relevant sources.
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From Google to Proprietary Database
Students can limit the
search to the structure of
the document.
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Academic Journals
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It works - minds can be changed!
“I modeled my presentation, „Internet Privacy Laws are
Necessary,‟ for juniors (AP English 11) after the VEMA presentation.
“They searched their usual way. Then I
demonstrated a search using advanced search
techniques. Then they searched using advanced
search syntaxes.”
“They narrowed their search results from one
million to 55 and it was amazing how many hits were on target.”
Nancy Keenan; Library Media Specialist/Computer Coordinator
Glenvar High School
Salem, Virginia
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Minds can be changed!
“I revised my lesson plan for teaching students how to search the
Web and library databases. Students were
frustrated using the Web; when we got to
Gale and ABC-CLIO their amazement in the difference of the quality of
information was priceless. One student researching working women of
the 1930s said, „I found much more in Student Resource Center.‟ ”
Lori Donovan, NBCT, Teacher-Librarian
Thomas Dale High School
Chester, Virginia
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Don’t underestimate the importance of friends!
http://www.oclc.org/reports/2005perceptions.htm
Gang, the
librarian is better
than Google!
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Are you thoroughly googled?
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Student Research in the 21st Century
“[N]o matter where students are enrolled, [the]
information resources they have, and how much time they
have, [even with] the proliferation of digital information
resources research seems to be far more difficult to
conduct in the digital age.”
Finding Context: What Today’s College Students Say about Conducting Research in the Digital Age
Project Information Literacy Progress Report: February 2009
http://www.projectinfolit.org/pdfs/PIL_ProgressReport_2_2009.pdf
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Learn How Search Engines Work
“Given their popularity, knowing more about
search engines is vital to understanding
information access in a digital age.”
The social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions of search engines: An introduction.
Hargittai, E., (2007).
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(3), article 1.
http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/hargittai.html
I understand Google; I‟ll search for
title pages with domain-limited
Boolean queries.
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And the winner is …
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Web Searching Tutorials
Title URL
A Short and Easy Search
Engine Tutorialhttp://www.pandia.com/goalgetter
Boolify: Interactive
Boolean Search Tool
Generator
http://www.boolify.org
Finding Information on
the Internet: A Tutorial
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/FindInfo.html
http://tinyurl.com/leqf
Web Research,
Evaluation, & Citation
http://www.arlington.k12.ma.us/ahs/instructionaltech/docs/webre_eval_cit.pdf
http://tinyurl.com/6bejgh
Web Search Strategies
in Plain English (Video) http://www.commoncraft.com/search
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Other Search Engines to Consider
Search Engine Address Remarks
AltaVista www.altavista.com Useful for Link Checking
Bing www.bing.com Bing provides results
to YAHOO!
Duck Duck Go www.duckduckgo.com Creator wants
recommendations from
educators
E-mail Gabriel Weinberg - [email protected] or go to
http://duckduckgo.com/feedback.html
Exalead www.exalead.com/search Useful for Link Checking
Picsearch www.picsearch.com Find animated images in
advanced search
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Questions, Comments, or Suggestions?