How filipino movie characters position the mentally ill
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Transcript of How filipino movie characters position the mentally ill
How FilipinoMovie Characters
Position the Mentally ill
AQUINO, MikkaCASTRO, Jiane
FIDER, BeaMa’am Cristina MONTIEL
INTRODUCTION
How the mentally-ill are seen
• child-like, violent, incompetent,
morally-weak (Jocano, 1973; Perlin, 2008)
• across cultures
• strange, different
the community has the tendency to exclude the mentally-ill
EXCLUSION
• mentally-ill has too close-contact with community
• community feels uncertainty insecurity
• Limited from access to education, housing
HOW do they achieve mentally ill’s Exclusion?
• certain interactions, behaviors
• Ex. Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease excluded by own husbands (Moghaddam & Harre, 2010)
Took over household tasks
Chose patients’ clothes
Fixed patient’s appearance in public
dictated what activities she canand cannot perform
kept patient “outside” of capable group
(community)
= EXCLUSION
The Role of Media
Media and Social Reality interrelate
reciprocal relationship
• Social reality is shaped by media• Media confronts social reality
– Presents archetypes, traditional ideas– Appears realistic, possible to viewers
(Barthes, 1977; Macey, 2008)
• Not necessarily realistic (portrayal)• Communication takes place• viewers already have own set of beliefs
– compound with the ideas presented to them (Anderson, 1977)
Mentally Ill in Media• 146 college students…later revealed
negative attitude toward the mentally ill (Domino, 1983)
• Onscreen interactions preempt viewers
(Harper, 2005)
• Vicarious experience (Gerbner, et al., 2002)
• Portrayed as burdensome, non productive, social threats
Reality is produced through social interaction and
conversation (Adoni, & Mane, 1984; Harre & Langenhove,
1999)
Social Interaction = DISCOURSE
between community and mentally-ill Media contributes
both interactive process and end result
(O’Sullivan, Hartley, Saundres, Montgomery & Fiske, 1994, p. 93)
• End result = Exclusion of mentally ill
• Interactive Process ?
Positioning Theory
• study of the dynamics of human interactions
• Not just talk itself - flow of talking
• Each Utterance, Gesture, Behavior = “speech act”
• Attribute rights, duties, and obligations (Harre & Langenhove,
1999)
• Positions = dynamic (VS role = static)
• can position others or be positioned by others
• with certain rights and duties
Person A to Person B: Good morning, how are you?
Person A positions… self with RIGHT to greet, ask a
question Person B with the DUTY to respond
• Right - justifying certain for action as following the rules or social norm
• Duty - a demand that one participant places on another
How do the utterances and gestures of Filipino movie
characters position thementally ill?
METHOD
Criteria
• Different time frames
- Filipino movie classic (Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang,
1974)
- released in past 10 years (Baliw, 2007; Kimmy Dora,
2009)
Criteria
• Availability > Realistic
Mainstream (Kimmy Dora)
- high box office revenues
Independent (Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang, Baliw)
- most awards
Criteria
• Transcribed each film• Social Episodes were picked
• Every scene where… Community and mentally ill interact Community members interact about mentally ill Both words and acts Acts = “socially understood behaviors” (Moghaddam, Harre, & Lee, 1993, p. 25)
• 3 Blind-coders (each Thesis group member)– 1 blind coder per movie
• Text re-read 10 times
• Noted down in Raw Data table
– Episode Number– Characters– Dialogue
Procedure• Statements analyzed for rights and
duties attributed (Positions)
– Rights attributed to self– Corresponding Duty attributed to
other participant– Paired blind coder to reach consensus
about positions
Further AnalysisPerson who had the first utterance in
Episode
Analyzing whole
episode,
“Parent” or General
Right and Duty
of Initiator
“Parent” Right and
Duty of
Participant whose
Position was
maintained at the end of the Episode
Initiator (Mentally Ill
OR Community)
Dominant Right and
Duty
Response (Contested
OR Not
Contested)
Outcome(Maintained
OR Repositioned
)
Dominant Right and
Duty
• 6 Main Patterns• For each film, generalized rights and duties both of the Initiator and after the Response that fell under each Pattern
• Further generalized for one Parent Right and Duty to represent all 3 films
• After re-analyzing, one additional pattern due to one more Dominant Right and Duty
7 Main Patterns can be further grouped into effects of interaction:
• Exclusion • Inclusion
• Tallied number of episodes (per film) pattern applied to
• Totalled, divided by number of episodes• Presented as Percentages for ALL social
episodes
RESULTS
Table 1
(32.68 %) • INITIATOR: Community
Dominant Right and Duty:- (Community) The
right to put the mentally ill under surveillance
- (Mentally ill) The duty to allow
self to be scrutinized
• Not contested• Maintained
(17.05 %) • INITIATOR: Mentally ill
Dominant Right and Duty:- (Mentally ill) The
right to decide for themselves
- (Community) The duty to comply
• Contested• Repositioned
Dominant Right and Duty: - (Community) The right to control the
mentally ill - (Mentally ill) The duty to obey
• The Community Excludes the Mentally Ill by Controlling Them
– The mentally ill tend to be put under surveillance.
– The mentally ill tend to be
repositioned as dependent on the community when the community contests the rights of the mentally ill.
• The Inclusion of the Mentally Ill Occurs If They Have Support from Any Member of the Community
– The mentally ill can only maintain their positions when they initiated with statement of goals or intentions and with full support from any one member of community.
– The mentally ill’s right will not be contested if supported by a member of the community.
• Two Exceptional Patterns
– The mentally ill can be positioned to accept the community’s position as voluntary providers.
– The mentally ill are positioned to let the
community aggressively involve themselves toward them.
10.78
LEGEND:
Black – Exclusion
Gray – Inclusion
White – Outliers
Figure 1
DISCUSSION
Main Findings: Summary
1.The community excludes the mentally ill through control
2.The mentally ill assert inclusion by expressing their intentions to participate, and then gaining support from the community
3. Two additional patterns
3. 1. Community fosters dependency of
the Mentally Ill upon them through
provisions.
3. 2. The mentally ill do refuse the aggressive advancements of
the community made towards them.
1. Exclusion of the mentally ill through control
• SURVEILLANCE • Very positions the mentally ill occupy• Lack of contestation on the part of the mentally ill
2. The mentally ill’s assertion of Inclusion
• The mentally ill initiate the interactions• State intentions (ex. responsible for…)• Garner support from community members (Protection)
• Conditional Inclusion
Contributions
1). Methodological use of Positioning Theory
• Possibility of the theory being used to analyze films and movie discourse
2). Clinical Psychology
Deinstitutionalized mentally ill can also forge better, stronger
relationships within the community
Practical Contribution of Our Study :
Movie industry
• To highlight the possibility of including the mentally ill into the community in films
• For scriptwriters to focus on the relationships of the mentally ill in the dialogue present in films
ENDThank you!