UCLA Housing & Hospitality Services Denise Shields of Shields Resource Group.
How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?
description
Transcript of How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?
![Page 1: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?
April 14, 1982 Space Shuttle Columbia STS-003Kuiper Airborne Observatory Infra-Red image
![Page 2: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Or: Electric Arc Jet Testing at
NASA Ames
1998 Ames IHF arc jet facility Ablating disk with bow shock
INITIALS-2
![Page 3: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
CSC/SETI Institute Colloquium Series
July 29, 2009
John BalboniThermo-Physics Facilities
NASA Ames Research Center
December 2004Meridiani PlanumMars Exploration Rover Opportunity Heat shield and impact site
INITIALS-3
![Page 4: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Heat Shield: ~10% of landed mass
820 kg (rover, lander, heatshield, parachute)
~$820,000,000 for two Mars Rovers (APPROXIMATE)
~$500,000 per kg landed mass (two rovers) (APPROXIMATE)
two Heat Shields cost ~$80,000,000 (APPROXIMATE)
Heat Shields: Impact on Science
INITIALS-4
![Page 5: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
INITIALS-5
Galileo entry probe was 45% heat shield: 150 kg “dead” wt.
MassMass Mass
Science payloadmass is inversely
proportional to the “delivery” mass,
including the heat shield
Galileo Jupiter Probe: 1995
![Page 6: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
INITIALS-6
Columbia STS-107: April 1, 2003
Heat shield failure may lead to complete failure of the mission and loss of the spacecraft
![Page 7: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• R&D: provide critical data for the research and development of thermal protection (TPS) materials
• Flight Qualification/Sustaining Engineering: qualify/certify TPS materials and processes for National Programs
• Instrumentation: Develop surface and in-depth instruments and sensors
• Space Ops: Support TPS damage assessment and verification of repair techniques for crewed spacecraft
Rationale for Arc Jet Testing
X-33SHARP B1 & B2 NASPPAET
VIKING
PIONEER-VENUS
GALILEO MER
MAGELLAN PHOENIXSTARDUST
MARS PATHFINDER
Orion
SPACE SHUTTLEAPOLLO
X-37FALCON/CAV
INITIALS-7
Space Shuttle Tile Damage
![Page 8: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
INITIALS-8
Acknowledgements
Contributions and charts provided by:
Dr. Michael Wright, NASA Ames Dr. George Raiche, NASA Ames Dr. Bernie Laub, NASA Ames Ernest Fretter, NASA Ames Bonnie James, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
![Page 9: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
INITIALS-9
Summary:
The Problem (and Solution)
The Analyses
The Experiments
The Facilities
![Page 10: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
INITIALS-10
The Problem (and Solution)
![Page 11: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
INITIALS-11
The Solution: Blunt Bodies_2
![Page 12: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
INITIALS-12
Stardust Mission: Video
(play video here)
![Page 13: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
INITIALS-13
The Root Problem: Speed
Physics dictates high speeds for space travel. Consider circular orbits at 1.025 x Radius:
Satellite Speed Escape SpeedMars . . . . . . . . 3.5 km/sec 5.0 km/secVenus . . . . . . . 7.2 km/sec 10.3 km/secEarth . . . . . . . . 7.8 km/sec 11.2 km/secJupiter . . . . . . 41.7 km/sec 59.5 km/sec
Kinetic Energy ~ mV2
Surface Convective Heat Transfer Rate ~ V3
![Page 14: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
INITIALS-14
The Solution: Blunt Bodies
![Page 15: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
INITIALS-15
The Solution: Blunt Bodies
![Page 16: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
INITIALS-16
The Solution: Blunt Bodies
![Page 17: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
INITIALS-17
The Solution: Blunt Bodies
MSL = Mars Science Laboratory (rover); 2011 Launch
![Page 18: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
INITIALS-18
The Space Shuttle: Thermal Protection
RCG CoatingFRCI-12 Tile
Gap Fillers
AIM-22 Tile AFRSI Blanket
TUFI/AETB Tile
![Page 19: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
INITIALS-19
The Analyses
![Page 20: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
INITIALS-20
Hypersonic Flight: Analysis
![Page 21: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
INITIALS-21
Hypersonic Flight: Analysis
CFD = Computational Fluid Dynamics
![Page 22: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
INITIALS-22
Hypersonic Flight: Analysis
![Page 23: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
INITIALS-23
Hypersonic Flight: Analysis
Except for Space Shuttle, all past Earth entry vehicles and all planetary entry vehicles use “Ablative” heat shield materials.
TPS = Thermal Protection Sysetm (Heat Shield)
![Page 24: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
INITIALS-24
Ablative Heat Shield: Physics
![Page 25: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
INITIALS-25
Ablative Heat Shield: Physics
![Page 26: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
INITIALS-26
The Experiments
![Page 27: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
INITIALS-27
Arc Jet Test Objective
Verify on the ground the heat shield integrity before atmospheric entry
Develop and characterize material properties Screen candidate materials
Verify heat shield design: gaps, attachmentsDevelop and characterize instrumentation
Verify heat shield repair techniques
Example:
![Page 28: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
INITIALS-28
Arcjet Diagnostics and Analysis: Flight Traceability example
Entry vehicle shape is established,
Aerothermal analysis predicts the flight environment
Arc Jet flow analysis determines appropriate arc jet test configuration
and in-depth material response
Arc jet diagnostics measure the free-stream conditions and
material response
0.1
1
10
Heat
Flux
, W/cm
2
0.60.50.40.30.20.10.0X, m
Calibration Data CFD
Calibration Data and Pre-Test Predictions
Comparing experimental and modeling data confirms arcjet-to-
flight correspondence
TPS is sized to the aerothermal environment; Final arc jet tests establish TPS flight certification
and 3 TIRS rockets with covers were added at a late date
MER TIRS flight article
CFD solution of TIRS cover and backshell TPS arc jet test in PTF
Photo of TIRS arc jet test in PTF
MER aeroshell
in 3D with chemically reactions in the flow and at the surface
![Page 29: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
INITIALS-29
Space Shuttle Wing Leading Edge Repair
Pre-test: 9x9 inch panel with 7’’ plug repair
15 min. arc-jet test; exceeding 2000 C on the material
![Page 30: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
INITIALS-30
The Facilities
![Page 31: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
INITIALS-31
Arc Jet Complex
STATUS: Operational (Commissioned 1962)LOCATIONS: N-234 and N238
Four Arc-Jet Facilities: • Aerodynamic Heating Facility (20
MW)• 2-By- 9-Inch Supersonic Turbulent
Flow Duct (20 MW) • Panel Test Facility (20 MW) • Interaction Heating Facility (60 MW)
One of only three such facilities in the US;
(Two NASA, One DoD)
![Page 32: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
INITIALS-32
IR image of tile panel;Top view
Flow
Panel test in semi-elliptical
flow nozzle; side view;
80 cm x 80 cm
Arc Jet Panel Test
![Page 33: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Arc Jet Schematic
Objective: Simulate entry heating in a ground-test facilityGoal: Verify a thermal protection material/system design before flight; support continuing engineering during operations
Method: Heat a test gas (air) to plasma temperatures by an electric arc, then accelerate into a vacuum chamber and onto a stationary test article
Vacuum Test Chamber
High Energy FlowMach 5 - 7 at exit
10-45 MJ/kgSimulates altitudes 30–60 kmGas Temp.
> 8,000 K
ARC HEATER NOZZLE TEST CHAMBER
![Page 34: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Ames High Enthalpy Test Facilities
Panel Test Facility20 MW - TPS Panel Testing
Aerodynamic Heating Facility20 MW - TPS Free
Jet Testing
Interaction Heating Facility
60 MW - TPS Free Jet and Panel Testing
2”x9” Turbulent Flow Duct20 MW - TPS Panel Testing
INITIALS-34
![Page 35: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Arc Jet Test Crew
![Page 36: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Arc Jet PhotoArc Jet Test Samples
![Page 37: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Arc Jet Walk-Around
(play video here)
![Page 38: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Arc Jet Test
(play video here)
![Page 39: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
INITIALS-39
Future Human Exploration
![Page 40: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
INITIALS-40
Scenario: Lunar Exploration
EXAMPLE ONLY
All lunar sorties require Earth return entry vehicle:
Reference ESAS Requirements Study, June 1, 2005
![Page 41: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
INITIALS-41
Candidate CEV Configuration
Reference ESAS Requirements Study, June 1, 2005
Ames is positioning itself for a major role in TPS design
![Page 42: How Do You Qualify Heat Shields on Earth?](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062501/5681662c550346895dd98ddc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
INITIALS-42
Summary - Conclusion