How different instructions affect Cmaps elaborated by students? A study involving Cmap structure and...

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Transcript of How different instructions affect Cmaps elaborated by students? A study involving Cmap structure and...

Page 1: How different instructions affect Cmaps elaborated by students? A study involving Cmap structure and association of study materials
Page 2: How different instructions affect Cmaps elaborated by students? A study involving Cmap structure and association of study materials

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Page 6: How different instructions affect Cmaps elaborated by students? A study involving Cmap structure and association of study materials

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83

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� 4 � 9 6 7 �: D E 3 < A F E 4 6 G 4 6 8 6 < 7 8 3 5 6 ; A ? 9 9 6 4 6 < 7 8 7 @ A > 5 3 7 6 4 ? 3 = 8 H 4 6 8 G 6 B 7 ? I 6 = > C : : J ; 6 4 6 = 3 7 ? I 6 I 3 = @ 6 8 K 6 4 6 B 3 = B @ = 3 7 6 A 7 : B : 5 G 6 < 8 3 7 6 7 ; 6 8 ? L 6 A ? 9 9 6 4 6 < B 6? < I : = I ? < M 7 ; 6 N 5 3 G 8 6 = 3 O : 4 3 7 6 A @ < A 6 4 N P Q R S B : < B 6 G 7 8 T 3 < A N R Q U B : < B 6 G 7 8 T C J ; 6 3 O 8 : = @ 7 6 I 3 = @ 6 8 K 6 4 6 A ? I ? A 6 A O > 7 ; 6 7 : 7 3 = < @ 5 O 6 4 : 9

G 4 : G : 8 ? 7 ? : < 8 7 : : O 7 3 ? < 7 ; 6 4 6 = 3 7 ? I 6 I 3 = @ 6 8 C

< V W X Y = Z X [ \ ] ^ _ X ` Y X X _ a \

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& � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � o � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � p � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � C q � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � D , � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � C � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � , � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! � � r � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � s � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � t �

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1 2 2 3 4 2 5 2 3 6 7 8 4 3 9 : 5 ; 3 7 < 8 9 9 3 = : > >? 2 4 3 2 @ 5 4 3 9 < 8 : 2 3 2 4 5 2 3 7 2 8 : 2 3 : 4 > >A B 1 2 3 6 7 5 2 3 @ 2 8 : 3 9 9 5 ; 3 4 2 8 9 3 < 7 > >A C 1 6 3 9 : 5 9 3 9 ; 8 : 3 @ = 5 ; 3 4 < 8 : : 3 4 : > >B C 1 : 2 3 < 7 5 @ 3 2 < 8 7 3 = 9 5 : 3 9 @ 8 4 3 < < > >B 1 : = 3 7 : 5 9 3 = 7 8 6 3 < 7 5 : 3 ; < 8 : @ 3 7 ; > >D

B 1 7 3 4 < 5 2 3 = 6 8 9 3 : < 5 : 3 @ 2 8 4 3 ; @ > >C 1 2 ; 3 : 7 5 9 3 9 @ 8 6 3 4 < 5 ; 3 6 2 8 2 @ 3 4 < > >D

C 1 = 3 7 4 5 9 3 = 6 8 9 3 : ; 5 : 3 = < 8 @ 3 7 @ > >

E .+ 0-F G ./ 0+ , .)

? H : 3 2 < 5 ; 3 9 4 8 : 3 9 9 5 ; 3 2 4 8 I ; 3 7 6A B 1 J ; 3 : 2 5 ; 3 : ; 8 ; 3 : @ 5 ; 3 ; 4 8 I ; 3 4 ;A C 1 J ; 3 9 2 5 ; 3 : 9 8 ; 3 : = 5 ; 3 : ; 8 7 3 6 4 > >B C 1 J ; 3 = 7 5 ; 3 : 6 8 ; 3 6 : 5 ; 3 : 7 8 I @ 3 9 6 > >B 1 J ; 3 7 < 5 ; 3 : 9 8 ; 3 < @ 5 ; 3 : ; 8 I 7 3 6 : > >D

B 1 J ; 3 9 : 5 ; 3 : : 8 ; 3 9 @ 5 ; 3 : = 8 I : 3 9 9C 1 J ; 3 < < 5 ; 3 : ; 8 ; 3 < 7 5 ; 3 ; 4 8 ; 3 4 7D

C 1 J ; 3 2 = 5 ; 3 : 7 8 ; 3 9 9 5 ; 3 : < 8 I 2 3 @ : >K L M N O P Q R S T T P U T V U W X Y Z Y [ Z K K L M N O P Q R S T T P U T V U M W X Y Z Y Y [ Z

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

H ( " # ! $ % ! & ' \ + ( + - + $ ) G ' + ( $ ) " & ( " ! , - % . / H 1 2 3 + ( 2 4 5 I " & ( % ! J 7 ! ( " ! & ' - < ! @ + % < - & - ! ) ) 9 $ ( * - < + ( ; % 7 % + ( ;' ! @ " & ( " ! , - % > ? < ! # ! 8 7 " - + & ( & ' 0 1 2 , # & 8 7 " ! 8 $ ( + ( " # ! $ % ! & ' H 1 2 + ( 2 4 K - < ! % ! 2 9 $ , % < $ L ! " & ( " ! , - %- < $ - $ # ! 9 & # ! " & ( ( ! " - ! 8 - & ! $ " < & - < ! # / , # ! L $ ) ! ( " ! & ' E 7 + ) 8 + ( ; E ) & " A % ] + ( % - ! $ 8 & ' F D % ! ! 1 + ; 7 # ! B 3 >

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

_ R _ ` S a T b U S V U W a X S Y Z [ b V Z X W S Y W S \ Y Y W V X \ Z X W S W a Y Z b ] c d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

` ! ) $ - + L ! L $ ) 7 ! % @ ! # ! " & ( % + 8 ! # ! 8 - & " & 9 , $ # ! 2 : $ ( 8 2 4 2 9 $ , % - & ! ) + 9 + ( $ - ! - < ! ! ' ' ! " - % " $ 7 % ! 8 E * - < !8 + ' ' ! # ! ( " ! % + ( - < ! % + C ! E ! - @ ! ! ( - < ! 9 > ? < ! Z a - ! % - # ! L ! $ ) ! 8 $ % - $ - + % - + " $ ) 8 + ' ' ! # ! ( " ! E ! - @ ! ! ( - < ! 9 ! $ ( % " $ ) " 7 ) $ - ! 8 ' & #6 N # $ ( 8 N # > I , # ! 8 & 9 + ( $ ( " ! & ' , # & , & % + - + & ( % ! = + % - ! 8 + ( L & ) L + ( ; " & ( " ! , - % ' # & 9 8 + ' ' ! # ! ( - % - 7 8 * 9 $ - ! # + $ ) % / N 3' & # E & - < " & ( 8 + - + & ( % / 2 : $ ( 8 2 4 3 > b & @ ! L ! # D - < + % , $ - - ! # ( @ $ % + ( - ! ( % + ' + ! 8 7 ( 8 ! # 2 4 D @ < ! ( e c f & ' $ ) ) , # & , & % + - + & ( %+ ( L & ) L ! 8 8 + ' ' ! # ! ( - % - 7 8 * 9 $ - ! # + $ ) % / ' & # 2 : - < + % L $ ) 7 ! @ $ % c : f 3 > ? < ! % * ( - < ! % + % ! = ! # " + % ! , # ! % ! ( - ! 8 8 7 # + ( ; - < !! = $ 9 / 2 4 3 $ ( 8 - < ! , & % % + E + ) + - * - & " & ( % 7 ) - - < ! 2 9 $ , , # ! , $ # ! 8 7 ( 8 ! # 2 : / " & ( - $ + ( + ( ; - < ! % & 7 # " ! & ' - < ! " & ( " ! , - % 39 $ * ! = , ) $ + ( @ < * % - 7 8 ! ( - % @ ! # ! $ E ) ! - & $ % % & " + $ - ! " & ( " ! , - % ' # & 9 8 + ' ' ! # ! ( - % - 7 8 * 9 $ - ! # + $ ) % - & % ! - 7 , - < ! + #, # & , & % + - + & ( $ ) ( ! - @ & # A % > ? < + % $ % % & " + $ - + & ( & ' " & ( " ! , - % ' # & 9 8 + L ! # % ! % & 7 # " ! % + % < + ; < ) * 8 ! % + # $ E ) ! + ( $ ( $ - 7 # $ ) % " + ! ( " !" & 7 # % ! D $ % + - + % $ ' + # % - % - ! , - & # ! $ " < $ E # & $ 8 7 ( 8 ! # % - $ ( 8 + ( ; & ' " & 9 , ) ! = % 7 E d ! " - % - < $ - 8 ! 9 $ ( 8 9 7 ) - + , ) ! $ , , # & $ " < ! % >? < ! # ! % - # + " - + L ! 8 ! 9 $ ( 8 , # & , & % ! 8 + ( 2 4 ' & % - ! # ! 8 - < ! # ! , # ! % ! ( - $ - + & ( & ' - < + % $ % % & " + $ - + & ( + ( $ 2 9 $ , $ ( 8 $ ) ) & @ ! 8 - < !

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. � d � + < I P V P < / ) E � - < V P D P < W O & = + - � < 0 P � : ; 7 : � P H * & & B ) G E + P O & + ( * = @ ( = ) , ) ? . ) , ( & , ( � , B C ( * ' @ ( ' * & B ' * = , A. ) , @ & F ( X � F F = , A e 0 ) + + = � = > = ( = & + � , B f = G = ( � ( = ) , + ? ) * . ) , + ( * ' @ ( = ) , � , B I + + & + + G & , ( P g , b I P V P . � d � + < V P D P

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[ 7 F � 7 � G � 5 � � _ � 8 � = � U � � � < � � B � � < � � . > > > � � _ � X � ` E � - 7 4 � 4 7 � � � / / � � F � 4 � F � F � / 4 B � / � � - 8 � 7 � F � R �E � � � 4 � � 7 � - � � 7 C R 8 7 - - E � 4 � 4 7 C / � 4 4 � � � 9 F � F � / 4 E � - � � � � - � / B � 4 � � � E F � 4 7 � � - @ � � � � F � � 0 . � I � � 0 T 23 1 �

� � � � � � � � = � � . > I > � � M � � 7 C � : � � 4 7 C � � � 6 � 7 C [ � X - � � C � L : � F � / 4 5 � / � � � D � F 7 - 7 4 � 4 7 � � S � � - � 7 K F � � � - �� � : � / � � 4 7 � � � . a b � � � � c L @ � E 4 - � � C � �

K 7 - � � � � � K � � � � @ � B � � � � � � � Z � � � : � � 7 � � Q � @ � 5 � � . > I > � � K 4 E F 4 E � - � � - 8 � 7 � � 9 F � F � / 4 B � / � 4 � � � � - E � 4 �4 � � � 4 E � � 4 � d / � 9 7 F 7 � F 8 � � B � / / � � � G � � K e F � � O � < � � � : � ; � � � � � = � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� � f ) � & g � � ! � ) � & � � � � ) � & * ] % ' ( ! � � � � $ ) � & � � * � � + � ] ! � , � � � ! � � � ) � � � % � � � * � ! � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ) � &� � - � I � / / � T ? J 2 T 1 ? � � 7 ; � � � - 5 � � : � 7 - � L 6 7 � � � 7 � � � � � : � 7 - � �

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